Old English literature

DBLITAN 11.2.,18.2.,25.2.,4.3.,11.3.,25.3

we don't know when the begging of oral text is

written old English literature is from 10th century A.D. but the text are actually from 7th century A.D.
Oral tradition: 7th century A.D. - only orally; 11th century A.D. - monks started to overwrite the old
oral texts to Latin
1066 Normans, William the duke of Normandy
old English literature: literature, Anglo-Saxon texts, Latin
early 11th century - 13th century middle English
late 14th century - 15th century middle English (one hundred years war), French and Latin were
used in the court and in church
from 16th century modern English Language:renaissance and humanism, restoration(puritan),
enlightenment, romanticism, Victorian period, modernism, modern and post-modern literature
English become more comprehensible, in public people had to use French or Latin
the reason is that the Christian monks were not motivated to write old Anglo-Saxon text
protoe to byly pohansk texty

Literature in the Anglo-Saxon time

Middle Ages

Old English Literature

Old English language
lyrical poetry
narrative poetry
short poetry
religious poetry
religious prose

prose
secular

secular

Latin

religious

11th century A.D.

oral
th

7 century A.D.

Middle Ages

Anglo-Saxons times (tribal society)

early 11th - 13th century
Norman times (feudal society)
late 13th - 15th century

Context of medieval literature:

it took hundred of years than Anglo-Saxon became Christians

Judaism, Christianity and Islam: the Word of God slovo bo
literacy
Christianity depends on the word of god and on the some degree of literacy
tools of religious instructions Latin manuscripts containing biblical texts

prose

Hand made text:

cl svtsk staroanglick literatury bylo pobavit, the centre was mead-hall = hodovn s it
should be the earth imagination of Valhalle (rj) all the warriors when they died in the battle
they go straight to Valhalla (Jelenia Gora, Karpacz Dolny Karpacz Horny a tam je vikingsk
kostel)
the products of this time are just fragments, sometimes we actually don't know what are the texts
about
one of the earliest pieces is not a pagan poem about warriors but it is Kedmons hymn zachovan
in the margin (glosa) in old English
in that period the role of the text is different than it is today
till 15th century A.D. were texts written by hand on parchment = pergamen
texts were copied by the scribe scribe isn't author so there can be mistakes in copies
or scribes might want to ''improve'' the work be it by social, religious or other reasons
some texts survived in multiple copies different versions ( Wulfstan's homilies, Canterbourry
Tales, debates)
significant potion survived only in one manuscript (e.g. Beowulf), or all texts vanished and
exists only in later versions (different from original) difficult for editors and translators
issues of anonymity ( don't know author or the date of creation)
lack of content usage of clues on text to date it
allows big area to explain and fantasies in interpretation
author audience
the church was one of the biggest producers of text monopole
knowledge among monks
in late middle age there were professional travelling scribes to write down documents
in 14th century (Oxford, Cambridge) manuscripts were made in delay for nobles, scholars,
literacy began to spread
Church: homilies
hagiography
biblical stories
sermons
religion poems
largest group of texts
used mainly for usage by church
mainly pragmatic literature to improve life of people in Christian ways
in Anglo-Saxon period overwhelming ideal is a heroic ideal (from tribal warrior's Por)
necessitated courage and loyalty to lord, family, clan, comrades in armies
authors create poems to secure immortality for heroes among future generations
to fix social cohesion and construct identity
reflected in kinship, war, significant public events
written in alliterating verse

Old English religious poetry

all poetry had alliterated verse, nothing else

recreation was ensuring immortality on earth, public recitation helped to cement identity of
society
alliterated verse benefit todays readers when said aloud shoda hlsek v pzvunch slabikch
till Norman conquest, hero is germanic warrior (like Thor, Odin) his goal is to serve his lord,
to zaslouit koist(the older thing, the better sign of respect from lord pamtky posvcen
asem),krevn msta, nebt se smrti, after Norman conquest the change from heroic ideals to
chivalries ideals (loyalty to Lord in Heaven and to any lady in need, to be ideal knight)--- from
the hero Beowulf we shift to King Arthur, v dob germnskch hrdin se bojuje za klan, rodinu,
kmen, v rytskch dobch bojuj ryti za osobn zlepen, duchovn zlepen skrz hledn

svatho grlu hledn smyslu ivota/existence throught the quest for Holy Grail (real or
metaphorical)

