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FOURIER SERIES
A periodic function f(t) can be represented by an infinite sum of sine and/or cosine
functions that are harmonically related. That is, the frequency of any trigonometric term
in the infinite series is an integral multiple, or harmonic, of the fundamental frequency of
the periodic function. Thus, given f(t) is periodic (e.g. square wave, triangular wave, half
rectified wave, etc.), then f(t) can be represented as follows:

----- (Eq. 1.1)

where n is the integer sequence 1,2,3, ... ,
a0, an, and bn are called the Fourier coefficients, and are calculated from f(t),
0 = 2 is the fundamental frequency of the periodic function f(t) with period T,
T
and

n 0 is known as the n-th harmonic of f(t).

Periodic Functions .
In terms of Eq. (1.1), f(t) can be extended to t ; it becomes a periodic function,
with a period 2, i.e., f(t) = f(t + 2). For instance, instead of [0, 2], we can use [, ]
for limits in Eq. (I.2).

1
a0
T

T
2
T
2

f (t )dt

-------

a0

1
2

an

1
T

T
2
T
2

f (t ) cosntdt ---- a n

1
2

bn

1
T

T
2
T
2

f (t ) sin ntdt ---- bn

1
2

a0

1
2

f (t ) cos ntdt ---- an

1
2

f (t )dt

------

f (t ) sin ntdt ---- bn

1
2

2
0

2
0

2
0

f (t )dt

f (t ) cosntdt

f (t ) sin ntdt

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Example 1:
Show that f(x) = 5 sin 3x is a periodic function of period 2.
Solution :
f (x + 2 ) = 5 [

)]

=5[

]
where cos 2 = 1 ; sin 2 = 0

= 5 sin 5x
= f (x)
f (x + 2 ) = f(x)
[
(
)

Shown
]

The effect of symmetry on the Fourier coefficients

Even-function symmetry
A function is defined as even if f(t) = f(-t). The equations for the Fourier coefficients
reduce to:

Example :

f (t ) cost
f(t)

-t

f(t)

f (t ' ) f (t ' )
t

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i.

ii.

iii.

for all n

Odd-function symmetry
A function is defined as odd if f(t) = -f(-t); then the Fourier coefficients are given by:

Example ;

f (t ) sin t
f(t)

f(t)
f(t)

i.

ii.

iii.

for all n,
;

for all n,

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EXAMPLE 2 :
If f(x) =

is defined in the interval < x < and

f(x) = f (x + 2);

a)

state whether the function is odd or even.

b)

determine which components of the Fourier Series are

present in the function.

EXAMPLE 3:
Sketch the waveform and label the axis, period and the amplitude of the periodic
function defined as :

0 , 5 t 0
T = 10
f (t ) ,
0t 5
3
f(x)
3
T
-10

-5

T=10
ao

1 5
f ( x) dx
T 5

1 0
0 dx 0 3 dx

3x 0
10
1
15
10
3

10

15

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an

2 T
f ( x) cos nwo x dx
T 0

( wo

2 2

)
T 10 5

5
2 0
5 0 . cos nwo x dx 0 3 . cos nwo x dx

10
1

3 . cos n x dx
0
5
5

sin n x
5
3
3 5
5

sin n x
5
5 n

5 0
n
5 0

3
nx

sin

n
5 0
0 untuk semua nilai n
5

bn

2 T
f ( x) sin nwo x dx
T 0

( wo

2 2

)
T 10 5

5
2 0
5 0 . sin nwo x dx 0 3. sin nwo x dx

10
1 5

3. sin n x dx
5 0
5

cos n x
5
3
3 5
5

cos n x

5
5 n

5 0
n

0
3
nx

cos

n
5 0
3
n (5)
n (0)

cos
cos

n
5
5
3
cos n 1

n
5

bila n ganjil (odd), bn =

6
n

bila n genap (even), bn = 0

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f (t ) a 0 a n cos nwo t bn sin nwo t

n 1

f (t )

