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Lecture #04
CE-212 Mechanics of Solids
SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION
When beams are acted upon by lateral loads, both bending moments and shear forces
act on their cross-sections, resulting in shear stresses
which will be studied here.
As shown below, if top and bottom surfaces of each board are smooth and not bonded
together, then application of load P will cause the boards to slide relative to one
another.
However, if boards are bonded together, longitudinal shear stresses will develop and
distort x-section in a complex manner.
Recall that the flexure formula assumes that cross-sections must remain plane and
perpendicular to longitudinal axis of beam after deformation. This is violated when
beam is subjected to both bending and shear; we assume that the warping is so small it
can be neglected. This is true for a slender beam (small depth compared with its
length).
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By: Dr. Huma Khalid
We call the deformation created by shear stress as shear strain, given the symbol
(gamma). It is defined as the change in angle of the element, it is a non-dimensional
quantity.
Similar to normal stress , there is a linear relationship (for most engineering materials)
between the shear stress and shear strain, as shown in figure
This relationship is called Hooke's law for Shear and is represented by equation
where: G = Shear Modulus of Elasticity (for short, Shear Modulus) or Modulus of
Rigidity
The development of a general shear stress relation for beams is based on static
equilibrium of forces acting on the beams cross-section.
We start by assuming that the shear stresses act parallel to the direction of the shear
force V, i.e. in the vertical direction.
It is also assumed that the shear stress distribution is uniform across the width of the
cross-section (i.e. in the z direction).
From the equilibrium of vertical forces, the shear stresses on one vertical side of the
element must be accompanied by an equal shear stress acting on the other vertical
side in the opposite direction.
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at distance
Similarly, from the equilibrium of moments about the centre of the element, the shear
stress pair acting on the two vertical sides must be accompanied by equal pair acting
on the two horizontal sides. The latter is known as the complementary shear stress.
Considering the shaded element shown on the beams side view at distance x from the
y-axis. The bottom face of the element is parallel to the N.A. and is at an arbitrary
distance from that axis.
The bottom face is acted upon by the horizontal shear . The right and left sides of the
element are subject to normal bending stresses
and , respectively.
The sides are also affected by complimentary vertical shear stresses , however these
do not enter into the equilibrium equation of forces in the horizontal direction.
The beam is under non-uniform (i.e. variable) bending moment, which is denoted by
on one side of the element and
on the other side.
Note: if the moment does not vary, i.e. pure bending, then there will be no shear
stresses to consider!
Therefore, the total horizontal force acting on the shaded area on the cross-section (at
a distance x from the y axis) is equal to
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By: Dr. Huma Khalid
(1)
Similarly, the total horizontal force acting on the shaded area on the cross-section (at
a distance
from the y axis) is equal to
(2)
Finally, the horizontal force acting on the bottom of the shaded area on the beams
side view is
(3)
where
Therefore:
Note that
(4)
( )
However, by definition: V
(6)
where V is the applied shear force at the section.
( )
The above equation is also known as the shear formula and can be used to determine
the shear stress at any point on the cross-section.
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Example 1
Determine the maximum shear stress for the following rectangular
section, which is subject to a maximum shear force F.
Solution
From symmetry, the neutral axis is at mid height, i.e. at h/2. This can be shown by
considering the following sketch.
)
(
Hence,
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which is the equation for the shear stress distribution on a rectangular cross-section. This is a
parabola equation, as plotted on Figure.
which is 50% higher than the average shear stress (i.e. the applied shear force V divided by
the cross-sectional area ).
Note
The present formula for shear shows that shear stresses are maximum at the N.A. and zero at
the outer fibres. This is in contrast with normal (i.e. bending) stresses which are maximum at
the outer fibres and zero at the N.A. This is depicted in the following sketch.
A 3D view of the shear stress distribution is depicted below (note the stress is
constant/uniform along the width of the cross-section):
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Example 2
Determine the maximum shear stress for the following triangular section, which is subject to
a maximum shear force F.
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By: Dr. Huma Khalid
Hence at
At centroid
Where
Example 3
The two boards shown below are to be glued together. Determine the minimum strength
of the adhesive used. The bonded beam spans 5 m between two simple supports and is
loaded by a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m.
Solution
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, the
Example 4
Determine the maximum and minimum shear stresses on the web of the following I
section, which is subject to a maximum shear force V.
Solution
From symmetry, the neutral axis is at mid height, i.e. at h/2. This is shown in the following
sketch.
)]
)]
Hence,
[ (
)(
[
)] which
which is the equation for the shear stress distribution. The maximum shear stress is at
the N.A. Thus, substituting
in eq. yields:
i.e.:
Therefore, for design purposes the shear stresses can be assumed to be carried by the
web alone, whilst the normal stresses are carried out by the flanges alone.
This means the parabolic part of the shear stress (defined by a dotted line in above
Fig.) is being replaced by a straight line somewhere between the maximum and
minimum stresses.
This is a valid simplification since, for I beams of typical proportions, the average
shear stress is within 10 % of the actual maximum shear stress.
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By: Dr. Huma Khalid
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1) Calculate the maximum shear stress for a rectangular section of depth 500 mm and breadth
300 mm. The section is used in a beam loaded as shown in the sketch below.
2) The rectangular section of Problem 1 above is replaced by I section shown below. Calculate
the maximum normal (bending) and shear stresses assuming that the bending stresses are
carried solely by the flanges, whilst the shear stresses are carried solely by the web.
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