Dream of the rood - Sen o ki

the hymn hymnus is an English word which means religious song
Caedmon: ml sen a sloil I. duchovn bse v anglick literatue
negramotn, m skldat na tma Genesis, shy, simple man with no talent for
singing, was shy from people gatherings, was approached in dream by angel and
commanded to dream, was gifted by the art of singing
the gift of vmluvnost creates a bridge between a high born and low born people by Bede it is
uiten
klter ve Whitby: abatye Hilda(high-born nobility from Northumbria), koedukovan klter,
spojen mnii a jeptiky
she recognized Caedmons gift and invited him to become monk , she made arrangements for him
to learn the Holy Scripture through pedtn and he started to make poems on spot in AngloSaxon - povst, e sloil bsn na celou Bibli, nepravdpodon, dochovala se jen Genesis A a B
devil is charmer
first version of Caedmons hymn is known from 730 (672-735 live of Bede Venerailis)
modern scholars believe that Genesis A and B were made by different people

Four main manuscripts, that preserve most of old English poetry

Junius manuscript: uchovvn v Oxfordu, Bodleian library, begining 10.stolet

The Vercelli book: end of 10th cent., kapituln knihovna ve Verceli v Itlii
Beowulf/Novel codex: just one manuscript, London British library, around 1000 compiled
The Exeter Book: Exeter cathedral library, put together around first quarter of 10 th century

Junius manuscript:
entire contect is only of religious verse, is also in other manuscripts cathegories - pbhy
biblick - poems from motives of the Bible, poems inspired by Church practices, lives of
saints
Biblical, liturgical, hagiographical poetry
Christian poetry meditativn na jakkoliv tma, alegorizuje nboensk motivy, naukov,
interpretuje aspekty lidskho ivota
3 categories of religious texts:
1. pbhy z bible
2. practice of the church
3. live of the saints
Cadmon's hymn: fits best into the category of prise of God
Novel codex contents Judith, zaloeno na apokryfn knize Judith z Bible
in the Vercelli book 23 prose kzn
The dream of the rood the most outstanding poem in Old - English ever written
the poems in the Vercelli book: Ellene and the lifes of the Apostels bear runic name (ne sen
o ki) Cynewulf prvn znme jmno anglicky pcho bsnka specializoval se na ivot
svatch
Exeter book have also poems with the name of Cynewulf: Christ II, The Ascencion, Juliana
jeho podpis byl projev pokory, podpisem chtl aby se ten pomodlil za jeho dui
in manuscript which is in French National Library in Paris was an attempt to write psalms in
old English, psalms 51 151 have been presented, they are in Paris Psalterm
snaili se vyjdit obsah liturgie v textech, verch

The dream of the rood

the world rood means cross, it is from latin; they probably wanted to express the world cross
in their own language that is the reason why they use the world rood it also mean devo
form: middle age poetry is in allegorical dream vision and this poem is first in English which
use this style, this style is typical for 11th century but this poem is from 7th century and that
why it is so interesting
enjoyed great popularity in middle ages
it is so fascinating because it is still somehow innocent of fear of the pagan, there are mixed
pagan and christian motives, kesanstv vidno jako nov vc, pagan motives are there
expressed innocent
fascinating intersection of pagan imagination and christian
the narrator is the one who is dreaming, he said there that it ist the best dream he have ever
had
kanning opisn metafora, speech bearers = lid
cross covered with beautiful jewels, he sees the beautiful cross and than he sees wooden
cross covered with blood, crux gemata
the rood beginns to speak, the narrator changes from the dreamer to cross and it tells the
story about the crucifiction
Good Friday =Velk ptek, the cross is asking the poet to announce the gospel to whole
world and the poet spread it by the poem, he did his job well
two other texts:
1. is write on the rothwell cross in Scotland, nelze urit kdy tam byl ten text vytesn
2. bruxeles cross, je tp relikvi, asi z roku 1000
je mon e rothwell cross je prototypem Dream of the rood a nebo existoval jet jin
text z kterho vechny ti texty vychz
it is absolutely faithful to the gospel
k vzpomn na dobu kdy byl jet stromem, co je na to zvltn protoe pro idy a
pohansk nboenstv m strom velk vznam
it is very unexpectedly original
the role of Jesus is not a role of the passive martior but it is the role of the active warrior
( typick pro germnsk nrody), Je zobrazovn jako kdy vl proti smrti a vtz
dkazem toho je vzken, ukiovn je jeho odhodln
germnsk pojet je pekryto pojetm z evangelia
msto aby to byl Kristus kdo se objetuje, objetuje se ten kvnmn jako muednk
tenm to pipomnalo vztah mezi nelnkem a vlenkem (vazba Je k)
ve star anglitin exstoval dul a zjmeno, kter to vyjadovalo bylo ung
we move from the known to the unknown, as move of human soul from pomjivho k
vnmu
speaking creature
this poem was for long time associated with riddles
the riddle What am I? - mme pijt na to e k pedstavuje z minul kultury strom
it shares some of the enigma features
it creates a puzzle
in addition the Anglo-Saxon writers made use of their own language the old English was
for them more significant to the audience than today we understand (wider meaning, more
levels of meaning than our used word certain ability to convey more meaning than modern
English word
the rood/the cross rood tells us that it was cut of from tree trunk
stefn tree trunk, root in old English
in masculine it is rood or feminine voice

