Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Section 3
AGENDA
Fluid flow in porous media (conclusion)
Radius of investigation
Principle of Superposition
Horners Approximation
Example problems
Reserves, Resources, and Speculative Potential
Definitions
Movements (Section 3, Part 2)
Estimation (Section 3, Part 3)
kt
ri
948 ct
1/ 2
Radius of Investigation
For example, given the following reservoir properties, the
radius of penetration of a pressure transient is:
q
177 STB/day
1 cp
1.2 RB/STB
10 md
t
(hours)
r
(feet)
150 ft
0.1
32
0.15
1.0
100
ct
10.0
316
re
3000 ft
100.0
1000
rw
0.1 ft
Well A
rAC
Well C
rAB
Well B
q A B 1688 ct rwA2
( pi pwf )Well A 70.6
ln
2s A
kh
kt
qC B 948 ct rAC 2
q B B 948 ct rAB 2
70.6
Ei
70.6
Ei
kh
kt
kh
kt
IMAGE
WELL
NO FLOW
BOUNDARY
ACTUAL
WELL
1688 c r 2
t w 2s
ln
kt
qB
70.6
kh
948 c (2L)2
t
Ei
kt
q1
q3
t1
t2
At some time t > t2, what is the pressure at the sandface of the
well?
q1
q3
t1
Well 1:
q1
t2
Well 2:
q2 - q1
t1
Well 3:
t2
q3 - q2
( pi pwf ) p 1 p 2 p 3
q B
( pi pwf ) 70.6 1
kh
1688 c r 2
t
w
ln
2s
kt
(q q ) B
70.6 2 1
kh
1688 c r 2
t w 2 s 70.6 (q3 q2 ) B
ln
k (t t1)
kh
1688 c r 2
t w 2s
ln
k (t t2 )
t p 24
948 c r 2
t
Ei
kt p
BREAK
Example Problem 1 in
Flow in Porous Media
Calculation of Pressures Beyond the Wellbore Using the Eifunction Solution
A well and reservoir have the following characteristics: The well is
producing only oil; it is producing at a constant rate of 2000 STB/D.
Data describing the well and formation are provided
0.72 cp
rw
0.5 ft
100 md
Bo
1.475 RB/STB
ct
1.5x10-5 psi-1
150 ft
pi
3000 psi
0.23
re
3000 ft
0.1
2.35 t 3hours
So we can use the Ei equation IF the reservoir is acting as if it were infinite, or
until
948ct re2
k
948 * 0.23 * 0.72 *1.5 x105 * 30002
0.1
211,934 hours
q B 948 ct r 2
Ei
p pi 70.6
kh
kt
20 *1.475 * 0.72 948 * 0.23 * 0.72 *1.5x10-5 *12
3000 70.6
Ei
0.1*150
0.1* 3
3000 100 * Ei- 0.007849
3000 100 * ln( 4.27)
2,573 psi
At a radius of 10 ft:
q B 948 ct r 2
Ei
p pi 70.6
kh
kt
20 *1.475 * 0.72 948 * 0.23 * 0.72 *1.5x10-5 *10 2
3000 70.6
Ei
0.1*150
0.1* 3
3000 100 * Ei- 0.7849
3000 100 * (0.318)
2,968 psi
q B 948 ct r 2
Ei
p pi 70.6
kh
kt
20 *1.475 * 0.72 948 * 0.23 * 0.72 *1.5x10-5 *1002
3000 70.6
Ei
0.1*150
0.1* 3
3000 100 * Ei- 78.49
3000 100 * (0)
3,000 psi
Example Problem 2 in
Flow in Porous Media
Analysis of Well from PI test
A well produces 100 STB/D at a measured flowing bottomhole pressure
of 1500 psi. A recent pressure survey showed that average reservoir
pressure is 2000 psi. Logs indicate a sand thickness of 10 ft. The well
drains an area with a drainage radius of 1000 ft; the borehole radius is
0.25 ft. Fluid samples indicate that, at current reservoir pressure, oil
viscosity is 0.5 cp and formation volume factor is 15. RB/STB.
1. Estimate the Productivity Index for the tested well;
2. Estimate the formation permeability from these data;
3. Core data from the well indicate an effective permeability to oil of 50
md. Does this imply that the well is stimulated or damaged? Compute
the skin factor.
