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Page 1
CHAPTER 21
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
21-1.
Consider an electrochemical cell formed from a Cu(s) electrode submerged in an aqueous Cu(NO3)2 solution
and a Cd(s) electrode submerged in a Cd(NO3)2(aq) solution. The two electrodes are connected by a wire and
the two solutions are connected by a salt bridge containing NaNO3(aq). The following reaction takes place:
Cu 2+ (aq) + Cd(s) Cu(s) + Cd2+ (aq)
Which statement describes how the electrons or nitrate ions will flow?
21-2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Consider an electrochemical cell formed from a Cu(s) electrode submerged in an aqueous Cu(NO3)2 solution
and a Cd(s) electrode submerged in a Cd(NO3)2 solution. The two electrodes are connected by a wire and the
two solutions are connected by a salt bridge containing NaNO3(aq). The following reaction takes place:
Cu 2+ (aq) + Cd(s) Cu(s) + Cd2+ (aq)
Which statement describes how the electrons or nitrate ions will flow?
21-3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Au | Au 3+ || Zn 2+ | Zn
(b)
Au3+ | Au || Zn | Zn2+
(c)
Zn | Zn 2+ || Au 3+ | Au
(d)
Zn | Au 3+ || Au | Zn2+
Page 2
21-5.
(a)
Al | Al 3+ || Sn2+ | Sn
(b)
Al3+ | Al || Sn | Sn2+
(c)
Sn | Sn2+ || Al 3+ | Al
(d)
Sn | Al3+ || Al | Sn2+
21-6.
(a)
+203 kJ
(b)
-203 kJ
(c)
+101 kJ
(d)
-101 kJ
21-7.
(a)
+2.8 kJ
(b)
-2.8 kJ
(c)
+8.4 kJ
(d)
-8.4 kJ
An early method of producing aluminum metal was the reaction of aluminum salts with sodium metal:
Al3+ + 3 Na(s) Al(s) + 3 Na+
Eo = +1.05 V
21-8.
(a)
-304 kJ
(b)
+101 kJ
(c)
-101 kJ
(d)
+304 kJ
Go = -105 kJ
+1.09 V
(b)
-1.09 V
(c)
+0.0011 V
(d)
+0.545 V
21-10.
Page 3
Go = -102 kJ
(a)
+1.06 V
(b)
-1.06 V
(c)
+0.53 V
(d)
-0.53 V
Go = -1141 kJ
21-11.
(a)
+11.8 V
(b)
-11.8 V
(c)
+2.7 V
(d)
+5.9 V
Eo = -0.25 V
Eo = +0.86 V
21-12.
(a)
-1.11 V
(b)
+0.61 V
(c)
+1.11 V
(d)
-0.61 V
Eo = +0.34 V
Eo = +0.86 V
-1.20 V
(b)
+0.52 V
(c)
+1.20 V
(d)
-0.52 V
Page 4
+ 2e - 2 I- (aq)
Eo = -2.37 V
Eo = +0.54 V
21-14.
(a)
-2.91 V
(b)
-1.83 V
(c)
+1.83 V
(d)
-2.91 V
Eo = -0.14 V
Eo = +0.15 V
21-15.
(a)
-0.01 V
(b)
-0.29 V
(c)
+0.29 V
(d)
+0.01 V
An electrochemical cell of notation Pd | Pd2+ || Cu2+ | Cu has Eo = -0.65 V. If we know that the standard
reduction potential of Cu2+ /Cu is Eo = 0.34 V, what is the standard reduction potential for Pd2+ /Pd?
21-16.
(a)
-0.99 V
(b)
-0.31 V
(c)
+0.31 V
(d)
+0.99 V
An electrochemical cell of notation Pt | Pt2+ || Ni 2+ | Ni has Eo = -1.45 V. If we know that the standard
reduction potential of Ni2+ /Ni is Eo = -0.25 V, what is the standard reduction potential for Pt2+ /Pt?
21-17.
(a)
+1.70 V
(b)
-1.20 V
(c)
+1.20 V
(d)
-1.70 V
Eo = -0.40 V
Eo = -1.53 V
(b)
(c)
(d)
Page 5
Eo = -2.87 V
Eo = -1.21 V
21-19.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Eo = -2.89 V
Eo = -1.18 V
(b)
(c)
(d)
Eo = -0.14 V
I2 + 2e- 2 I- (aq)
Eo = +0.54 V
21-21.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Eo = -2.37 V
Eo =+0.80 V
(a)
+3.14 V
(b)
-3.14 V
(c)
+1.60 V
(d)
+3.20 V
Page 6
21-23.
Eo = -0.25 V
Eo = -0.44 V
(a)
+0.76 V
(b)
-0.19 V
(c)
-0.26 V
(d)
-0.12 V
21-24.
Eo = +1.20 V
Eo = +0.34 V
(a)
+0.80 V
(b)
-0.92 V
(c)
+1.60 V
(d)
+0.86 V
21-25.