kdysy jsem byl stromem, byl jsem odznut od svho koene/hlasu hlasu prody, nyn
m svj vlastn hlas jako k a me dky Bohu mluvit
poem is stylistic and aesthetic masterpiece with many layers of meaning to which
listener/reader might built their understanding

OLD ENGLISH LYRICAL SECULAR POETRY

elegies (Seafarer, The Wanderer, Fortunes of men), love poetry (Husbands message, Wifes
lament, ?)
The Wanderer
it is a dramatic monologue with an intensive focus on internal suffering (psychological)
existential anguish of an exile exile is sth than old English people feared more than death
we are unable to decipher whether it is only narrator or narrator and speaker
shows us things past (glorious, radiant) and the present desperate conditions as opposites
Ubi sunt.? - kde jsou.(latin)
the expressions of anguish and its meditation on emptiness of human life, frailty of human life
are situated in adjacent landscapes
one is a sea a symbol of a surrogate neuspokojiv home, the other is demolished buildings
of former home that provoke familiar reflections of wordly achievement
the speaker was forced into exile by annihilation of his former clan and his lord but it is not
clear why the speaker is careful not to reveal the secret of his exile, poem is concerned with
depicting exiles word of rejection and despair (his inner world)
contrast of past and present
the future is filled with hope for finding other worldly home and new home in Gods eternal love
after his death nevme, jestli to je st bsn originln, nebo dodan a zapisovatelem
mnichem
polarities alternate like harmonies and discords in song
wanderer wakes up every morning from wistfull dream to grim present, colors and gold contrast
with his environment of exile (winter, sea), posun od jeho utrpen k general existential despair
pomjivost all men are destined to become wanderers, v podstat jsme vichni vyhnanci,
trvalost je iluzwe need hope the hope is presented as Gods eternal love life is necessary to
endure with stoic endurance, pagan and Christian values mingle here, Christian values represent
the hope into future
maturity, patience, thoughtfull speech, courage checked by prudence, clarity and determination
of purpose, umrnnost v touze po slv/jej odvren, bohatstv kesansk morlka v nznacc
jsme na zatku christianizace anglosaskho svta
the wise see the world as it is pagan stoicism, Christian patience
the ruins of roman occupation symbolize the Last Judgment
transience of all things
zpochybuje pohansk hodnoty v 2/2 bsn
all great buildings fell down, heroes are forgotten, things they died for comes for nothing - all
earthly achievements are destined to an ultimate oblivion
the importance of securing mans memory after his death in memory of living in pagan culture in
the moment of writing it down ceases to exist in oral history of humankind
a poem within a poem modlitba na konci bsn wanderer finally found his Lord (God in
Heavens)

LOVE POETRY

The Wives lament, Husbands message, Wulf and Eadwacer

prvn dva spolu mon souvisej, tet pbh o milostnm trojhelnku (manel, manelka, milenec,
ena a dva milenci?)

