A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
AUTOMATIC DAM DOOR CONTROL USING STEPPER
MOTOR SYSTEM

Submitted by

LIBIN ABRAHAM
Guided by

Mr. Rahul R
To
The Mahatma Gandhi University
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MUSALIAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PATHANAMTHITTA 689653
2014-2015

MUSALIAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PATHANAMTHITTA 689653, KERALA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled AUTOMATIC DAM DOOR
CONTROL USING STEPPER MOTOR SYSTEM is a bonafide record of the work done
by LIBIN ABRAHAM, Reg No: 11011958 under our guidance and supervision in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering to the Mahatma Gandhi University in the academic year 2014-2015

Guide

Seminar Coordinator

Head of the Department

Mr. Rahul R

Mr. Anwarsha A

Mr. Ninan Chacko

Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor

Professor

Department of ME

Department of ME

Department of ME

MCET

MCET

MCET

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly I heartily thank GOD almighty for his never ending support for the successful
completion of this seminar.

I am highly grateful to Dr. V V Karunakaran, Principal,Musaliar College Of Engineering

And Technology,Pathanamthitta for allowing me to use the college facilities for completing
my seminar.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Ninan Chacko, HOD, Department of Mechanical

Engineering for his support and advice.

I express my hearty gratitude towards my staff adviser and seminar coordinator Mr.
Anwarsha A,Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his timely
advice and constructive guidance in carrying out the seminar into a success.

I would also like to express my deep gratitude towards my seminar guide Mr. Rahul R
,Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his support and guidance
during the preparation of this seminar.

I once again express my sincere thanks to all the staff in Department of Mechanical
Engineering who helped me directly or indirectly to bringing this seminar with stipulated
time. I express grateful thanks to parents, friends and classmates for their help and support.

LIBIN ABRAHAM

ABSTRACT
Water level in a dam needs to be maintained effectively to avoid complications. This is
generally performed manually which requires full time supervision by the operators & have
fairly large staff complements. Moreover, the quantity of water released is hardly ever correct
resulting in wastage of water & it is impossible for a man to precisely control the gates
without the knowledge of exact water level and water inflow rate. The main objective of this
project is to develop a mechatronics based system, which will detect the level of water and
estimate the water inflow rate in a dam and thereby control the movement of gates
automatically in a real-time basis which offers more flexibility. This system consists of a set
of sensors connected to a stepper motor through an 8-bit microcontroller. The water level and
rate of inflow is detected based on the feedback from the sensors used. Based on this data, the
level of dam gate can be automatically controlled using a stepper motor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

TITLE

NO

PAGE
NO

LIST OF FIGURES

iii

INTRODUCTION

1.1

ARCH DAMS

1.2

GRAVITY DAMS

1.3

ARCH-GRAVITY DAMS

1.4

BARRAGES

1.5

EMBANKMENT DAMS

1.6

ROCK-FILL DAMS

1.7

CONCRETE-FACE ROCK-FILL DAMS

1.8

EARTH-FILL DAMS

PRINCIPLE

STEPPER MOTOR

3.1

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION

3.2

TYPES OF STEPPER MOTOR

3.2.1 PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER

3.2.2 HYBRID SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

3.2.3 VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER

3.2.4 LAVET TYPE STEPPER MOTOR

REED SWITCHES(MAGNETIC SENSOR)

MICROCONTROLLER

5.1

EMBEDDED DESIGN

10

5.2

INTERRUPTS

10

5.3

PROGRAMS

10

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)

