pFirst, What is pH?
Here, in a quick glance, is how you can test and
Body pH refers to the degree of acidity
(sourness) or alkalinity (bitterness) of the body's
blood or other fluids. Acidity is expressed on the
pH scale, in which 1.0 is a very low pH and
strongly acid, 7.0 is neutral, and above 7.0 is
alkaline, with a high pH limit of 14. Blood is
normally slightly alkaline, with a pH range of
7.35 to 7.45. The blood's acid-alkalinity balance
is controlled precisely because even a minor
deviation from the normal range can severely
affect many organs.
All cells, organs and fluids in the body have
their own preferred pH values in order to
operate at peak performance. These ranges are
usually found in the slightly alkaline level. When
the pH is pushed higher or lower than the level
preferred, the ability of the fluid or cell to do its
job is "stressed." It cannot utilize the nutrients it
needs, eliminate the wastes collected, etc., until
the proper pH is restored. This is where you, the
master operator of your body, can make things
right using pH testing on a regular basis.
The key to the door that opens up to full control
of one's health is called pH testing. This is how
it is done and used:
The pH papers register pH values from
moderately strong acid pH 5.5 to mildly alkaline
pH of 8.0. The thin strip of orange-yellow turns
color when it comes into contact with moist or
wet acid or alkaline substances. A color guide
comes with the pH paper. The pH value is
shown by the number above each color.
There are two body fluids that can be fairly
conveniently tested to give an accurate
indication of the pH of your intestinal
environment. One is saliva and the other is
urine. This write-up will concern only the saliva
test in order to get you going soonest. The urine
pH test will be the subject of a forthcoming
writeup.
Saliva pH testing.
The pH of your saliva moves from high to low
according to what you eat in your diet over a
period of time. Tear off a strip of pH test paper
1-2" long and hold it below your mouth so that
you can spite a small amount of saliva onto an
end of the strip. Shake the extra spittle off of the
end of the strip and compare the change in
color of the moistened end to the color chart.
Note on a piece of paper that you can record on
from day to day the number of the pH value. Do
this at the very beginning of each day before
you have put anything whatsoever in your
mouth. This will be your "normal" saliva pH
before being changed by things going into your
mouth or the events of the day.
evaluate your body's pH. Monitoring your saliva
pH can help you improve your diet and other
lifestyle characteristics so that your health can
be under your control.
There are two other types of pH tests that can
be done. The first is called the "saliva stress
test" and the second tests one's urine. Both
tests are more complicated to do than the one
given here and will be the subject of a later
writeup.
Acid-ash / alkaline ash: The ash factor means
when food is burned or metabolized by the
body, what is it's pH value - acid or alkaline.
Some foods, oranges or apple cider vinegar, for
instance, are acid before metabolizing and
alkalizing afterwards.
SOME COMMON ACID ASH FOODS
(Leave strong acid in your internal environment)
Alcohol, Aspirin, Bacon, Barley grain, Beef,
Blueberries, Bran (oat), Bran (wheat), Bread
(white), Bread (whole wheat), Butter, Cake,
Carob, Cereals, Cheese, Chicken, Chickpeas,
Chocolate, Cod, Coffee, Corn, Corned beef,
Crackers (soda), Cranberries, Currants, Eggs,
Flour (white), Flour (whole wheat), Grains
(except millet), Haddock, Honey, Lamb,
Legumes, Lentils (dried), Lobster, Macaroni,
Milk (cow's), Mustard, Nuts, Oatmeal, Oysters,
Pasta, Peanut butter, Peanuts, Peas (dried),
Pike, Pork, Rice (brown), Rice (white), Salmon,
Sardines, Sausage, Scallops, Seeds (dried),
Shrimp, Soda crackers, Soft drinks, Spaghetti,
Squash (winter), Sugar, Sunflower seeds, Tea
(black), Turkey, Veal, Vinegar (distilled), Vitamin
C (ascorbic acid), Walnuts, Wheat germ,
Yogurt, Canned (glazed & sulfured fruit), All
dairy products, All animal, foul and sea animal
products.
NEUTRAL ASH FOODS THAT HAVE AN
ACIDIFYING EFFECT
Corn Oil, Corn Syrup, Olive Oil, Refined Sugar.
SOME COMMON ALKALINE ASH FOODS
(Help to control acid in your internal
environment)
Alfalfa sprouts, Almonds, Apples, Apricots,
Avocados, Bananas, Beans (dried), Beet
greens, Beets, Berries, Blackberries, Broccoli,
Brussels sprouts,
Cabbage, Cantaloupe, Carrots, Cauliflower,
Celery, Chard leaves, Cherries (sour), Collard
greens, Cucumbers, Dates (dried), Dulse, Figs
(dried), Fresh corn, Goat whey, Grapefruit,
Grapes, Green beans, Green peas, Green
soybeans, Kale, Kelp, Lettuce, Lima beans
(dried), Lima beans (green), Limes, Mangoes,
Maple syrup*, Melons, Milk (goat), Millet,
Keep this record in a secure and convenient Molasses, Mushrooms, Muskmelons, Mustard
location so that you can record the values in greens, Okra, Onions, Oranges, Parsley,
successive days. This is the simplest, most Parsnips, Peaches, Pears, Peppers, Pineapple,
bare-bones pH test routine. You just look at the Plums, Potatoes (sweet), Potatoes (white),
one reading at the start of the day and compare Prunes, Quinoa, Radishes, Raisins,
it to the prior day's readings. If the change is Raspberries, Rhubarb**, Rutabagas,
towered a slightly alkaline reading 7.0 - 7.4, as Sauerkraut, Soy beans (green), Spinach (raw),
the days progress, then you are on the right Strawberries, Tangerines, Tomatoes, Vinegar
track. If there is no change or the readings are (cider), Watercress, Watermelon.
moving away from the proper range, then you * All foods become acid when sugar is added
are not doing enough correct actions to improve ** Rhubarb alkalizes but has properties bad for
your health. These values, by the way, can be health.
much affected by emotional and mental states We hope this information has been of help to
of the individual. Take note if this seems to you....
apply when you evaluate the pH values.
Best of health,
What Do the Numbers Mean?
Ron Radstrom
5.5-6.0: State of health is mildly poor or very Founder, Health Freedom Resources.
poor. Anxiety or chronic stress could also be
dominating the physiology. If mental/emotional Your Health Freedom May Be At Risk! Check Our
factors are not the cause, improving diet, CODEX/Activism Section | Main Articles Page |
detoxification and exercise will move the values Back To Top
up to the correct range.
6.2-7.0: Usually indicates that emotions are not
getting the best of physiology. This range
improves more easily with improvement in diet,
a detoxification program and some exercise
where there was not enough before. "Improving
diet" for those with a pH below 7.0 means
eating 70% or more foods from the alkaline-
ash* list of foods daily.
7.2-8.0: Diet isn't a major problem unless stably
above 7.4 Vegetarians commonly fall in this
high pH range and can be headed toward
exhaustion. Worry and anxiety can be
overriding the positive benefits they get from
their good diets. When worry and too much
stress is not the case, the physical handling is
to include more rice cereals and other acid-ash
in their diets to tone down the pH. (See acid-ash
and alkaline-ash foods list, attached.) Also, mild
detoxification and exercise may be of benefit to
improve conditions.
Article Continued In Next Column
Your Health Freedom May Be At Risk! Check Our
CODEX/Activism Section | Main Articles Page |
Back To Top

COPYRIGHT 2000-2009
GREATEST HERBS ON EARTH©
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Text, Graphics and HTML Code are protected by U.S. and International Copyright Laws, and may not be copied,
reprinted, published,
translated, hosted, changed or otherwise distributed by any means without explicit permission of Greatest Herbs
On Earth© or Nature's Sunshine Products™.
Contact Us:
greatestherbs@gmail.com
We attempt to answer E-mails as quickly as possible. However there are times where the volume of E-mails may
cause a delay.
 If you do not hear from us within 72 hours, try re-sending your E-mail.
Our normal hours are: Monday - Friday, 9AM - 5PM
(USA West Coast, same time as Los Angeles, San Francisco or Seattle).
Closed Most US Holidays.
Disclaimer: The information compiled within this page has been gathered for the benefit of our visitors. The
purpose is to provide information & ideas to our visitors.
Publications and products should in no way be taken as medical advice or recommendations.

http://www.greatestherbsonearth.com/articles/ph_users_guide.htm tanggal 06
nov 2009,18:18 wib

pH Balancing: A Users Guide

by Ron Radstrom
The Highest Quality Natural Health Products And
Purest Herbs In The World...And We Can Prove It!