3 6 x 1
3x 1
5x

sin sin
sin
.....
2
5 3
5
5
5

EXAMPLE 4 :
f(t)
1

0
-1
T

f (t ) a1Cos 0 t a3Cos3 0 t a5 Cos5 0 t .... a n Cosn 0 t

Untuk 1 kitar (T) ---- merujuk kepada gelombang

i)

f (t ) 1

f (t ) 1

f (t ) 1

a0

1
T

T
T
t
2
4
T
T
t
4
4
T
T
t
4
2

T
0

f (t )dt

4
2
1 4
a0 T (1)dt T (1)dt T (1)dt
T 2
4
4

1
a0 t
T

T
4
T
2

T
4
T
2

1
T
4

T
2

a0

1
T T
T T
T T
( ) ( ) ( )

T
4 2
4 4
2 4

a0

1 T
T
4 2

T 4
2

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a0

1
T T
T

a0 0

ii)

an
an

2
T

T
2
T
2

f (t ) cos ntdt ;

an

4 2
0 f (t ) cos ntdt
T

T
T

4 4
2

(
1
)
cos
n

t
dt

0
T ( 1) cosnt dt

T
4

T
T

4 sinnt 4 sinnt 2
an

T n 0 n T
4

T
T

4
2
4
an
sinnt 0 sinnt T
nT
4

an

4
nT

T
T
T

sin n ( 4 ) 0 sin n ( 2 ) sin n ( 4 )

an

4
nT

T
T

2
sin
n

(
)

sin
n

(
)

4
2

an

4
2
n
T

an

2
n

2 sin 2 sin n

an

4
n

n
sin 2

2
T

2 T
2 T
2 sin n T ( 4 ) sin n T ( 2 )

Bila n genap (n = 2, 4, 6, .)

an

4
n

4
2(180 )
sin 2 n (0) 0

sin n = 0

; rad 180

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Bila n ganjil (n = 1, 5, 9, .)

an

4
n

4
4
4
1(180 )
sin 2 (1) (1) @ (5) (1) @ (9) (1)

Bila n ganjil (n = 3, 7, 11, .)

an

f (t )

4
n

4
4
4
3(180 )
sin 2 (3) (1) @ (7) (1) @ (11) (1)

4
1
1
1

Cos t Cos3 t Cos5 t Cos7 t ....

3
5
7

EXAMPLE 5 :

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bn

2 T
f (t ) sin nwo t dt
T 0

bila n ganjil, bn =

2
n

bila n genap, bn = 0
Siri Fourier ialah

1
2

0
sin nt
2 n 1
n

1 2
2
2
sin t sin 3t
sin 5t .......... ....
2
3
5

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EXAMPLE 6 :

a)

For the waveform of Figure 1(a),

i.

Find the analitic equation and state the function f(t) whether odd or
even symmetry.

ii.

Calculate the coefficient a 0 , a n and bn .

iii.

Refer to the value of bn , write the Fourier coefficient for

n = 1, 3, 5 and 7.
f(t)

-4

Figure 1(a)

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Solution :

i.
1
1 0
1
f t dt
4dt
0 4dt
2
2
2
4t 0
4t

0
2
2
4 4

0
2
2
a0

an

f t cos ntdt

0 4 cos ntdt

0 4 cos ntdt

4 sin nt 0
4 sin nt

0
n
n
sin n0 4 sin n 4 sin n 4 sin n0
1
4

n
n
n
n
1 4 sin n 4 sin n
0

n
n

bn

f t sin ntdt

0 4 sin ntdt

0 4 sin ntdt

4 cosnt 0
4 cosnt

0
n
n
1 cosn0 4 cosn 4 cosn 4 cosn0
4

n
n
n
n
4
cos0 cos n cosn cos0

n
4
2 2 cosn 8 1 cosn

n
n
2
1 cosn 0

Oleh itu pekali Fourier adalah a 0 = 0, a n = 0, bn =

8
1 cos n
n

; n = 1, 3, 5,7

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n=1

b1=

n=3

b3=

8
3

n=5

b5=

8
5

n=7

b7=

8
7