CE351

Transportation
Systems: Planning
and Design
TOPIC:
O C
Pavement Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Course Outline
Introduction
I t d ti to
t Transportation
T
t ti
Highway Users and their Performance
Geometric Design
Pavement Design
g
Traffic and Queuing
Level of Service in Highways and
Intersections

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pavement Purpose
Types and Workings
Theoretical Formulas
Pavement Condition
g
Flexible Pavement Design
a. AASHTO method

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Pavement Purpose
Load support
Smoothness
S
th
Good quality (comfort)
Safety

Drainage

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Pavement Costs
The Nations highways are valued at more than
$1 75 ttrillion
$1.75
illi
Nearly $130 billion is invested annually to preserve
and improve the highway system
Highway Construction Costs, 2nd Quarter 2005

Roadway Excavation: $10

$10.53
53 per cubic yard
Crushed Surfacing: $11.97 per ton
Hot Mix Asphalt: $47
$47.94
94 per ton
Concrete Pavement: $153.55 per cubic yard

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Pavement Costs
Highway Construction Costs, 2nd Quarter 2005

Roadwayy Excavation: $10.53 p

per cubic yyard
Crushed Surfacing: $11.97 per ton
Hot Mix Asphalt: $47.94 per ton
Concrete Pavement: $153.55 per cubic yard
Steel Reinforcing Bar: $0.79 per pound
St t l Steel:
Structural
St l $0.84
$0 84 per pound
d
Structural Concrete: $410.95 per cubic yard

LANE CONSTRUCTION COST:

from $2 to $10 million per lane-mile

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Flexible Pavements
Layered design

Wearing
Base
Subbase
Subgrade

Materials
Wearing - asphaltic concrete (asphalt
cement and aggregates)
Base (AC or aggregates)
Subase (aggregates)
Compacted
C
t d subgrade
b d ((soil)
il)
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Lecture # 6

Rigid Pavements
Layered design
Wearing
Base
Subgrade

Materials
Slab
Portland cement concrete
Typically contains reinforcement steel
and doweled joints
Base (aggregates)
Compacted
C
t d subgrade
b d ((soil)
il)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

Load Carrying Mechanics

Assume wheel load is
point load
T
Typical
i l weights
i h
Cars 3,500 lb
Trucks, 80,000 lb
Typical tire pressures
Cars, 35 psi
Trucks, 100 psi

Flexible pavement
deforms, load
transferred

Rigid pavement
beam action distributes
load over larger area
beam

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

THEORETICAL FORMULAS

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

10

Calculation of Flexible Pavement Stresses

and
d Deflections
D fl ti
Boussinesq theory started by assuming that the
pavement is one layer thick and the material is
elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. With point
load:
oad

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Elliptical area loading

Assume an elliptical area that represents a tire footprint
instead of a point load.
The tire footprint can be defined by an equivalent circular
area with a radius calculated by:

a =

P
(4 3)
(4.3)

Where:
a = equivalent load radius of the tire footprint in inches,
P = tire load in lb,, and
p = tire pressure in lb/in2.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

12

Ahlvin and Ulery solutions

For the evaluation of stresses, strains, and deflections at
any point.

z = p( A + B )

Where:
z = vertical stress in lb/in2,
p = pressure due to the load in lb/in2,
A and B = function values
values, as presented in Table 4
4.1,
1 that
depend on z/a and r/a, the depth in radii and offset
distance in radii, respectively,
z = depth of the point in question in inches (mm)
(mm),
r = radial distance in inches (mm) from the centerline of the
point load to the point in question, and
a = equivalent load radius of the tire footprint in inches
(mm).
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

13

Ahlvin and Ulery solutions

The equation for radial-horizontal stress:

r= p[2 A + C + (1 2 )F ]
Where:
= Poisson ratio and,
r = radial-horizontal
radial horizontal stress in lb/in2 (kPa)
(kPa).
And the equation for deflection, z, is

p(1 + ) a z

(
)
z =
A + 1 H

E
a

Where:
p = pressure due to the load in lb/in2,
a = equivalent load radius of the tire footprint in inches,
E = modulus of elasticity in lb/in2, and
C, F, and H = function values, as presented in Table 4.1, that depend
on z/a and r/a,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

14

Problem 4.1
A tire
ti carries
i a 5000
5000-lb
lb lload
d and
dh
has a pressure off
100 lb/in2. The pavement that the tire is on is
constructed with a modulus of elasticity of 43
43,500
500
lb/in2. A deflection of 0.016 inches is observed at
ap
point at the p
pavement surface,, 0.8 inches from
the center of the tire load. Using Ahlvin and Ulery
equations, what is the radial horizontal stress at
this point?.
?

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

15

PAVEMENT SERVICIABILITY

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

16

When does pavement fail?