• Welcome, guest!
• Login
 • Join eNotes
Top of Form

co Search

Bottom of Form

• Literature
• Question & Answer
• Groups
• Documents
• Teachers
• College
• Reference
• Topics & Authors
• Science
• Law & Politics
• History
• Business
• Social Sciences
• Arts
• Health
Home > Science Fact Finder > The Human Body - What Is The Normal Ph Of Blood,
Urine, And Saliva?
• Fact Finder
• About
• Get help in the Science Group
Top of Form
cs science-fact-find
Search Science Fact Finder:
Bottom of Form

The Human Body - What Is The Normal Ph Of Blood,

Urine, And Saliva?
1. Printable Version
2. Download PDF
3. Cite this Page
What is the normal pH of blood, urine, and saliva?
The measure of acidity of a substance is known as pH. Pure water, which has pH of 7, is
neutral. Substances with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic and substances with a pH of
greater than 7 are considered basic.
The normal pH of blood running through arteries (large elastic-walled blood vessels that
carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body) is 7.4; the pH of blood in the veins
(vessels that transports blood to the heart) is about 7.35. Normal urine pH averages about 6.0.
Saliva has a pH between 6.0 and 7.4.
Source: Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed., pp. 331, 340, 711.
[The entire page is 132 words long]
Join eNotes
The above is a free excerpt. Get total access to this content with the:
eNotes Pass
Join eNotes
Over 3,500 study guides, question and answer forums, literature criticism, reference content,
and much more!

Navigate
1. Characteristics And Functions
1. What chemical elements are found within the human body?
2. What is the normal pH of blood, urine, and saliva?
3. How hard does the heart work?
4. How does the body introduce oxygen to the blood and where does this
happen?
5. How does the immune system work?
6. How much blood is in the average human body?
7. What are the seven endocrine glands?
8. How many cells are in the human body?
9. How many miles of blood vessels are contained in the body?
10. How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell?
11. How long does it take food to digest?
12. What causes people to sweat when they eat spicy foods?
13. How much heat is lost through the head when a person is not wearing a hat?
14. What regulates body temperature in humans?
15. In the United States, what is the average height and weight for a man and a
woman?
16. What percent of human body weight is water?
17. What are considered healthy weights for men and women?
18. Who is the heaviest person that ever lived?
2. Parts Of The Body
1. How many muscles are in the human body?
2. Who is the world's oldest person?
3. Why does excessive exercise cause muscles to become stiff and sore?
4. What is the purpose of goose bumps?
5. How many bones are in the human body?
 6. What is the likely purpose of the human appendix?
7. What is the funny bone?
8. What is the basic unit of the brain?
9. How much skin does an average person have?
10. In addition to left- or right-handedness, what other left or right preferences do
people have?
11. How many hairs are on an average person's head?
12. Who first used fingerprints as a means of identification?
3. Senses And Sleep
1. What is the difference in the functions of the rods and cones found in the
eyes?
2. What is the length of the human intestine?
3. Are more people nearsighted or farsighted?
4. What does it mean to have 20/20 vision?
5. How often does the human eye blink?
6. Why do eyes tear when we work with onions?
7. What are the primary sensations of taste?
8. What is REM sleep?
9. How many calories does a person bum while sleeping?
10. Why do people snore and how loud can snoring be?
Popular
• Literature
• Question & Answer
• Groups
• Authors
• Topics
• College
• Shakespeare
Join eNotes
eNotes.com is a resource used daily by thousands of students, teachers, professors and
researchers. We invite you to become a part of our community
• Join eNotes
• Become an Enotes Editor
Subject Areas
• Literature
• History
• Science
• Social Sciences
 • College
• Business
• Health
• Law & Politics
• Arts
Useful
• Help
• About us
• Contact us
• Jobs
• Privacy policy
• Terms of use
• Advertise
© 2009 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/human-body/what-normal-ph-blood-urine-
saliva
Senin, 11 Juni 2007 RAGAM

Ancaman Soft Drink terhadap

Kesehatan(http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0706/11/ra
gam02.htm)
GAYA hidup sehat ala back to nature adalah cara terbaik mendapatkan tubuh bugar dan
bebas dari gangguan berbagai bentuk penyakit. Salah satunya adalah membiasakan minum
air putih, dan mengabaikan soft drink berkalori tinggi.
Dalam bahasa sehari-hari, soft drink dapat diartikan sebagai minuman ringan berkarbonasi /
bersoda. Karbonasi merupakan efek penginjeksian gas CO2 (karbondioksida) ke dalam
minuman, sehingga memiliki penampakan bergelembung-gelembung yang menyuguhkan
kesan segar.
Soft drink kini begitu digandrungi siapa pun, terutama kaum muda. Selain mengusir dahaga,
sekaligus memberi kenikmatan luar biasa, mengonsumsi soft drink dianggap memiliki
prestise tertentu. Hal ini ditunjang kemasannya yang lebih modern, juga harganya yang
relatif mahal ketimbang air minum dalam kemasan nonkarbonasi.
Merebaknya minuman ringan ini terjadi di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Dampak
negatif pun muncul, antara lain penyakit degeneratif. Sejak penemuan soft drink di AS
(1830), terjadi peningkatan konsumsi secara tajam dari tahun ke tahun, yang diikuti negara-
negara lain.
Pada 1986, konsumsinya sekitar 28 galon per kapita/tahun, lalu meningkat menjadi 41 galon
pada 1997. Minuman ini bahkan dikonsumsi 74 persen dari populasi anak lelaki dan 64
persen anak perempuan.
Belakangan, persentasenya makin membengkak, seiring dengan perubahan pola makan,
khususnya di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan. Bisnis soft drink pun kian marak, dengan
kemunculan berbagai merek dan kemasan, yang ditunjang strategi pemasaran yang luar
biasa.
Gelembung CO2
Tetapi tahukah Anda, di balik popularitas dan efek kepuasan dari gelembung-gelembung
CO2 yang khas, ada sisi kecemasan luar biasa di kalangan dunia kesehatan? Sebenarnya apa
yang terkandung dalam soft drink? Lantas, bagaimana dampaknya terhadap kesehatan?
Komposisi minuman ringan sangat sederhana, yaitu terdiri atas 90 persen air. Sisanya
kombinasi pemanis buatan, gas CO2, pencita rasa (essens), pewarna, asam fosfat, kafein, dan
beberapa mineral terutama aluminium.
Meski diracik begitu sederhana, minuman ini menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan,
terutama kandungan benzene. Memang tidak seketika, tetapi akan dirasakan di masa datang,
apabila mengonsumsinya terus-menerus dan berlebihan.
Misalnya kerusakan gigi, diabetes, obesitas, osteoporosis, penyakit jantung dan batu ginjal.
Hal ini karena adanya bahan-bahan aditif, serta rasa manis yang memiliki kadar gula dan
kandungan energi.
Menurut Jacobson (2003), rasa manis dalam sekaleng soft drink setara dengan tujuh sendok
teh gula pasir. Pada survei tahun 1997 diketahui, 44 persen lelaki di AS mengasup 34 sendok
teh gula / hari akibat mengonsumsi soft drink. Sebaliknya, 40 persen perempuan mengasup
24 sendok teh gula/hari.
Jika dihitung sumbangan energinya, berarti setiap lelaki mengonsumsi 2.750 kilo kalori
(kkal) per hari, sedangkan perempuan sekitar 1.850 kkal/hari. Menurut anjuran United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA), konsumsi gula harian yang normal hanya memberikan
energi sekitar 1.600 kkal.
Sementara kandungan asam fosfor dalam soft drink mengandung 13-19 mg/100ml.
Pacu Obesitas
Minuman ringan termasuk penyumbang energi yang tak dibutuhkan tubuh dan ikut
bertanggung jawab terhadap kelebihan asupan energi yang bisa menyebabkan obesitas.
Obesitas merupakan penyakit kelebihan berat badan minimal 75 persen dari berat ideal.
Penyebab utamanya adalah konsumsi makanan berlebihan, tanpa diimbangi aktivitas fisik
dan olahraga.
Meski bukan faktor utama, soft drink yang dikonsumsi rutin bisa menyebabkan obesitas.
Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan, risiko obesitas akibat minuman ringan lebih banyak
menyerang anak-anak dan remaja, terutama laki-laki.
Dari hasil survei, hanya 33 persen anak-anak mengonsumsi makanan lengkap sesuai anjuran
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Demikian pula komponen gizi mikronya.
Hanya 36 persen anak laki-laki dan 14 persen anak perempuan mengonsumsi kalsium sesuai
anjuran RDA, 30 persen vitamin A, serta 20 persen magnesium.
Fakta-fakta tersebut dipacu oleh tingginya anak-anak mengonsumsi minuman ringan, yakni
1,5 kali lebih banyak daripada susu.
Obesitas juga meningkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Bagi wanita
hamil, minuman ini harus dihindari sejak awal kehamilan sampai melahirkan. Meski hanya
segelas, minuman bersoda mengandung 250 kalori serta gula fruktosa yang tak baik
dikonsumsi ibu hamil.
Fruktosa dalam soft drink merupakan gula sintetik yang diekstrak secara kimiawi dari jagung
dan berkalori sangat tinggi, sehingga meningkatkan kadar gula darah dengan cepat.
Risikonya, timbul diabetes mellitus selama kehamilan dan janin mengalami kelebihan berat
badan. (Sasi Pujiati-32)
 Berita Utama | Ekonomi | Internasional | Olahraga
Semarang | Sala | Pantura | Muria | Kedu & DIY | Banyumas
Budaya | Wacana | Ragam
Cybernews | Berita Kemarin