the vast majority of Anglo-Saxons verse seems to dwell on the experiences of men (boj, exil,
duchovn extze)
women, children and animals were supposed to be protected by masculine violence (a pot, co je
manelky do boje dokopaj jinak jsou zl eny:)
men are violent to be respected by younger men and to show women and children that they are
protected
Wetting women eny stoj ve palru a pobzej mue do boje, jinak jimi budou pohrdat
Aristocratic women had an important role to play they exercise treats of hospitality
Nemme zprvy o ench bojovnicch
monastic and Christian culture is mainly men domain v rannm kesanstv mohou mt kn eny,
kltery koedukovan..monastic life and church wasnt just men world women were playing
central role in the society st. Helene and Juliana
Religious community at Whitby where Caedmon received his education was coeducational leader
of community was woman Formidable abbes Hilda we dont know if there were any woman poets
we dont know their identity, therefore we cant decide who was the author woman or man?
Scandidavian literature contains many mentions about woman warriors Valkry, Anglo-Saxon
either doesnt have those, or it was considered inappropriate
On the other hand Anglo-Saxons poets were okouzleny by women from Old testament - Judith
Probably only three poems in the category of love poetry not common themes, but it was probably
influenced by the criteria of Christian scribes, who choose what to write about - mon zachovaly
jen o manelch, protoe voln lska jim moc nesedla
At the same time it would be correct to say that the common way was to give live to children, not to
enjoy emotions
2 dramatick monology (Wulf, nek, pron ena), pak pron mu dramatick monolog
(Husband's message)
In the message he tells her that he is succesull, rich and that she should cross the sea to join him
spojen s nkem eny
shodn povahov rysy u chlapa v obou ppadech, on je vesel
ob bsn jsou v Exeter book, nejsou tam za sebou
The Wifes Lament
bse zan tradinm vyjdenm smutku a ztrty neho this poem begins with familiar
expression of sadness and deprivation
again exile woman was kicked out from tribal village into nearby forest, where she lives in a
cave situation is worse, because she is a lonely woman, she is hungry, she is nostalgically
regretting her glorious past with husband in village do obce se pivdala, nemaj ji v manelov
vesnici rdi
wanderer and seafarer were masculine poems, their exile came from a decisive moment in past
a battle, woman is in exile as a fate of woman ensk to maj t
for woman it is a more existential condition/status more than anything else vnitn
exil/vyhnanec ze srdc blzkch
it seems to relate to her gender dokud je manel pry, mohou ji trat
she relates her exile to her gender when she becomes woman a potential mother
the root of her alu is her womanhood, she is potential candidate for exile
form: dramatic monologue
eliptick nznaky toho, co se j dje nikde nen explicitn stanoveno, o co jde
Woman is evidently from another tribe, she came to marry her husband, she believe her husband
I will protect you, no one will touch youhusband disappeared, mother-in-law send her to live
in cave the tribe seems to be involved in blood feud, the husband has been chosen to perform
some action in it (probably kill someone), woman perceive it as a conspiracy against them to
separate them, husband has to go in exile because he murdered someone (morthgore?) and they

got separated
The poem expresses with great sharpness and eloquence the isolation of woman, her emotions
about separation and unsympathetic community
Ubi sund? ona vzpomn na pleasures of the pastkdy mluv mu, vzpomn na kamardy z
hospody/krouku/, ena vzpomn na svho mue
The pleasures of man are of meadhall, of warriors, of king,the pleasures of woman is her
husband/lover and his presence
Author express women's suffering, her loneliness, fearvery vivid expressions
woman expression her resentment and bitterness towards masculine world revenge, war
in the end, woman says that the world is acting differently towards men and women women
can show pain, loneliness,men will be told that they are sissies
Woman will say in the end that she understand, although she is badly treated by husbands
relatives, is required to live in valley alone, is exiled from her own family and tribe.
Kdy j to pestane bavit si stovat, tak k, e manel je na tom h nkdo ho me zabt, je
sm v ciz zemi, nesm si poplakat, nakat jako chlap.uvdom si pressures of masculinity
suffering of men is worse than hers, because their masculine code of behaviour forbids them to
show pity or something alike women can
His grief is contained inside to show only strong faade to outside world
bse nm dv nhled na vztahy mezi muem a enou a pbuznmi a kmenem a jednotlivcem

Wulf and Eadwacer

dramatic monologue spoken by woman
about romantic relationship rendered difficult by social pressures and complications rather
complex structure of relationships
a woman and husband/lover are separated to two different island due to blood feud, woman
functions almost as a hostage, where she is held by her own people, who expects father of her
child to come lover will come for her and his child, husband will come to kill the child, which
is not his, lover will come only for his child
Since her people expect Wulf to come and rescue her, but she is married/in love with man from
her own tribeshe expects stranger to come, there appears to be child probably not born, she
expect Wulf to come and get child as his own or to kill him.
Cel bse je nejasn a dvojznan real beauty is in expression of emotions, strong ones (pain,
pleasure, physical longing, ), rich fertility of meaning (harmony of marriage, for example)

Husbands message
answer to Wifes Lament
there are no elements of christian motives
love between men and women is different type then the loyalty to the lord( Chief or God)
rhyming poems (unusual), deor,