Chicken
Wire/Alligator
Pattern Cracking

Engineer
Fatigue cracking, spalling,
joint failure, rutting
Measurable
M
bl

Public

High Severity
Block Cracking

High Severity
Reflection
Cracking at
Joints

When ride quality

deteriorates
Subjective

High Severity
Durability (D)
Cracking

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Two inputs
T
i
t combined
bi d iin conceptt off
serviceability:
Measured pavement condition
Quality of riding
Factors usually measured:
Rutting
Faulting
Cracking
Patching
Scaling
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Lecture # 6

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Rutting
g
(surface deflection in wheel path):

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Lecture # 6

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Alligator (fatigue) Cracking:

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Lecture # 6

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Slippage Cracking:

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Lecture # 6

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Traverse Thermal Cracking:

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Lecture # 6

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Patching:

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Lecture # 6

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Scaling:

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Lecture # 6

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Faulting:

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Lecture # 6

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International Roughness Index (IRI)

Widely accepted measure of pavement
condition
IRI procedures were developed by the World
Bank in Brazil
Measures suspension movement over some
longitudinal distance (in/mi)
IRI correlates
l t with
ith vertical
ti l passenger
acceleration and tire load

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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International Roughness Index (IRI)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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IRI and pavement quality

Very good (<60 in/mi),
Good (61-94 in/mi),
Fair (95
(95-119
119 in/mi for Interstates,
95-170 in/mi for other roads),
Mediocre (120
(120-170
170 in/mi for Interstates
Interstates,
171-220 in/mi for other roads) and
Poor (>170 in/mi for Interstates
Interstates,
>220 in/mi for other roads)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Pavement Condition
Defined by users (drivers)
Develop
D
l methods
th d tto relate
l t physical
h i l attributes
tt ib t tto
driver ratings
Result is usually a numerical scale

From the AASHO Road Test

(1956 1961)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

29

Present Serviceability Index (PSI) and

IRI
Excellent (4.1 5.0) ~ (IRI<60 in/mi),
Good (3.1 4.0) ~ (61-94 in/mi),
Fair
a ((2.1 3
3.0)
0) ~ (95
(95-170
0 in/mi
/ for
o Interstates,
e s a es, 95
95220 in/mi for other roads),
Poor (1.1
(1 1 2.0)
2 0) ~ (>170 in/mi for Interstates
Interstates, >220
in/mi for other roads)
Very Poor (0 1.0)
1 0)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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AASHTO FLEXIBLE DESIGN

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

31

AASHTO
S O FLEXIBLE-PAVEMENT DESIGN
SG

AASHO Road Test in Illinois from 1958 to 1960

Current standards are based on 1993 AASHTO
guideline
Updates/future guidelines based on mechanistic
approaches

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

32

AASHTO Design Method

Background:
AASHO Road Test Ottawa,,
Illinois, late 50s ~early 60s
Guide published in 1961,
1972,, 1986,, 1993,, 2002?

Design Considerations

pavement performance
traffic
roadbed soil
material properties
environment
drainage
reliability
life-cycle costs

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Important Factors
1. Demand
Loads
Axle distributions

2. Probabilityy that the p

pavement will p
perform well
throughout the service life
3. Variations of traffic, materials, and construction
practices
ti
4. Thickness and quality of the pavement structure
5 Quality of the roadbed soil
5.
6. Serviceability loss over the service life of the
pavement
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

34

Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs)

ESAL is unit of measure
Concept of equivalent
equivalent damage
damage
used to combine mixed traffic (axles of various masses)
to a single
g value for design
g traffic

Summation of equivalent 18,000 lbs (or 18 kips)

single axle loads
ESALs function of

Axle load
Axle and wheel configuration
Pavement types and pavement structure
Serviceability

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Axle and Wheel Combinations (Top View)

Single axle with single tire
Tandem axle with dual tires

Tridem axle with dual tires

LEF =

damage by axle load A

damage by a standard axle load

= LEF of
axle load A

See Tables 4.2-4.4 and 4.7-4.9 Function of pavement type and SN or slab depth
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Table 4.2 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for

Fl ibl P
Flexible
Pavements,
t Si
Single
l Axles,
A l
and
d TSI = 2.5
25

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Table 4.2 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for

Fl ibl Pavements,
Flexible
P
t Single
Si l vs Tandem
T d
Axles
A l

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Procedure for Estimating Design ESALs, W18

Determine the design period (n)

Obtain AADT and vehicle combinations
Determine present ESALs/day/direction
Forecast traffic,, using
g Traffic Growth Factor ((TGF))
[(1+r)n 1]/r, where r is growth rate
Calculate directional ESAL
(ESALs/day/direction)*365*TGF
Calculate design ESALs/lane for the design period:
adjust based on lane distribution off vehicles (PDL)
(
)
more trucks in right lanes, see Table 4.11

design lane ESAL

ESALs
s = (directional ESAL)
ESAL)*(PDL)
(PDL)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Example
Determine design ESALs
given:
Two lane highway
Flexible pavement
Two-way
T
di ti
directional
l AADT =
10,000 vehicles/day
Assume 50/50 directional
di t ib ti
distribution
12,000 lbs
90% car
10% 3-S2 tractor semi-trailer
Growth rate: 4%
Design period: 20 years
Assume SN = 3

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

2,000lb/axle
108,000 lbs

58,000 lbs
38,000 lbs

40

How many ESALs?