PI
q
p pwf
100
(2000 1500)
0.2 STB / psi D
re
0.25
kJ
h
10
16md
To calculate s use:
k
re
s 1 ln 0.75
ks
rw
50 1000
s
1 ln
0.75
16 0.25
s 16
Example Problem 3A in
Flow in Porous Media
Flow Analysis in Generalized Reservoir Geometry
A.
1.0 cp
17.42x106 ft2
100 md
0.2
ct
1.5x10-5 psi-1
ct A
2.64 x10
*k
1320
Prepare the following table using the data from TABLE 1.2 (provided):
Infinite Solution
Pseudo-Steady state
solution (Approximate)
Pseudo-Steady state
solution (Exact)
Geometry
tDA
t(hours)
tDA
t(hours)
tDA
t(hours)
Circular
0.1
132
0.06
79.2
0.1
132
Sq-Centered
0.09
119
0.05
66
0.1
132
Sq-Quadrant
0.025
33
0.3
396
0.6
792
Example Problem 3B in
Flow in Porous Media
Flow Analysis in Generalized Reservoir Geometry
B.
10 ft
rw
0.30 ft
3.0
1.2 RB/STB
kJ
0.00708 * kh
10.06 * A
0.75 s
B 0.5 * ln
C r2
A
w
C
0
.
3
A
5.9
CA
J (STB/D-psi)
Circular
31.62
0.526
263
Sq-Centered
30.88
0.526
263
Sq-Quadrant
4.513
0.484
242
Example Problem 3C in
Flow in Porous Media
Flow Analysis in Generalized Reservoir Geometry
C.
For t = 30 hours, the reservoir is infinite acting, and the following equation applies:
qB
pi pwf 70.6
kh
1688 c r 2
t
w
ln
2s
kt
For t = 200 hours, the reservoir is no longer infinite acting, we cannot write a simple
equation for this time frame
For t = 400 hours, the reservoir can be represented with a pseudo steady-state equation
qB
pi pwf 141.2
kh
10.06 * A
0.75 s
0.5 * ln
C r2
Aw
Example Problem 4 in
Flow in Porous Media
Calculation of Radius of Investigation
You wish to run a flow test on a new infill well for sufficiently long to
ensure that well will drain a cylinder of more than 1000 ft radius.
Preliminary well and fluid data analysis suggest that k = 100 md; = 0.2;
ct = 2x10-5 psi-1; and = 0.5 cp. What length flow test appears advisable?
What flow rate do you suggest ?
The minimum length flow test that would propagate the pressure
transient approximately 2000 ft (assume twice the minimum radius, for safety)
948ct ri2
t
k
948 * 0.2 * 0.5 * 2 x10 5 * 20002
100
75.8 hours
In principal any rate is acceptable. In practice the rate needs to be great enough
that the pressure change with time occurs quickly enough that the test can
be conducted.
Example Problem 5 in
Flow in Porous Media
Use of Superposition
A flowing well is completed in a reservoir with the following properties:
0.44 cp
1.32 RB/STB
25 md
43 ft
ct
18x10-6 psi-1
0.16
pi
2500 psi
What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft from the flowing
well when the flowing well has been shut-in for 1 day following a period
of 5 days of flow at 300 STB/D?
948 c r 2
t w
(q2 q1 ) Ei
k (t t1 )
B
( pi p ) 70.6
kh
948 c r 2
t w
q1 * Ei
kt
k
25
12.01
Then:
( pi p ) 70.6
0.44 *1.32
12.01
300
*
Ei
25 * 43
6 * 24
12.01
(0 300) Ei
1 * 24
11.44 * Ei(0.0834) Ei(0.5)
11.44 * (1.989 0.560)
16.35 psi
Example Problem 6 in
Flow in Porous Media
Application of Horners Approximation
Following completion, a well is produced for a short time and then shut-in for a
build-up test. The production history was as follows:
Production Time
(hours)
Total Production
(STB)
25
52
12
26
46
72
68
qlast
68 STB 24 hrs
*
22.7STB/D
72 hrs
day
Then:
t p 24
24 *166
176hours
22.7
Finally,
qlast
tlast
tnext to last
72 hrs
2.77 2 hours
26 hrs