Copyright© 1996-2004 SUARA MERDEKA

21.00,07 Nop. 09

Help - Search - Members - Calendar

Full Version: Kegunaan & Bahaya Softdrink

e-samarinda.com > e-help > e-health(http://www.e-

samarinda.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php?t3138.htm)21;20 07 Nop. 09
sanko
Mar 13 2007, 02:34 PM
Untuk Membersihkan toilet:
Tuangkan sekaleng coca cola kedalam toilet, tunggu sejam, kemudian siram
sampai bersih. Asam sitric dalam coca cola menghilangkan noda-noda dari
keramik.

Untuk membersihkan karburator. Panaskan mesin 15-30 menit. Dinginkan mesin,

setelah itu buang air karburator. Anda akan melihat karat yang rontok bersama
air tersebut.

Untuk menghilangkan titik-titik karat dari bumper? Chrome? Mobil : Gosok

bumper dengan gumpalan alumunium foil yang
direndam dalam coca-cola.

Untuk membersihkan korosi dari terminal aki mobil : Tuangkan sekaleng coca-
cola diatas terminal aki untuk membersihkan korosi.

Untuk melonggarkan baut yang berkarat : Gosokkan kain yang direndam dalam
coca-cola pada baut yang berkarat.

Untuk menghilangkan noda-noda lemak pada pakaian : Tuangkan sekaleng coca-

cola kedalam tumpukan cucian
yang bernoda lemak, tambahkan detergent, dan putar dengan putaran normal.

Coca-cola/pepsi akan menolong menghilangkan noda lemak coca-cola juga

membersihkan kabut pada kaca depan mobil.

Kita minum coca-cola / pepsi! Tentu saja juga untuk membersihkan system kita.
Lagi pula kita semua membayar untuk itu.

Untuk perhatian kita PH rata-rata dari soft drink, 3.l coca-cola & pepsi 3.4.
tingkat keasaman ini cukup kuat untuk melarutkan gigi dan tulang! Tubuh kita
berhenti menumbuhkan tulang pada usia sekitar 30 th. Setelah itu tulang akan
larut setiap tahun melalui urine tergantung dari tingkat keasaman makanan
yang masuk. Semua calsium yang larut berkumpul didalam arteri, urat nadi,
kulit, urat daging dan organ, yang mempengaruhi fungsi gimjal dalam
membantu pembentukan batu ginjal.
Soft drink tidak punya nilai gizi (dalam hal vitamin & mineral). Mereka punya
kandungan gula yang lebih tinggi, lebih asam dan banyak zat aditif seperti
pengawet dan pewarna. Sementara orang suka meminum soft drink dingin
setelah makan, coba tebak apa akibatnya? Akibatnya? Tubuh kita mempunyai
suhu optimum 37 supaya enzim pencernaan berfungsi. Suhu dari soft drink
dingin jauh dibawah 37, terkadang mendekati 0. hal ini mengurangi keefektivan
dari enzim dan memberi tekanan pada system pencernaan kita, mencerna lebih
sedikit makanan. Bahkan makanan tersebut difermentasi. Makanan yang
difermentasikan menghasilkan bau, gas, sisa busuk dan racun, yang diserap oleh
usus, diedarkan oleh darah keseluruh tubuh. Penyebaran racun ini
mengakibatkan pembentukan macam-macam penyakit. Beberapa contoh 2
bulan lalu, ada sebuah kompetisi di universitas Delhi? Siapa dapat minum coca-
cola paling banyak?? Pemenangnya meminum 8 botol dan mati seketika karena
kelebihan karbondioksida dalam darah dan kekurangan oksigen. Setelah itu,
rector melarang semua soft drink disemua kantin universitas. Seseorang
menaruh gigi patah didalam botol pepsi, dan dalam 10 hari gigi tersebut
melarut!! Gigi dan tulang adalah satu-satunya organ manusia tetap utuh selama
tahunan setelah manusia mati.

Bayangkan apa yang minuman tersebut pasti lakukan pada usus dan lapisan
perut kita yang halus!
(Ini saya ambil dari internet yang mengerti tolong komentarnya dong - SanKo)
volron
Mar 13 2007, 04:29 PM
umm ... sodanya kan natrium bikarbonat
bikarbonat (karbonat punya 3 gugus negatif yah? lupa pelajaran kimia, jadi 2
gugus udah ditempati atom hidrogen ....) jadi sifatnya asam lemah bertemu
dengan natrium yang basa kuat ....

sifat basanya bisa mengikat lemak (sabun kan basa ...) tapi kalo menghilangkan
korosi ... kayaknya malah bikin korosi yang baru ....

aku ngga akan mencampur cucian dengan coca cola deh ... mending pake F&N
soda water .... hehe

Umm ... natrium bikarbonat yang diminum itu .... emang sih bisa bikin karbon
dioksida, tapi matinya menurutku karena tersedak, keracunan air, atau pH dalam
darah yang jadi basa gara-gara kebanyakan natrium bikarbonat

jadi sebenarnya itu bergantung dosis ...

boby sulistyo radiawan
Mar 14 2007, 07:59 AM
(((Untuk membersihkan karburator. Panaskan mesin 15-30 menit. Dinginkan
mesin, setelah itu buang air karburator. Anda akan melihat karat yang rontok
bersama air tersebut.)))