11

H-BRIDGE

13

WORKING OF THE AUTOMATED DAM

14

8.1

LCD

14

8.2

LED ARRAY DRIVER

14

8.3

LED ARRAY

14

8.4

CURRENT DRIVER

14

8.5

H BRIDGE

14

8.6

POWER SUPPLY

15

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATION

18

9.1

ADVANTAGES

18

9.2

APPLICATIONS

18

CONCLUSION

19

REFERENCE

20

10

ii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO

FIGURE DESCRIPTION

PAGE NO

3.1

STEPPER MOTOR

4.1

POSITIONS OF REED SWITCH

4.2

A PRACTICAL REED SWITCH

5.1

AN 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER

6.1

A SIMPLE LED

11

7.1

H-BRIDGE

13

8.1

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

15

8.2

CIRCUIT BLOCK DIAGRAM

16

8.3

ACTUAL

CIRCUIT

OF

MODEL

CONTROL

17

SYSTEM

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A dam is a barrier constructed across flowing water course in order to control, direct, hold or
raise the flow or the level of water. The construction of a dam can be made from many nonerosive materials as diverse as rocks, concrete, steel and wood. Since there are numerous
methods of withholding or preserving water, therefore, many different types and shapes of dam
construction can be found. Dams are needed for many purposes, the indented purposes may
include the preservation of excess water, effective measures for flood controlling, supply of
water to various locations, providing water for the purpose of irrigation, improving industrial
uses, proving space for the protection of fish and other wildlife, production of hydro-electric
power . As there are many methods and purposes that exist to create a dam, various types of dam
are also present. Dams are typically provided with spillway systems to safely pass a broad range
of flows over, around or through the dam .various materials are used for dam construction such
as timber, rock, concrete, earth, steel or a combination of these materials.

Based on structure they are classified as :

1.1 Arch dams
In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream
face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while
the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action
will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the
upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the
weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure
will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the
abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for
an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock.

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1.2 Gravity dams

In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's
gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam.The water presses laterally (downstream) on the
dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side
of the dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam the other way
about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that
contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the resultant of the forces of gravity acting on
the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam.

1.3 Arch-gravity dams

A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an arch-gravity dam for areas with
massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a purely gravity dam. The inward
compression of the dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam.
Thus, the gravitation force required by the dam is lessened, i.e. the dam does not need to be so
massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources.

1.4 Barrages
A barrage dam is a special kind of dam which consists of a line of large gates that can be opened
or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking
piers which are responsible for supporting the water load, and are often used to control and
stabilize water flow for irrigation systems.

1.5 Embankment dams

Embankment dams are made from compacted earth, and have two main types, rock-fill and
earth-fill dams. Embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water, like
gravity dams made from concrete.

1.6 Rock-fill dams

Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious
zone. The earth utilized often contains a high percentage of large particles hence the term rock-

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fill. The impervious zone may be on the upstream face and made of masonry, concrete, plastic
membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be within
the embankment in which case it is referred to as a core. In the instances where clay is utilized as
the impervious material the dam is referred to as a composite dam.

1.7 Concrete-face rock-fill dams

A concrete-face rock-fill dam is a rock-fill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. This
design offers the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure
without concern for uplift pressure. In addition,its design is flexible for topography, faster to
construct and less costly than earth-fill dams.

1.8 Earth-fill dams

Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or simply earth dams, are
constructed as a simple embankment of well compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam
is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water.
A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a locally
plentiful shell with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and
drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell
zone.

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CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE
An embedded system is used here which is a combination of software and hardware to
perform a dedicated task. Dam is meant for storage of water which is used mainly for the
irrigation and production of electricity.When inflow water level reaches maximum storage
level of the dam we open the gates for outflow of the water.For efficient and timely operation
of these gates even in absence of the person this project has been designed. Whenever the
water level reaches its maximum the gate is opened and the alarm is turned on automatically.
A combination of reed switches, microcontroller, LCD displays etc.is used to automate the
system. When a magnetic force is generated parallel to the reed switch, the reeds become
flux carriers in the magnetic circuit. The overlapping ends of the reeds become opposite
magnetic poles, which attract each other. If the magnetic force between the poles is strong
enough to overcome the restoring force of the reeds, the reeds will be drawn together. When
the floating magnet comes in contact with any of the reed switches, magnetic field will be
generated and the reeds are drawn together and thus the reed switch is triggered and this
change is applied to the microcontroller for further processing

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CHAPTER 3
STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a
number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move and hold at one of
these steps without any feedback sensor (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is
carefully sized to the application.

3.1 Fundamentals Of Operation

DC brushed motors rotate continuously when voltage is applied to their terminals. The stepper
motor is known by its important property to convert a train of input pulses (typically square wave
pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft position. Each pulse moves the shaft
through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets
arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an
external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one
electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth
are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So
when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to
align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a
"step", with an integer number of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be
turned by a precise angle.

