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Chapter Two
Neuroscience and Behavior
I.
2. These fill the gap and allow for the "kiss" to take
place OR ions to enter the receiving neuron either
exciting or inhibiting its readiness to fire.
3. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the
sending neuron in a process known as reuptake.
4. Many drugs increase the availability of selected
neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake.
1. Ex.
E. How Neurotransmitters influence us: motions and emotions.
1. Dopamine: Influences movement, learning, attention, and
emotion. Excess dopamine has been linked
w /schizophrenia.
2. Serotonin: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.
Prozac and other antidepressants raise serotonin levels.
3. Nor epinephrine: helps control alertness and arousal.
4.GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) serves inhibitory
functions and is sometimes implicated in eating disorders and
sleep disorders.
5. Acetylcholine: Works on 'neurons involved in muscle, action,
learning, and memory. Alzheimer's patients experience a
deterioration of those neurons that produce this critical chemical
messenger.
F. Acetylcholine: More info.
1. ACh is the messenger at every junction between a motor
neuron and skeletal muscle.
2. When released to our muscle cells, the muscle contracts.
3. If transmission is blocked, our muscles cannot contract.
4. Ex. Curare-hunting darts-paralysis.
5. Ex. Botulin-paralysis.
3. Ex. Black widow's poison-not blocked but allowed to flood
causing violent muscle contractions, convulsions, and possible
death.
G. The Endorphins: Neurotransmitters similar to morphine that re
produced in the brain and elevates mood and eases pain.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
VII. The Cerebral Cortex: like bark on a tree it is the thin outer covering of
our brain and is our body's ultimate control and info. processing
center.
A. Structure of the cortex: thin surface of the cerebral hemispheres
(left/right).
B. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes. Each lobe carries out
many functions and some of these functions require the interplay of
several lobes.
1. Frontal lobes: just behind forehead. Speaking, muscle
movements, and speaking. Motor strip lies at the rear.
2. Parietal lobes: top of head and toward rear. Includes the
sensory cortex.
3. Occipital lobes: back of head. Visual cortex receives info.
from opposite visual field.
4. Temporal lobes: above ears. Auditory cortex receives auditory
info. primarily from the opposite ear.
C. Functions of the cortex: Motor functions, sensory functions, and
association functions. *Beware! Complex activities involve many
brain areas.
1. The motor cortex sends messages out to the body and can be
stimulated to make different body parts move(simple) .
. ,. ~
Opposite body parts move from the side stimulated.
2. Those areas that require precise control, occupied the greatest
amount of cortical space. Ex. fingers and mouth.
3. *Functional MRIs show, however, that most movements
require more than one part of the brain:
D. The sensory cortex: receives incoming messages.
1. The more sensitive a body region the greater the area of the
sensory cortex devoted to it. Ex. lips, foes
2. If you lose a finger that region of the sensory cortex receives
info. from your other fingers making them more sensitive.
3. Nurture is also involved. "WELL PRACTICED" pianist have
larger than usual auditory cortex area that encodes piano sounds.
4. The visual cortex part of your occipital lobes processes visual
info.
..
E. The other 3/4s of our brain not committed to sensory or muscular
activity is referred to as our association areas.
1. No part of our brain is not used.
.
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VIll
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IX.