Thanks informasinya mas, Tapi untuk point yang diatas sepertinya bukan
karburator mas, point tersebut lebih menjurus ke Radiator. thanks.

(((Untuk membersihkan korosi dari terminal aki mobil : Tuangkan sekaleng coca-
cola diatas terminal aki untuk membersihkan korosi.)))

Menggunakan air panas atau air hanget juga bisa membersihkan kutub positif
dan negatif dari aki tersebut.
Jabat erat,
Boby Sulistyo Radiawan.
MJS
Mar 14 2007, 02:29 PM
Wah itu adalah "urband legends" (gak tau apa itu bahasa Indonesianya); gak
bener artikelnya. Silahkan baca di Snopes.com,
http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/acid.asp .

Mengenai orang kalau minum 8 gelas; minum air sebegitu banyak juga tidak
bagus, bisa mati karena badannya kena "water intoxication". Di wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication , di jelaskan panjang lebar kenapa
itu bisa terjadi. Secara pendeknya, sodiumnya di dalam darah turun, dan
electrolytes gak seimbang, sehingga otak kita tidak berfungsi dengan benar.

sanko
Mar 14 2007, 08:37 PM
QUOTE(MJS @ Mar 14 2007, 02:29 PM)
Wah itu adalah "urband legends" (gak tau apa itu bahasa Indonesianya); gak
bener artikelnya. Silahkan baca di Snopes.com,
http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/acid.asp .

Mengenai orang kalau minum 8 gelas; minum air sebegitu banyak juga tidak
bagus, bisa mati karena badannya kena "water intoxication". Di wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication , di jelaskan panjang lebar kenapa
itu bisa terjadi. Secara pendeknya, sodiumnya di dalam darah turun, dan
electrolytes gak seimbang, sehingga otak kita tidak berfungsi dengan benar.
Urban legends kayaknya sih mitos modern gitu...
Masak sih minum 8 gelas air bahaya...?
MJS
Mar 15 2007, 12:12 PM
QUOTE(sanko @ Mar 14 2007, 08:37 PM)
Urban legends kayaknya sih mitos modern gitu...
Masak sih minum 8 gelas air bahaya...?
Bahayanya kalau minum air banyak dalam waktu singkat sekali dalam selang
beberapa menit. Saya tidak tahu seberapa banyak yang bisa
membahayakannya.
Di tempat negara bagian California pernah terjadi beberapa kali orang
meninggal gara2 ikut contests minum air.
faizin
Mar 16 2007, 11:02 AM
QUOTE(sanko @ Mar 13 2007, 01:34 PM)
Untuk perhatian kita PH rata-rata dari soft drink, 3.l coca-cola & pepsi 3.4.
tingkat keasaman ini cukup kuat untuk melarutkan gigi dan tulang! Tubuh kita
berhenti menumbuhkan tulang pada usia sekitar 30 th. Setelah itu tulang akan
larut setiap tahun melalui urine tergantung dari tingkat keasaman makanan
yang masuk. Semua calsium yang larut berkumpul didalam arteri, urat nadi,
kulit, urat daging dan organ, yang mempengaruhi fungsi gimjal dalam
membantu pembentukan batu ginjal.

Bayangkan apa yang minuman tersebut pasti lakukan pada usus dan lapisan
perut kita yang halus!
(Ini saya ambil dari internet yang mengerti tolong komentarnya dong - SanKo)

Sekedar tips....mendingan kalo minum softdrink dicampur ama susu kentel

manis. Susu beneran lho..bukan susu-susuan...xixixixi... Tujuannya susu itu

jadi buffer biar pH nya bisa terangkat (pH lho yang naik bukan yang laen ) so

ngga asam lagi.... .gif" style="vertical-align:middle" emoid="/gawi"

border="0" alt="gawi.gif" /> .gif" style="vertical-align:middle"

emoid="/gawi" border="0" alt="gawi.gif" /> .gif" style="vertical-

align:middle" emoid="/gawi" border="0" alt="gawi.gif" />

Zen_Zen
Mar 16 2007, 03:48 PM
Ya ya ya.
Tergantung dosis yah?
Tapi kalau menurutku lebih baik minum air putih aja deh. Lebih aman.
faizin
Mar 16 2007, 04:01 PM
QUOTE(Zen_Zen @ Mar 16 2007, 02:48 PM)
Ya ya ya.
Tergantung dosis yah?
Tapi kalau menurutku lebih baik minum air putih aja deh. Lebih aman.

Aer putih....hambar pa'de !!!!!

halim
Mar 16 2007, 04:45 PM
QUOTE(faizin @ Mar 16 2007, 11:02 AM)
Sekedar tips....mendingan kalo minum softdrink dicampur ama susu kentel

manis. Susu beneran lho..bukan susu-susuan...xixixixi... Tujuannya susu itu

jadi buffer biar pH nya bisa terangkat (pH lho yang naik bukan yang laen ) so
ngga asam lagi....

hooo..
co**-**la gembira..
soda gembira lah..
hehehehe..
selalu hadir utk jatah 2 org..
sip2..

ehm..
tp selain itu aku sring liat om-ku..
minum soda pasti dicampur air..
dia blg sih utk 'mengencerkan' kadar krenyes2 sodanya..
emg itu pengaruh..??
Org Pinang
Mar 16 2007, 04:54 PM
Wahhh... jadi serem.

Itu baru softdrink (minuman lembut kaleeee.... ). gimana ama minuman energy ?
Zen_Zen
Mar 16 2007, 10:53 PM
Mau tahu berapa total assets Coca Cola?
Menurut neraca per 31 Desember 2006, sekitar 29.963 juta dollar!

Daripada ikut dalam global marketing game dan memperkaya segelintir orang
yang aku gak kenal, mending minum air putih ajalah.
This is a "lo-fi" version of our main content. To view the full version with more
information, formatting and images, please click here.
Invision Power Board © 2001-2009 Invision Power Services, Inc.

Skip to Content
If you are seeing this message, you may be experiencing temporary network problems. Please
wait a few minutes and refresh the page. If the problem persists, you may wish to report it to
your local Network Manager.
It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets.
In this case, although the visual presentation will be degraded, the site should continue to be
functional. We recommend using the latest version of Microsoft or Mozilla web browser to
help minimise these problems.
•
My Cart
• My Profile
• Log In
• Athens Log In
• HOME

Wiley InterScience • ABOUT US

• CONTACT US
Home / Medical, Veterinary and Health • HELP
Sciences / Dentistry
Top of Form
quicksearch journal 1365-263X

issn International Jour blah

118535727

Search in this Title

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
Enter words or phrases
International Journal of All Fields
Paediatric Dentistry Select a Field

Volume 13 Issue 4, Pages 251 - 257

Published Online: 1 Jul 2003
Journal compilation © 2009 BSPD, IAPD
and Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Bottom of Form
Top of Form

• Get Sample Copy citation blah 1365-263X

• Recommend to Your Librarian Search by Citation

• Save journal to My Profile Vol:
• Set E-Mail Alert
• Email this page Issue:
• Print this page
Page:
• RSS web feed (What is RSS?)
Published on behalf of

Go to Society Site Bottom of Form

Top of Form
< Previous Abstract | Next Abstract > 1
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
quicksearch WISall
Save Article to My Profile
Download Citation Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Abstract | References | Full Text: HTML,
PDF (Size: 62K) | Related SEARCH WILEY INTERSCIENCE
Articles | Citation Tracking
All Content
Salivary pH changes during soft drinks
consumption in children Publication Titles
G. A. Sánchez & M. V. Fernandez De
Preliasco
Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of
Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Correspondence: G. A. Sánchez, MT de Bottom of Form
Alvear 2142, 15th Floor A, CP 1122, • Advanced Search
Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail:
postmast@pediat.odon.uba.ar • CrossRef / Google Search
Copyright © 2003 BSPD and IAPD • Acronym Finder