Fig 3.1.Stepper Motor

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

3.2 Types of Stepper Motor

There are four main types of stepper motors:
3.2.1 Permanent Magnet Stepper The permanent-magnet stepper motor operates on the
reaction between a permanent-magnet rotor and an electromagnetic field. Both the stator and
rotor are shown as having teeth. The teeth on the rotor surface and the stator pole faces are offset
so that there will be only a limited number of rotor teeth aligning themselves with an energized
stator pole. The number of teeth on the rotor and stator determine the step angle that will occur
each time the polarity of the winding is reversed. Greater the number of teeth, smaller the step
angle.
3.2.2. Hybrid Synchronous Stepper-The hybrid step motor consists of two pieces of soft iron,
as well as an axially magnetized, round permanent magnet rotor .The term hybrid is derived from
the fact that the motor is operated under the combined principles of the permanent magnet and
variable-reluctance stepper motors. The stator core structure of a hybrid motor is essentially the
same as its variable resistance counterpart. The main difference is that in the variable resistance
motor, only one of the two coils of one phase is wound on one pole, while a typical hybrid motor
will have coils of two different phases wound on one the same pole. Each pole of a hybrid motor
is covered with uniformly spaced teeth made of soft steel.
3.2.3 Variable Reluctance Stepper-The variable-reluctance stepper motor differs from the PM
stepper in that it has no permanent-magnet rotor and no residual torque to hold the rotor at one
position when turned off. When the stator coils are energized, the rotor teeth will align with the
energized stator poles. This type of motor operates on the principle of minimizing the reluctance
along the path of the applied magnetic field. By alternating the windings that are energized in the
stator, the stator field changes, and the rotor is moved to a new position.
3.2.4 Lavet Type Stepping Motor-The Lavet type stepping motor has widespread use as a drive
in electro-mechanical clocksand is a special kind of single-phase stepping motor. Both analog
and stepped-movement quartz clocks use the Lavet type stepping motor. Through miniaturization
it can be used in wristwatches and requires very little power, making a battery last for many
years.

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

CHAPTER 4
REED SWITCHES (MAGNETIC SENSOR)
The reed

switch is

an electrical

switch operated

by

an

applied magnetic

field.

It

was invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 by W. B. Ellwood. It consists of a pair

of contacts on ferrous metal reeds in a hermetically sealedglass envelope. The contacts may be
normally open, closing when a magnetic field is present, or normally closed and opening when a
magnetic field is applied. The switch may be actuated by a coil, making a reed relay,[1] or by
bringing amagnet near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed
switch will go back to its original position.
An example of a reed switch's application is to detect the opening of a door, when used as
a proximity switch for a burglar alarm.

Fig 4.1.Positions of Reed Switch

The reed switch contains a pair (or more) of magnetizable, flexible, metal reeds whose end
portions are separated by a small gap when the switch is open. The reeds are hermetically sealed
in opposite ends of a tubular glass envelope.

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A magnetic field (from an electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause the reeds to come
together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to separate,
and open the circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. Another configuration contains a nonferrous normally-closed contact that opens when the ferrous normally-open contact closes. Good
electrical contact is assured by plating a thin layer of non-ferrous precious metal over the flat
contact

portions

of the reeds;

low-resistivity silver is

more suitable than corrosion-

resistant gold in the sealed envelope. There are also versions of reed switches with
mercury "wetted" contacts. Such switches must be mounted in a particular orientation otherwise
drops of mercury may bridge the contacts even when not activated.

Fig 4.2.A Practical Reed Switch

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

CHAPTER 5
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used
in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile
engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost
compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed
signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control nondigital electronic systems.
They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a
button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping may be just nano watts,
making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers
may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal
processor , with higher clock speeds and power consumption.

Fig 5.1. An 8-Bit Microcontroller

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5.1 Embedded design

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and
peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers in use
today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and
peripherals for computer systems.

5.2 Interrupts
Micro controllers must provide real time (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to
events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur,
an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction
sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine or "interrupt handler". It will perform any
processing required based on the source of the interrupt, before returning to the original
instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events
such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level
change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication
link. Where power consumption is important as in battery operated devices, interrupts may also
wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted until required
to do something by a peripheral event.

5.3 Programs
Typically microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it
would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and
assemblers are used to convert high-level language and assembler language codes into a
compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the device,
the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the
factory, or program memory that may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.

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CHAPTER 6
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pnjunction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used
to shape itsradiation pattern.