Eo = +0.80 V
Cu + (aq) + e- Cu(s)
Eo = +0.52 V
(a)
+0.44 V
(b)
+0.12 V
(c)
+0.28 V
(d)
-0.28 V
1.08 x 10-28
(b)
0.825
(c)
9.25 x 1027
(d)
0.217
Page 7
21-27.
Eo = +1.07 V
(a)
1.41 x 1036
(b)
7.10 x 10-27
(c)
-1.07
(d)
1.19 x 1018
Eo = +0.79 V
Eo = -0.25 V
21-28.
(a)
1.75 x 1018
(b)
7.56 x 10-10
(c)
1.32 x 109
(d)
5.71 x 10-19
Eo = -1.66 V
Eo = +1.36 V
21-29.
21-30.
21-31.
(a)
10-306
(b)
10+306
(c)
10-51
(d)
10+51
How many coulombs of charge are required to deposit 1.00 g Ag from a solution of Ag+ (aq)?
(a)
9.27 x 10-3
(b)
894
(c)
1790
(d)
1.00
How many coulombs of charge are required to form 1.00 pound of Al(s) from an Al3+ salt?
(a)
4.87 x 106
(b)
50.5
(c)
106
(d)
454
1.62 x
If we wish to convert 1.00 g of Au3+ (aq) ion into Au(s) in a gold-plating" process, how long must we
electrolyze a solution if the current passing through the circuit is 2.00 amps?
(a)
245 sec
(b)
0.50 sec
(c)
0.015 sec
(d)
735 sec
Page 8
If we electrolyze a solution of Ni2+ (aq) to form Ni(s) and use a current of 0.15 amps for 10 minutes, how
many grams of Ni(s) are produced?
(a)
(c)
21-33.
0.027 g
4.56 x
10-4
(b)
0.054 g
(d)
5280 g
We have 100. mL of a solution of Cu2+ (aq) ion and wish to determine [Cu2+ ]. We electrolyze the solution
to produce Cu(s) and use 1.5 amps of current for 1120 seconds to complete the process. What was the
concentration of Cu2+ in the solution?
21-34.
(a)
0.174 M
(b)
0.871 M
(c)
0.0871 M
(d)
1.74 M
Assuming 100% efficiency, how many kilowatt hours (kwh) of electrical energy are required to produce
1.00 kg of chlorine gas by the following reaction:
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l ) NaOH(aq) + 1/2 Cl2(g) + 1/2 H2(g)
21-35.
Eo = -1.36 V
(a)
2.06 kwh
(b)
22.5 kwh
(c)
1.03 kwh
(d)
0.514 kwh
In the production of Al metal by electrolysis, approximately 15 kwh of electrical energy are used to produce
each kilogram of Al from an Al 3+ . Assuming that all the charge passed is used in producing aluminum, at
what voltage does the cell operate?
21-36.
(a)
2.51 V
(b)
15.1 V
(c)
1.68 V
(d)
5.03 V
How many kilowatt hours of electrical energy are required to plate 1.00 grams of gold from an Au3+ (aq)
solution onto a piece of jewelry? Assume an operating voltage of 3.00 V is necessary.
21-37.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
51.4 kwh
In reducing Ag+ ion for plating onto jewelry, an operating cell voltage of 4.00 V is required. If you run a
business that does this kind of work, how much will the electrical energy cost to coat 1.0 x 104 necklaces
with 0.10 g silver each? Assume that the cost of electricity is $0.10/kwh.
(a)
26 cents
(b)
10. cents
(c)
$122
(d)
$14.56
Page 9
21-39.
21-40.
21-41.
21-42.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A possible anodic reaction that takes place during corrosion of iron is:
(a)
(b)
Fe(s) Fe 2+ + 2e-
(c)
(d)
Which of the following is NOT a possible cathodic reaction in the corrosion of iron?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Page 10
Which of the following reactions does a common alkaline battery, such as those used in portable tape
players, utilize?
21-44.
21-45.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Which of the following reactions does a lead-acid battery, such as that used in an automobile, utilize?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Eo = +0.799 V
Eo = +0.222 V
21-46.
(a)
4.46 x 10-9 M
(b)
1.34 x 10-5 M
(c)
1.79 x 10-10 M
(d)
-0.577 M
Eo = -0.403 V
Eo = -1.21 V
2.33 x 10-14 M
(b)
5.43 x 10-28 M
(c)
1.84 x 1027 M
(d)
4.29 x 1013 M
Page 11
An electrochemical cell is constructed with two iron electrodes. The solution in the left hand compartment
of the cell has 1.0 M Fe2+ (aq) while the solution in the right hand compartment contains 0.10 M Fe2+ (aq).
Which of the following is true about the cell?