ABSTRACT
Summary.Dental erosion seems to have
increased, perhaps partly as a result of an Early
increase in the consumption of soft drinks. Childhood
Oral Health
Aim.The aim of this study was to measure
salivary pH, flow rate and buffering Available May 2009.
capacity before and after soft drinks intake Click on cover for more
in children with erosive lesions and to details.
compare these to equivalent values for
healthy caries-free individuals.
Design.The study was conducted as a case-
control study using standard salivary tests.
Thirty children with erosion and 30 age and
sex-matched children free from erosion and
active caries were included in this study.
Methods.Salivary flow rate was measured
through expectoration into a graduated tube,
salivary buffering capacity through
colourimetric procedures and salivary pH
using a digital pH meter.
Results.Results showed significant
differences between cases and controls for
salivary pH, flow rate, buffering capacity,
maximum pH drop and minimum pH
reached after soft drinks intake.
Conclusions.It is concluded that all the
factors studied are involved in dental
erosion and that preventive care is
mandatory for children who frequently
drink these kinds of beverages.
DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI)
10.1046/j.1365-263X.2003.00469.x About
DOI
Related Articles
• Find other articles like this in Wiley
InterScience
• Find articles in Wiley InterScience
written by any of the authors

Request Reprint
Wiley InterScience is a member of
CrossRef.

About Wiley InterScience | About Wiley | Privacy | Terms & Conditions

Copyright © 1999-2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
v
Soft drink
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the
article or discuss these issues on the talk page.

• It may need reorganization to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.

Tagged since January 2008.
• It may not present a worldwide view of the subject. Tagged since
April 2009.

It has been suggested that Fountain drink be merged into this article or
section. (Discuss)
A soft drink is a drink that does not contain alcohol . Soft drinks are often carbonated and
commonly consumed while cold. The most common soft drinks are colas, flavored water,
sparkling water, iced tea, sweet tea, lemonade, squash and fruit punch.
The term "soft" is employed in opposition to "hard", i.e. alcoholic drinks. Generally it is also
implied that the drink does not contain milk or other dairy products. Hot chocolate, hot tea,
coffee, tap water, juice and milkshakes also do not fall into this classification.
Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or
with non-caloric sweeteners.

Sundry soft drinks on supermarket shelves.

[edit] History
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Soft drinks trace their history back to the mineral waters found in natural springs. Ancient
societies believed that bathing in natural springs and/or drinking mineral waters could cure
many diseases. Early scientists who studied mineral waters included Geber, Alkindus,
Rhazes, Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Friedrich Hoffmann, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Hermann
Boerhaave, William Brownrigg, Gabriel F. Venel, Joseph Black, and David Macbride.
The earliest soft drinks were sherbets developed by Arabic chemists and originally served in
the medieval Near East. These were juiced soft drinks made of crushed fruit, herbs, or
flowers.[2] From around 1265, a popular drink known as Dandelion & Burdock appeared in
England, made from fermented dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and burdock (Arctium
lappa) roots, and is naturally carbonated. The drink (similar to Sarspirilla) is still available
today but made with flavorings and carbonated water since the Safrole in the original recipe
was found to be carcinogenic.[3]
The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) in the Western world appeared in the 17th
century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the
Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft
drinks. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink
to thirsty Parisians.
[edit] Carbonated drinks
In late 18th Century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated
mineral waters. In 1767 Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing
water with carbon dioxide to make Carbonated water[4] when he suspended a bowl of distilled
water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England. His invention of Carbonated
water, (also known as soda water), is the major and defining component of most soft drinks.
Priestley found water thus treated had a pleasant taste and he offered it to friends as a
refreshing drink. In 1772 Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed
Air in which he describes dripping oil of vitriol (or sulfuric acid as it is now called) onto
chalk to produce carbon dioxide gas, and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated
bowl of water.[5]
Another Englishman, John Mervin Nooth, improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus
for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating
apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's
apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. Swedish chemist
Jöns Jacob Berzelius started to add flavors (spices, juices and wine) to carbonated water in
the late 18th century.
[edit] Soda fountain pioneers
Main article: Soda fountain

Artificial mineral waters, usually called "soda water," and the soda fountain made the biggest
splash in the United States. Beginning in 1806, Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman
sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut. He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his
waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the
early 1800s. In the 1830s, John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of
Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large
factories for fabricating fountains.
[edit] Soda fountains vs. bottled sodas
The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice.
The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to
unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla, fruit
extracts, and other substances. Flavorings were also added to improve the taste. Pharmacies
with soda fountains became a popular part of American culture. Many Americans frequented
the soda fountain on a daily basis. Due to problems in the U.S. glass industry, bottled drinks
were a small portion of the market in the 19th century. Most soft drinks were dispensed and
consumed at a soda fountain, usually in a drugstore or ice cream parlor. In the early 20th
century, sales of bottled soda increased exponentially. In the second half of the 20th century,
canned soft drinks became an important share of the market.
[edit] Soft drink bottling industry
Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle
tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of
pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon
dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by
William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method
of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.
[edit] Automatic production of glass bottles

In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production
of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new
bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael
Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production
increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day.
[edit] Home-Paks and vending machines

During the 1920s, the first "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar six-
pack cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the
1920s.
[edit] Production
[edit] Soft drink production
Soft drinks are made either by mixing dry ingredients and/or fresh ingredients (eg lemons,
oranges, ...) with water. Production of soft drinks can be done at factories, or at home.
Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing either a syrup with carbonated water or by
mixing dry ingredients with carbonated water. Carbonated water is made using a home
carbonation system. Syrups are commercially sold by companies such as Soda-Club.
[edit] Soft drink packaging
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008)
U.S. containers in 2008. Various sizes from 8-67.6 US fl oz (237 ml -2 l) shown in
can, glass and plastic bottles

In the United States, soft drinks are sold in 3, 2, 1.5, 1 litre, 500 ml, 8, 12, 20 and 24 U.S.
fluid ounce plastic bottles, 12 U.S. fluid ounce cans, and short eight-ounce cans. Some Coca-
Cola products can be purchased in 8 and 12 U.S. fluid ounce glass bottles. Jones Soda and
Orange Crush are sold in 16 U.S. fluid ounce (1 U.S. pint) glass bottles. Cans are packaged in
a variety of quantities such as six packs, 12 packs and cases of 24, 36 and 360. With the
advent of energy drinks sold in eight-ounce cans in the US, some soft drinks are now sold in
similarly sized cans. It is also common for carbonated soft drinks to be served as fountain
drinks in which carbonation is added to a concentrate immediately prior to serving.
In Europe soft drinks are typically sold in 2, 1.5, 1 litre, 330 ml plastic or 500 ml glass
bottles, aluminium cans are traditionally sized in 330 ml, although 250 ml slim cans have
become popular since the introduction of canned energy drinks and 355 ml variants of the
slim cans have been introduced by Red Bull more recently. Cans and bottles often come in
packs of six or four. Several countries have standard recyclable packaging with a container
deposit typically ranging from € 0.15 to 0.25: bottles are smelted, or cleaned and refilled;
cans are crushed and sold as scrap aluminum.
In Australia, soft drinks are usually sold in 375 ml cans or glass or plastic bottles. Bottles are
usually 390 ml, 600 ml, 1.2 or 2 litre. However, 1.5 litre bottles have more recently been used
by the Coca-Cola Company.
In Canada, soft drinks are sold in cans of 236 ml, 355 ml, 473 ml, and bottles of 591 ml, 710
ml, 1 l, 1.89 l, and 2 l. The odd sizes are due to being the metric near-equivalents to 8, 12, 16,
20, 24 and 64 U.S. fluid ounces. This allows bottlers to use the same-sized containers as in
the U.S. market. This is an example of a wider phenomenon in North America. Brands of
more international soft drinks such as Fanta and Red Bull are more likely to come in round-
figure capacities.
In India, soft drinks are available in 200 ml and 300 ml glass bottles, 250 ml and 330 ml cans,
and 600 ml, 1.25 l, 1.5 l and 2 l plastic bottles.
[edit] Ice cream sodas/floats
Main article: Ice cream soda