OLD ENGLISH HEROIC LITERATURE

old english heroic literature(goes back to ancient poetry), battle poems )much younger, real events)
Heroic literature:
old English doesn't have a single word for hero, but there are 70 words for warrior (eorl he has
the quality of warrior, eorlscipe = hrdinstv); hero is used first time in 14 th century, toto slovo se
spojovalo jen s hrdiny ekch nebo latinskch bj, walor = udatnost
Beowulf was published first in 1815 during the romanticism, nae pojet germnskho mylen je
ovlivnno romantismem
definiton of a hero: warrior, superhuman currage whose actions are motivated by heroic ethos
(dl to pro tu vc samotnou, set of values), he has to face a choice he can't satisfied both sides

of choices, posthuman imortality in human mind

tragic
heroic ethos = typical for tribal society, they have to fight for their survival, rich back to the
continental Germany, they lord was depend on loyalty of his followersthey were boasting, the
band consisted of two groups: the core was veterans and then junior warriors (not married, lived
with parents, no experience)
To achieve success in battle, lord depended on unwavering loyalty of his warriors dependence
was bothsided, lord was bounding his warriors to him banquets in meadhall, sharing out
precious gifts, protection was mutual, warriors were boasting to perform deeds of valor in battle
in honor of their lord (in Wanderer, there is a warning against boasting)
Band of warriors consisted of two groups core was of reliable veterans, then junior warriors (no
women, little experience, living with parents)
some five poems survive which together make corpus of heroic poetry
BEOWULF, other four are just fragments or short ones: Widsith (parts of Beowulf, name of courtsinger (scop op) Widsith is the name of poem one and the same), Deor, Waldere, Finnsburgh
Fragment
These five poems differ remarkably in format and length Beowulf is the longest with 3182 verses,
the poems greatly differ in content and purpose
Finnsburgh fragment has 39 lines characters which appear in Beowulf
In the Fragment, we can find a motif of something very beautiful The peace-weaver (Tkadleny
mru eny, kter byly provdvny do neptelskch kmen, aby dolo k uzaven mru), in heroic
poetry we have this motif which is a woman of noble rank, who were married to forge a stable
alliance between potentially competing or enemy tribes
Fragment Danish princess Hildebur, who was married to king of Fries in order to ensure peace and
alliance
The heroic coat in historical reality:
the heroic code is more concern in poetry than in reality, examples of such heroism are difficult
to find in actual prose (Bede Venerabilis, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle), that was historically reliable
to certain extent
we can declare that contrast between idealized heroism in poetry and reality was paramount
they needed to know, where their ideals are, although they know that it was not plausible in the
reality (dozvdali se o bostvech, kam pjdou po smrti, kvli emu se nco djejejich forma
nboensk vchovy) and was different
prose record everyday life and their history, contrary to the poems
so much is clear long after conversion to Christianity, the heroic ideal is still alive and valuable
(Christianity accommodated warrior attitude)
Beowulf is a work of Christian author from the POV used
From ethos to propaganda
two poems remain to be discussed in context of heroic epical poetry those, who are called battle
poetry (stety mezi Anglosasy a Vikingy)
Battle of Brunanburh and Battle of Maldon (commemorate the death of Anglo-Saxon earl and his
band by the hands of Vikings, it is at once realistic- who is who, the land our and their, different
beliefs, natural outline of the battlefield, records of the death of the earl and his men, it is also
fictional main hero is reciting poem in the middle of fight not realistic, the poem is very
chauvinistic vechno dobr dlme jen my, neptel jsou zrdy a zken zrdci), by using
appropriate language, author lines himself into heroic tradition, yet he commemorates recent events
(bookish knowledge author was apparently monk, prozaick text s fiktivnm djem=romn)it is
hardly coincidence, that the death of hero is in the same time as romantizace hrdiny(rytsk
hodnoty)
they celebrate contemporary events with heroic ethos of old (konkrtn udlosti ze souasnosti) of