Use Tables 4.2-4.4, assume SN=3

108,000 lbs

Single

Tandem

Tandem

Single

Single

12 000lb
12,000lb

58 000lb
58,000lb

38 000lb
38,000lb

2 000lb
2,000lb

2 000lb
2,000lb

LEF=0.229

LEF=9.4

LEF=1.69

LEF=0.0003

LEF=0.0003

11.319 ESALs per truck

0.0006 ESALs per car

5,000(.10)(11.319) + 5,000(.90)(0.0006) = 5,662.2 ESALs per day

[(1+r))n 1]/r
[(1
1]/ = [(1+0.04)
[(1 0 04)20 1]/0.04
1]/0 04 = 29.77
29 77
5,662.2 ESALS/day (365 days/year) (29.77 years) = 6.15 x 107 ESALs
Note: If more than one-lane, would apply PDL factor to find design lane ESALs
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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PSI in pavement design

Initial
I
iti l and
d terminal
t
i l PSI used
d in
i
pavement design equations
Terminal PSI is critical in
determining Load Equivalency
Factors to get W18

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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PSI in pavement
p
design
Accumulated traffic loads cause
the pavement to deteriorate and
the serviceability rating drops.
At some point,
i t a terminal
t
i l
serviceability index (TSI) is
reached.
New pavements usually have an
initial PSI rating of approximately
4.2 to 4.5.
Interstate highways or principal
arterials have TSIs of 2.5 or 3.0,
while
hil llocall roads
d can hhave TSI
TSIs
of 2.0.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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The soil resilient modulus

MR, is used to reflect the engineering properties of the
subgrade (the soil)
soil).
The resilient modulus can be determined by AASHTO
test method T274. or approx.
pp
by
y California bearing
g
ratio (CBR)
CBR: the ratio of the load-bearing capacity of the soil
to the load-bearing capacity of a high-quality
aggregate * 100
The relationship,
relationship used to provide a very basic
approximation of MR (in lb/in2) from a known CBR, is
MR = 1500 CBR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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Pavement Quality Structural Number

a1 , a2 , a3 are layer coefficients for

layer i (Table 4.6)
m2 , m3 - drainage coefficient for
layer i
D1 , D2 , D3 - actual thickness for
layer i (to be determined !!)

SN = a1 D1 + a2 D2 m2 + a3 D3 m3

SN1 = a1 D1
Proceed in
this direction

SN 2 = a1 D1 + a2 D2 m2

SN 3 = a1 D1 + a2 D2 m2 + a3 D3 m3

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Structural-Layer
Structural
Layer Coefficients
Pavement Component

Coefficient

Wearing Surface
Sand-mix asphaltic concrete

0.35

Hot-mix asphaltic concrete

0.44

Base
Crushed stone

0.14

Dense-graded crushed stone

0.18

Soil cement

0.20

Emulsion/aggregate-bituminous

0.30

Portland-cement/aggregate

0.40

Lime-pozzolan/aggregate

0.40

Hot-mix asphaltic concrete

0.40

Subbase
Crushed stone
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

0.11
Lecture # 6

46

Reliability R Corresponding ZR
Table 4.5 Example: To be 95% confident that the
pavement will remain at or above its TSI
p

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

47

Summary of Factors

MR

1. W18: a measure of traffic load in ESALs

2 ZR: serviceability probability (throughout the design
2.
life)
3. S0: a factor representing the designers ability to
predict the variation of the traffic and performance
4. MR: Effective roadbed soil Resilient Modulus reflects
the strength of the soil,
soil varies by time of year
year.
Season
5 St
5.
Structural
uctu a number
u be (S
(Sn))
6. PSI : Desired serviceability loss, PSI = pi - pt

e.g., PSI = 4.2 - 2.5 = 1.7

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Flexible-Pavement
Flexible
Pavement Design Equation
log 10W18 = Z R S o + 9.36 [log 10 (SN + 1)] - 0.20 +

log 10 [ PSI / 2.7 ]

0.40 + 1094 (SN + 1)

5.19

+ 2.32 log 10 M R 8.07

Where:
W18 = 18-kip-equivalent
18 kip equivalent single-axle
single axle load
load,
ZR = reliability (z-statistic from the standard normal curve)
So = overall standard deviation of traffic,
SN = structural
t t l number,
b
PSI = loss in serviceability from when the pavement is
new until it reaches its TSI, and
MR =
soil resilient modulus of the subgrade in lb/in2.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

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Solves

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Lecture # 6

50