The ice cream soda, also called float, is a drink that consists of one or more scoops of ice
cream in either a soft drink or a mixture of flavored syrup and carbonated water. The most
common of these is the root beer float. In the Midwestern United States, it is usually called an
"ice cream float," but may be called an "ice cream soda," or soda for short, as they were made
at the once-ubiquitous soda fountains. In Australia and New Zealand, it is known as a
"spider." In Scotland (mainly the west coast) it is usually referred to as a "float," for example,
a "coke float" (as elsewhere, "coke" is often used generically to refer to any cola in Scotland,
while "soda" in Scotland is usually taken to mean soda water). In Belfast, Northern Ireland,
there is a regional variation: cola (regardless of brand) and vanilla ice cream are called a
"coke afloat."
In the United States, some ice cream sodas have specific names such as "black cow," "brown
cow," "purple cow" (vanilla ice cream in purple grape soda), and "Boston cooler" (vanilla ice
cream in Vernor's ginger ale).
[edit] Health effects
The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity[6][7] and is also
associated with type 2 diabetes, dental cavities, and low nutrient levels.[7] Experimental
studies tend to support a causal role for sugar-sweetened soft drinks in these ailments,[6][7] but
the scarcity of experimental studies leads some researchers to conclude that the evidence for
causation is inconclusive[8] or open to debate.[9]
Many soft drinks contain ingredients that are themselves sources of concern: caffeine is
linked to anxiety and sleep disruption[10] when consumed in excess, and the health effects of
high-fructose corn syrup and artificial sweeteners remain controversial. Sodium benzoate has
been investigated as a possible cause of DNA damage and hyperactivity. Other substances
have negative health effects, but are present in such small quantities that they are unlikely to
pose any substantial health risk. Benzene belongs to this category: the amount of benzene in
soft drinks is small enough that it is unlikely pose a health risk.[11]
In 1998, the Center for Science in the Public Interest published a report entitled Liquid
Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. The report examined statistics
relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks, particularly by children, and the
consequent health ramifications including tooth decay, nutritional depletion, obesity, type-2
(formerly known as "adult-onset") diabetes, and heart disease. It also reviewed soft drink
marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption.[12]
[edit] Obesity and weight-related diseases
From 1977 to 2001, Americans doubled their consumption of sweetened beverages[13] - a
trend that was paralleled by a doubling of the prevalence of obesity.[14] The consumption of
sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight and obesity, and changes in
consumption predict changes in weight.[6][7] One study followed 548 schoolchildren over 19
months and found that changes in soft drink consumption were associated with changes in
body mass index (BMI).[15] Each soft drink that a child added to his or her daily consumption
was accompanied by an increase in BMI of 0.24 kg/m2. Similarly, an 8-year study of 50,000
female nurses compared women who went from drinking almost no soft drinks to drinking
more than one a day to women who went from drinking more than one soft drink a day to
drinking almost no soft drinks.[16] The women who increased their consumption of soft drinks
gained 8.0 kg over the course of the study while the women who decreased their consumption
gained only 2.8 kg. In each of these studies, the absolute number of soft drinks consumed per
day was also positively associated with weight gain.
Still, it is possible that people who lead unhealthy lifestyles consume more soft drinks. If so,
then the association between soft drink consumption and weight gain could reflect the
consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle rather than the consequences of consuming soft
drinks. Experimental evidence is needed to definitively establish the causal role of soft drink
consumption. Reviews of the experimental evidence suggest that soft drink consumption does
cause weight gain,[6][7] but the effect is often small except for overweight individuals.[8]
Many of these experiments examined the influence of sugar-sweetened soft drinks on weight
gain in chidlren and adolescents. In one experiment, adolescents replaced sugar-sweetened
soft drinks in their diet with artificially-sweetened soft drinks that were sent to their homes
over 25 weeks.[17] Compared with children in a control group, children who received the
artificially-sweetened drinks saw a smaller increase in their BMI (by -.14 kg/m2), but this
effect was only statistically significant among the heaviest children (who saw a benefit of
-.75 kg/m2). In another study, an educational program encouraged schoolchildren to consume
fewer soft drinks.[18] During the school year, the prevalence of obesity decreased among
children in the program by 0.2%, compared to a 7.5% increase among children in the control
group.
Sugar-sweetened drinks also cause weight gain in adults. In one study, overweight
individuals consumed a daily supplement of sucrose-sweetened or artificially-sweetened
drinks or foods for a 10 week period.[19] Most of the supplement was in the form of soft
drinks. Individuals in the sucrose group gained 1.6 kg, and individuals in the artificial-
sweetener group lost 1.0 kg. A two week study had participants supplement their diet with
sugar-sweetened soft drinks, artificially-sweetened soft drinks, or neither.[20] Although the
participants gained the most weight when consuming the sugar-sweetened drinks, some of the
differences were unreliable: the differences between men who consumed sugar-sweetened
drinks or no drinks was not statistically significant.
Other research suggests that soft drinks might play a special role in weight gain. One four-
week experiment compared a 450 calorie/day supplement of sugar-sweetened soft drinks to a
450 calorie/day supplement of jelly beans.[21] The jelly bean supplement did not lead to
weight gain, but the soft drink supplement did. The likely reason for the difference in weight
gain is that people who consumed the jelly beans lowered their caloric intake at subsequent
meals while people who consumed soft drinks did not. Thus, the low levels of satiety
provided by sugar-sweetened soft drinks may explain their association with obesity. That is,
people may who consume calories in sugar-sweetened beverages may fail to adequately
reduce their intake of calories from other sources. Indeed, people consume more total calories
in meals and on days when they are given sugar-sweetened beverages than when they are
given artificially-sweetened beverages[20][22][23] or water.[23]
A study by Purdue University reported that no-calorie sweeteners were linked to an increase
in body weight. The experiment compared rats who were fed saccharin-sweetened yogurt and
glucose-sweetened yogurt. The saccharin group eventually consumed more calories, gained
more weight and more body fat, and did not compensate later by cutting back.[24]
The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is also associated with many weight-related
diseases, including diabetes,[16] metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors,[25] and
elevated blood pressure.[19]
[edit] Dental decay
Most soft drinks contain high concentration of simple carbohydrates - glucose, fructose,
sucrose and other simple sugars. Oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acid,
which dissolves tooth enamel during the dental decay process; thus, sweetened drinks are
likely to increase risk of dental caries. The risk is greater if the frequency of consumption is
high.[26]
A large number of soft drinks are acidic and some may have a pH of 3.0 or even lower.[27]
Drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time and continuous sipping can therefore erode
the tooth enamel. Drinking through a straw is often advised by dentists as the drink is then
swallowed from the back of the mouth and does not come into contact with the teeth as much.
It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be
avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid.[28][29]
[edit] Hypokalemia
There have been a handful of published reports describing individuals with severe
hypokalemia (low potassium levels) related to chronic extreme consumption (4-10 L/day) of
colas.[30]
[edit] Soft drinks and bone density
A major contributor to this section (or its creator) appears to have
a conflict of interest with its subject.
It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly
neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (March 2009)