21-48.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
An electrochemical cell is constructed with two inert electrodes that transfer electrons but are not oxidized or
reduced. In the left hand compartment of the cell is a solution containing 0.10 M Cl2(aq) and 0.50 M
Cl - (aq). In the right hand compartment of the cell is a solution containing 0.50 M Cl2(aq) and 0.50 M
Cl - (aq). Which of the following is true about the cell?
21-49.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
An electrochemical cell is constructed with two Ni(s) electrodes, each in a cell containing Ni2+ (aq).
Electrons flow through the wire connecting the electrodes from the left hand compartment to the right hand
compartment. What can be said about the overall cell?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Page 12
We have a sample of an unknown metal that we know can be oxidized by one electron. We wish to
determine which element we have. Which of the following would be a possible means of determining
which element we have?
(a)
construct an electrochemical cell and measure Eo of the metal, and compare it to a table of
potentials
(b)
(c)
construct an electrochemical cell and measure how quickly current passes from compartment to
compartment
(d)
21-51.
E(V)
F 2(g) + 2 e- 2 F - (aq)
+2.87
+0.56
Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 e- Cu(s)
+0.34
-1.66
(i)
________________
(ii)
________________
(iii)
________________
(iv)
Will
________________
(v)
(vi)
/I-
and
Al3+ /Al
+1.66 V
(b)
+0.56 V
(c)
+2.20 V
(d)
-2.20 V
________________
21-53.
Page 13
E(V)
Cl 2(g) + 2 e- 2 Cl - (aq)
+1.36
+0.535
Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 e- Pb(s)
-0.126
e-
V(s)
V2+ (aq)
+2
(i)
________________
(ii)
________________
(iii)
________________
(iv)
________________
(v)
________________
(vi)
-1.18
________________
The basic reaction occurring in the cell in which Al2O3 and aluminum salts are electrolyzed is Al3+ + 3 e Al(s). If the cell operates at 5.0 V and 1.0 x 105 amps, and you want to produce 600 pounds of
aluminum metal (2.7 x 105 g), how many hours will you need to operate the cell?
21-54.
(a)
1.0 hour
(b)
4.0 hours
(c)
8.0 hours
(d)
24.0 hours
The space shuttle uses fuel cells for electricity, and one cell that has been proposed is based on hydrazine,
N2H4, and O2. The reactions are
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
If the cell is to produce 0.50 amps of current for 50.0 hours, how many grams of hydrazine (N 2H4)
must be present? (1 Faraday = 96,500 coulombs/mol e - )
(a)
7.5 g
(b)
29.9 g
(c)
3.25 g
(d)
0.0021 g
Page 14
Ni
Cu
salt bridge
1 M Ni
2+
2+
1 M Cu
E = -0.25 V
(ii)
(iii)
Write a balanced equation depicting the reaction occurring in the cell above and give its E value.
(a)
E = -0.59 V
(b)
E = +0.59 V
(c)
E = -0.59 V
(d)
Ni2+ (aq)
+ Ni(s)
E = +0.59 V
(a)
Ni2+ (aq)
(b)
Cu 2+ (aq)
(c)
Ni(s)
(d)
Cu(s)
(b)
Cu
(b)
negative
(v)
+ Cu(s)
Cu 2+ (aq)
What is oxidized?
(a)
(iv)
E = +0.34 V
positive
from Cu to Ni
(b)
from Ni to Cu
Page 15
Ni-cad batteries are rechargeable and are commonly used in cordless appliances. Although such batteries
actually function under basic conditions, imagine an electrochemical cell using the setup below.
Voltmeter
Cd
Ni
salt bridge
1 M Cd
(i)
(ii)
1 M Ni
2+
E = -0.40 V
E = -0.25 V
-0.15 V
(b)
+0.15 V
(c)
+0.65 V
(d)
+0.40 V
(b)
Ni
(iii)
2+
Cd
Electrons flow from Cd to Ni in the external wire, and NO3- ions in the salt bridge move
toward the Ni2+ /Ni compartment.
(b)
Electrons flow from Cd to Ni in the external wire, and NO3- ions in the salt bridge move
toward the Cd2+ /Cd compartment.
(c)
Electrons flow from Ni to Cd in the external wire, and NO3- ions in the salt bridge move
toward the Ni2+ /Ni compartment.
(iv)
If 0.050 amps are drawn from the battery, how long can it last if you begin with 100. mL of each
of the solutions and each was initially 0.10 M in dissolved species? The electrodes each weigh
50.0 g in the beginning.
(a)
5.36 hours
(b)
10.7 hours
(c)
107 hours
(d)
477 hours
Page 16
ANSWERS CHAPTER 21
1.
11.
21.
2.
12.
22.
3.
13.
23.
4.
14.
24.
5.
15.
25.
6.
16.
26.
7.
17.
27.
8.
18.
28.
9.
19.
29.
10.
20.
30.
31.
41.
32.
42.
33.
43.
34.
44.
35.
45.
36.
46.
37.
47.
38.
48.
39.
49.
40.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
a, a
55.
b, c, a, a, b
56.
b, b, b, b