the late 9th century (vivid battle scenes with great imaginateive power behind them, cunnings,
phrases reminiscent of old heroic poetry like clich, they celebrate Anglo-Saxon king and the
entire people of tribe, it represents a link with heroic genres of old)
Alfred The Great
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
9th century England as the country doesnt exist yet there were only kingdoms of tribes (Essex,
Sussex, Wessex,)
Viking invasions reduced kingdoms only to Wessex and Mercia (W of Nortumbrie), rest of
kingdoms were under Dane control
Alfred 871 became king as the youngest son of king of Wessex (brothers died), he managed to
drive Vikings back from his kingdom and ruled over Mercia
899 his death. He had secured kingdom from which his son and grandson made into England
Hold title for two reasons secured kingdom from Vikings and was literate il civilizaci,
education and translation
He himself translated 4 texts from Latin (almost everything was preserved in it), original writing in
Old English started on his initiative
He began his program with his letter as a prefix to Pastoral Care of Gregory the Great
on sm papesk dopis peloil a pidal svj prefix
this is often reprinted and translated
it is a complex historical document and interesting text
it express Alfreds program of education and translation to people, he takes inspiration from
another author, both theoretical and practical sense, aktualizuje biblick a antick texty pro
anglosaskou souasnost nae budoucnost je ve vzdln
Alfred could be valued as writer and establisher of present proses
- spch na zemi vm zajist spch na nebi a naopak, nebeskou si muste vyprosit
Alfred chtl bt knzem spojuje kesanskou morlku s anglosaskou identitou (prav
kesan=prav Anglosas)
Pastoral Care pape u knze jak m peovat o sv oveky
Peloil take prvnch 50 psalms - pretty close to original texts, adds introduction for better
understanding of it and to explain it clearly to contemporary readers
Peloil Boeciovu tcha z filozofie/Consolation of philosophy he says to follow God in the
world, they should abandon worldly concerns (property, fame,)as much as possible, but you have
to fulfill your own purpose on the earth fully because God has given it to you
Alfred Soliloquies (Samomluva?/Hovory k sob) peklad a vlastn koment ke sv. Augustionovi z
Hipporegia, bude-li t dobe tady, bude si t dobe po smrti
Dal peklady:Dialoques(Rozhovory), History against the pagans by Paulus Orosius, peklad Bede
Venerabilis ukazuj bo dlo mezi obyvateli Anglie, Alfred the Great?
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
it culminates in his reign, it is continued into 11/12th century
first, there is legendary tales, his own time ?
He doesnt want to have literate only scholars, but everyday people after his death, the knowledge
is declining, Latin is lost, instead of trying to reestablish Latin, he tried to establish learning and
teaching in Old English and translation of important books?
Alfred presents his own program as a part of old and prestigious tradition
He speaks of one Angelcinn living in Angloland, not different kingdoms
He promises good future wisdom is the ultimate treasure in itself and intangible but very great
good, wisdom brings more tangible treasure easily, losing wisdom therefore leads to losing treasures
The link between wisdom and treasure is thereknihy pinej bohatstv i moudrost, Alfred says
that if they will follow his path, they will be bohat a moud jako ped vikingy

In his times, Latin was language of scholars, kings were warriors, had to persuade people to
appreciate literate people
In his times, latin was language of scholars, kings were warriors, had to persuade people to
appreciate literate people
rhetorical and lyrical strategies:
people who were used to spend their time fighting should spend some time learning to read and
learn
it's a good idea to learn secular people to write and read
Alfred used some strategies to convince people to read:
1. to thanks publicly to the monks
2. tm, kte by se mli uit st a pst, pochvl je pedem za jejich sil - he appeals to their
best intentions
Pasteral care - kniha podle kter se uili
3. nenaizuje jim; k e tm e se nau st a pst mu pomohou it kesanstv
all continental kings supported development of literacy but they themselves can't read
ti, kte budou vzdlan to bude elita, budou mt schopnost skvle bojovat a zrove st a
pst
Pasteral care
he outlines what means to be a christian
he questions himself and answer himself
Aflread argumentation is were powerful
he was very modern on the field of translation (nco se pekld slovo od slova ale nco se
mus peloit obrazn)
tam kde se pracuje s prostmi konotty to pelome doslova, tak kde pracujeme s obraznou
mluvou hledme ekvivalentn obraz poppad to vysvtlme
st. Jarome = svat Jeronm, peloil Bibli z etiny a hebrejtiny do latiny - od nho se to
nauil Alfred
vyjaduje nzor, e anglitina je schopn vyjdit jakoukoliv mylenku
jeho programu nevyuilo tolik lid kolik chtl
the Benedictine reform
history and memory in the Anglo-Saxons chronical:
historical account of events from Caesars invasion until the year 1150
Alfred was initiator of this chronical
60.p.n.l. - fact the time when they were living - 1150
11 centuries
development of the language - old and middle English
we may say that this chronical is part of Alfred's educational and translational program
it was translated to latin
pouen o tom jak se ve sv dob vnmali Anglo-sasov
djiny vnmaj jako sled vznamnch prodnch jev, politiku neeili
we can see the great contrast between the ideal of hero and the reality where we find betrayal,
killing of lord and other things