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on

the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is
resolved. (September 2009)
There has been a hypothesis that the phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas)
displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to
conditions such as osteoporosis and very weak bones.[31] However, calcium metabolism
studies by leading calcium and bone expert Dr. Robert Heaney determined that the net effect
of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulent) on
calcium retention was negligible. He concluded that it is likely that cola's prominence in
observational studies is due to their prominence in the marketplace, and that the real issue is
that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in
calcium.[32][citation needed]
There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between consumption of carbonated
beverages and bone mineral density in young girls, which places them at increased risk of
suffering fractures in the future.[33]
[edit] Nutritional value
Unless fortified, they also contain little to no vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein, or other
essential nutrients. Soft drinks may also displace other healthier choices in people's diets,
such as water, milk, and fruit juice.[34]
[edit] Sugar content
While the USDA recommended daily allotment (RDA) of added sugars is 10 teaspoons for a
2,000-calorie diet, many soft drinks contain more than this amount. High caloric intake
contributes to obesity if not balanced with exercise.
Until the 1980s, soft drinks obtained nearly all of their food energy in the form of refined
cane sugar or corn syrup. Today in the United States high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used
nearly exclusively as a sweetener because of its lower cost, while in Europe, sucrose
dominates, because EU agricultural policies favor production of sugar beets in Europe proper
and sugarcane in the former colonies over the production of corn. HFCS has been criticized
as having a number of detrimental effects on human health, such as promoting diabetes,
hyperactivity, hypertension, and a host of other problems.[35] Although anecdotal evidence has
been presented to support such claims, it is well known that the human body breaks sucrose
down into glucose and fructose before it is absorbed by the intestines. Simple sugars such as
fructose are converted into the same intermediates as in glucose metabolism.[36] However,
metabolism of fructose is extremely rapid and is initiated by fructokinase. Fructokinase
activity is not regulated by metabolism or hormones and proceeds rapidly after intake of
fructose. While the intermediates of fructose metabolism are similar to those of glucose, the
rates of formation are excessive. This fact promotes fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in
the liver, leading to accumulation of fat throughout the body and possibly non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease. Increased blood lipid levels also seem to follow fructose ingestion over time.
[edit] Government regulation
[edit] Schools
In recent years, debate on whether high-calorie soft drink vending machines should be
banned in school has been on the rise. Proponents believe that soft drinks are a significant
contributor to childhood obesity and tooth decay, and that allowing soft drink sales in schools
encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities.
Proponents note that children are not always mature enough to understand the consequences
of their own food choices, and should not be routinely exposed to the temptation of readily
available soft drinks. They also argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the
health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks
violates that responsibility. Opponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks
are not the only cause. They also note the immense amount of funding soft drink sales bring
to schools. Some people[who?] take a more moderate stance, saying that soft drink machines
should be allowed in schools, but that they should not be the only option available. They
propose that when soft drink vending machines are made available in school grounds, the
schools should be required to provide children with a choice of alternative drinks (such as
fruit juice, flavored water and milk) at a comparable price. Fruit drinks are often available,
with a fruit juice content of less than 100%, and additives such as water and flavorings and
colorings. Fruit drinks sometimes contain as many carbohydrates as the soft drinks they
replace.
On 3 May 2006, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, Cadbury Schweppes, Coca-Cola,
PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new School Beverage
Guidelines that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all U.S. schools.
On 19 May 2006, UK Education Secretary Alan Johnson announced new minimum nutrition
standards for school food. Amongst a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school
lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food
(including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and tuck shops. See the Department for
Education and Skills press notice for details.
[edit] Pesticides in India
In 2003, the Delhi non-profit Centre for Science and Environment published a disputed report
finding pesticide levels in Coke and Pepsi soft drinks sold in India at levels 30 times that
considered safe by the European Economic Commission.[37][38] The Indian Health Minister
said the CSE tests were inaccurate, and said that the government's tests found pesticide levels
within India's standards but above EU standards.[39][40]
A similar CSE report in August 2006 prompted many state governments have issued a ban of
the sale of soft drinks in schools. Kerala issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of
soft drinks altogether. (These were later struck down in court.) In return, the soft drink
companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the media regarding the safety of
consumption of the drinks.[41]
The UK-based Central Science Laboratory, commissioned by Coke, found its products met
EU standards in 2006.[42] Coke and the University of Michigan commissioned an independent
study of its bottling plants by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), which reported in
2008 no unsafe chemicals in the water supply used.[43]
[edit] Benzene
Main article: Benzene in soft drinks

In 2006, the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency published the results of its survey of
benzene levels in soft drinks,[44] which tested 150 products and found that four contained
benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water.
The agency asked for these to be removed from sale.
The United States Food and Drug Administration released its own test results of several soft
drinks containing benzoates and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Five tested drinks contained
benzene levels above the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended standard of 5
ppb. The Environmental Working Group[45] has uncovered additional FDA test results that
showed the following results: Of 24 samples of diet soda tested between 1995 and 2001 for
the presence of benzene, 19 (79%) had amounts of benzene in excess of the federal tap water
standard of 5 ppb. Average benzene levels were 19 ppb, about four times tap water standard.
One sample contained 55 ppb of benzene, 11 fold tap water standards. Despite these findings,
as of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other
beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers".[46]
[edit] Alcohol content
A report in October 2006 demonstrates that some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of
alcohol.[47] In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build
the carbonation. Modern drinks use introduced carbon dioxide but alcohol might result from
fermentation of sugars in an unsterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is introduced
to at least some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts.
[48]
The Turkish soft drink manufacturer whose product was listed as highest in alcohol in the
October 2006 study noted that the naturally occurring alcohol level in soft drinks is 1.56
times higher than that found in Kool-Aid.[49]
[edit] See also
• Ade
• Diet soda
• Fizz keeper
• List of soft drinks by country
 • Low-alcohol beer
• Premix and postmix