Fig 6.1 A Simple Led

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity
infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control
circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

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Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of sevensegment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs
have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting
diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful
enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat
management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

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CHAPTER 7
H-BRIDGE
An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either
direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to
run forwards and backwards.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC pushpull
converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In
particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing
two H bridges.

Fig 7.1 H-Bridge

The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H
bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be
applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
The switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short
circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is
known as shoot-through.

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CHAPTER 8
WORKING OF THE AUTOMATED DAM
In this project we have used magnetic sensors in order to find out the water level of the dam. We
use four magnetic sensors placed at certain levels of the dam the top most sensor placed at the
maximum storage capacity level of the dam.Also we use a AT89S52 microcontroller which is
the heart of this project.Whenever the water level reaches its maximum the magnetic sensor
gives the signal to the controller AT89S52.This microcontroller operates the ULN Driver which
in turn control the operation of the stepper motor i.e. switches on the stepper motor moving it in
a clock wise direction.This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply.7805 three terminal
Voltage Regulator is used for voltage regulation.Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify
the ac output of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer

The components of this circuit are:

8.1.LCD- This is 16x2 B/W LCD for the display of the data.
8.2.LED Array Driver-used to control the LED array
8.3.LED Array it is used for the level indication
8.4.Current driver - Driver circuits are most commonly used to amplify signals from
controllers or microcontrollers in order to control power switches in semiconductor
devices. Driver circuits often take on additional functions which include isolating the
control circuit and the power circuit, detecting malfunctions, storing and reporting
failures to the control system, serving as a precaution against failure, analysing sensor
signals, and creating auxiliary voltages
8.5..H-Bridge - An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied
across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other
applications to allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards. Most DC-to-AC
converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC pushpull
converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H
bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motoris almost invariably driven by a motor
controller containing two H bridges.

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8.6. Power supply block - The power supply consists of a step down transformer230/12V
which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to DC using a Bridge
rectifier. The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V
using a voltage regulator which is required for the operation of the microcontroller and
other components.

Fig 8.1 .Power Supply Circuit

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Fig 8.2.Circuit Block Diagram

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

Fig 8.3. Actual Circuit of a Model Control System

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Automatic Dam Door Control Using Stepper Motor System

CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
9.1 Advantages
Maintenance is easy
As number of cables is less ,reliability is high
Reduces human activity
Spontaneous output
Can alert the facility with a buzzer
Easy operations

9.2 Applications
Automatic water flow in dams under emergency conditions.
Water heaters
House hold applications.
In Industrial Applications

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CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
An automated system for the control and monitoring of the dam was developed. This system is
an innovative approach towards automating a dam and controlling its shutter operations. It uses
relatively a small number of components to construct a simple circuit to control the dam. the
same control system is suitable not only for simple and similar applications but also for
application in many different areas like it can be used for monitoring a car parking lot or any
other application where decision making is required on the basis of some sensor inputs. With this
system we can specify the amount to outflow to be released for irrigation purposes and other
functions. This is done without human-intervention. Furthermore, bounds are set on the
automation process to prevent erroneous behavior, and the model can be overridden through
human interaction at any time. For future improvements, an alarming system that can
communicate via email or phone which would be a useful addition for times of emergency or
uncertainty can also be added.

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REFERENCE
[1] PRASHANT BHARDWAJ, YOGENDRA SINGH RAJAWAT, SATYA PRAKASH
RAJPUT,

SATYAVEER

SINGH,

NARVARIYA,

LAXMI

NARAYAN,(2014)

Automatic Dam Shutter Senses the Water Level and Control the Dam Door Using
Servomotor, Proceedings of 4th SARC-IRF International Conference, New Delhi, India,
ISBN: 978-93-84209-08-7
[2] MUHAMMAD, MOHANI, SYED AHMED AND MANSOOR EBRAHIM,(2012)
Design for an Irrigation and Monitoring System of an Automated Dam, Proceedings of
the International Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists Vol II,Hong Kong
[3] TAKASHI KENJO, AKIRA SUGAWARA,(1994) Stepping Motors and their
Microprocessor Controls, Oxford science publications, Clarendon press, Oxford
[4] VENKATA NAGA,ROHIT GUNTURI,(2013) Micro Controller Based Automatic
Plant Irrigation System, International Journal of Advancements in Research &
Technology, Volume 2, Issue 4

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