[edit] References
1. ^ Matthew T. Campbell (2003-04-01). "Generic Names for Soft Drinks by
Country". popvssoda.com. http://popvssoda.com:2998/countystats/total-
county.html. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
2. ^ Juliette Rossant (2005), The World's First Soft Drink, Saudi Aramco
World, September/October 2005, pp. 36-9
3. ^ Chris Milliken (2007). British Soft Drinks Since 1960. University of
Cambridge
4. ^ Mary Bellis (2009-03-06). "Joseph Priestley - Soda Water - Joseph
Priestly". Inventors.about.com.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blJosephPriestley.htm.
Retrieved 2009-06-08.
5. ^ http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-
impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf
6. ^ a b c d Malik, V.S.; Schulze, M.B.; Hu, F.B. (2006), "Intake of sugar-
sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review", American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 (2),
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/84/2/274
7. ^ a b c d e Vartanian, L.R.; Schwartz, M.B.; Brownell, K.D. (2007), "Effects of
soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and
meta-analysis", American Journal of Public Health 97 (4): 667-675,
http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/97/4/667.pdf
8. ^ a b Gibson, Sigrid (2008), "Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a
systematic review of the evidence from observational studies and
interventions", Nutrition Research Reviews 21: 134–147
9. ^ Wolff, E.; Dangsinger, M.L. (2008), "Soft drinks and weight gain: How
strong is the link?", Medscape Journal of Medicine 10 (8): 189,
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18924641
10.^ BBC Fizzy drinks 'affect children's sleep' 8 January 2003
11.^ New Zealand Food Safety Authority / Te Pou Oranga kai O Aotearoa
Benzene in flavoured drinks
12.^ Michael F Jacobson PhD, Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming
Americans' Health, (CSPI, Washington DC 1998; 2nd Ed. 2005).
13.^ Nielsen, S.; Popkin, B. (2004), "Changes in beverage intake between
1977 and 2001.", American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27 (3): 205-
210
14.^ Flegal, K.M.; Carroll, M.D.; Ogden, C.L.; Johnson, C.L. (2002), "Prevalence
and trends in overweight among US adults, 1999-2000", Journal of the
American Medical Association 288 (14): 1723-1727,
http://www.cnt.org/tsp/pdf/jama%20obesity%20art.pdf
15.^ Ludwig, D; Peterson, K.; Gortmaker, S (2001), The Lancet 357: 505-508,
http://www.commercialalert.org/candp/lancet.pdf
16.^ a b Schulze, M.B.; Manson, J.A.E.; Ludwig, D.S.; Colditz, G.A.; Stampfer,
M.J.; Willet, W.C.; Hu, F.B. (2004), "Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight
gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle aged women.",
Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (8): 927-934
17.^ Ebbeling, C.B.; Feldman, H.A.; Osganian, S.K.; Chomitz, V.R.; Ellenbogen,
S.J.; Ludwig, D.S. (2006), "Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage
consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled
pilot study", Pediatrics 117 (3): 673-680,
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/3/673
18.^ James, J.; Thomas, P.; Cavan, D.; Kerr, D. (2004), "Preventing childhood
obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised
controlled trial.", British Medical Journal 328: 1237
19.^ a b Raben, A.; Vasilaras, T.H.; Moller, A.C.; Astrup, A., "Sucrose compared
with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and
body weight after 10 weeks of supplementation in overweight subjects.",
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76: 721–729.
20.^ a b Tordoff, M.G.; Alleva, AM. (1990), "Effect of drinking soda sweetened
with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body
weight.", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51: 963–969
21.^ DiMeglio, D.P.; Mattes, R.D. (2000), "Liquid versus solid carbohydrate:
effects on food intake and body weight.", Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
24: 794–800
22.^ Van Wymelbeke, V.; Beridot-Therond, M.E.; de La Gueronniere, V.;
Fantino, M. (2004), "Influence of repeated consumption of beverages
containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake", Eur J Clin Nutr.
58: 154–161
23.^ a b Rolls, B.J.; Kim, S.; Fedoroff, I.C. (1990), "Effects of drinks sweetened
with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men",
Physiol Behav. 48: 19-26
24.^ American Psychological Association (11 February 2008). "Artificial
Sweeteners Linked To Weight Gain". ScienceDaily.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080210183902.htm.
Retrieved 11 February 2009.
25.^ Yoo, S.; Nicklas, T.; Baranowski, T.; et al. (2004), "Comparison of dietary
intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults:
the Bogalusa Heart Study", Am J Clin Nutr 80: 841–848
26.^ Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM,
Burns TL, Stumbo PJ. "Dental caries and beverage consumption in young
children" Pediatrics. 2003 Sep;112(3 Pt 1):e184-91 [1]
27.^ "Acids". British Soft Drinks Association.
http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/Default.aspx?page=409. Retrieved 2006-
09-12.
28.^ M. A. Bassiouny, J. Yang. Influence of drinking patterns of carbonated
beverages on dental erosion. Archived from the original on September 26,
2006.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060926020313/http://www.agd.org/library/2
005/june/abstracts.asp.
29.^ Saved By A Straw? Sipping Soft Drinks And Other Beverages Reduces
Risk Of Decay. June 17, 2005.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050616060426.htm.
30.^ Tsimihodimos V, Kakaidi V, & Elisaf M. (June 2009). "Cola-induced
hypokalaemia: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications".
International Journal of Clinical Practice 63 (6): 900-2. doi:10.1111/j.1742-
1241.2009.02051.x.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122384349/abstract. free full
text
31.^ "Five Steps to Kick Your Soft-Drink Addiction". Islamonline.net.
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?
c=Article_C&cid=1216030527304&pagename=Zone-English-
HealthScience%2FHSELayout. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
32.^ Heaney RP, Rafferty K. (September 2001). "Carbonated beverages and
urinary calcium excretion". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (3):
343-347. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/3/343.
33.^ J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Sep;18(9):1563-9
34.^ "Schools Getting Raw Deal from Bottlers ~ Newsroom ~ News from
CSPI". Cspinet.org. 2006-12-06.
http://www.cspinet.org/new/200612061.html. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
35.^ "The Murky World of High Fructose Corn Syrup". Westonaprice.org.
http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html. Retrieved 2009-
06-08.
36.^ Pathways for the Interconversion of Sugars, University of Illinois
Chicago, Medical Biochemistry 531, Lecture 21[dead link]
37.^ http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/coke-sales-fall-
11pesticide-controversy/159950/
38.^
http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2007/gb20070531_8
68198_page_3.htm
39.^ http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/21/india.drinks/
40.^ http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sandiego/access/387857181.html?
dids=387857181:387857181&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&da
te=Aug+22%2C+2003&author=Nirmala+George&pub=The+San+Diego+
Union+-+Tribune&desc=Colas+called+safe
%2C+but+not+at+EU+standards&pqatl=google
41.^ BBC (Sanjoy Majumder) Indian state bans Pepsi and Coke 9 August 2006
42.^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4789615.stm
43.^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-01-15-999850862_x.htm
44.^ "of benzene levels in soft drinks". Food.gov.uk. 2006-03-31.
http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey.
Retrieved 2009-06-08.
45.^ [2][dead link]
46.^ US FDA/CFSAN - Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene
in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages[dead link]
47.^ "Today's Zaman". Zaman.com. 2006-10-14. http://www.zaman.com/?
bl=economy&alt=&hn=37342. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
 48.^ "[myMasjid.com.my] Alcohol: In soft drinks". Mail-archive.com. 2004-11-
08. http://www.mail-
archive.com/mymasjid@yahoogroups.com/msg00028.html. Retrieved
2009-06-08.
49.^ SABAH Newspaper English Edition[dead link]

[edit] External links

Look up soft drink in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
• The Great Pop vs. Soda Controversy
• The Soda Pop Mashup!
• Health Focus: Toxins in Soft Drinks
• State Laws & Regulations Governing Beverage Sales in Schools, American
Beverage Association (PDF format)
• "Beverage group: Pull soda from primary schools", USAToday, August 17,
2005
• "After soda ban nutritionists say more can be done", Boston Globe, May 4,
2006
• "Critics Say Soda Policy for Schools Lacks Teeth New York Times, August
22, 2005
• "Soft Drinks in Schools", American Academy of Pediatrics,
• [3] Sugars4Kids
• Soft drinks news page
• "Soft drinks linked to aging", Longevity-science.com blog by Leonid A.
Gavrilov
• "Unusual Soft Drinks from Japan", Japanese Innovations blog by Steve
Levenstein
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink"
Categories: Soft drinks
Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead
external links from June 2009 | Wikipedia articles needing reorganization |
Articles with limited geographic scope | Articles to be merged from January 2008
| All articles to be merged | Articles needing additional references from June 2008
| Articles needing additional references from December 2008 | Wikipedia articles
with sections containing possible conflicts of interest | NPOV disputes from
September 2009 | All NPOV disputes | All articles with unsourced statements |
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 | All pages needing cleanup |
Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2008

Views
• Article
• Discussion
 • Edit this page
• History
Personal tools
• Try Beta
• Log in / create account
Navigation
• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article
Search
Top of Form

Special:Search Go Search

Bottom of Form
Interaction
• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help
Toolbox
• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page
Languages
• ‫العربية‬
• Asturianu
• བོད་ཡིག
• Dansk
• Deutsch
• Español
• ‫فارسی‬
• Français
• 한국어
• िहनदी
• Bahasa Indonesia
• ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
• Íslenska
• ‫עברית‬
• Nederlands
• 日本語
• Norsk (bokmål)
• Norsk (nynorsk)
• Polski
• Português
• Română
• Simple English
• Slovenščina
• Suomi
• Svenska
• Tagalog
• ไทย

• 粵語
• Žemaitėška
• 中文

• This page was last modified on 12 October 2009 at 04:37.

• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers