How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic

shape but this is impractical to make.

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic
shape but this is impractical to make.

h(x) =

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

2o f

2

October 12, 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic
shape but this is impractical to make.

h(x) =

2o f

2

when h(x) = 100 1000m

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

1/8

How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic
shape but this is impractical to make.

h(x) =

2o f

2

when h(x) = 100 1000m

p
x = 10 2o f 100m

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

1/8

How to Make a Fresnel Lens

The ideal refracting lens has a parabolic
shape but this is impractical to make.

h(x) =

2o f

2

when h(x) = 100 1000m

p
x = 10 2o f 100m
aspect ratio too large for a stable structure
and absorption would be too large!

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

7
6

Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

) where the waves inside and outside the
material are in phase.

5
4
3
2

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

7
6

Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

) where the waves inside and outside the
material are in phase.

5
4
3

Each block of thickness serves no

purpose for refraction but only attenuates
the wave.

2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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How to Make a Fresnel Lens

7
6

Mark off the longitudinal zones (of thickness

) where the waves inside and outside the
material are in phase.

5
4
3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

Each block of thickness serves no

purpose for refraction but only attenuates
the wave.
This material can be removed and the
remaining material collapsed to produce
a Fresnel lens which has the same optical
properties as the parabolic lens as long as
f  N where N is the number of zones.

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5

The outermost zones become very small and

thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
height and lateral dimension

4
3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4

The outermost zones become very small and

thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
height and lateral dimension
=

h(x)

3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

3/8

Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4

The outermost zones become very small and

thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
height and lateral dimension
=

h(x)

x
2o f

3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

3/8

Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4

The outermost zones become very small and

thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
height and lateral dimension
=

h(x)

x
2o f

3
2

Since
= 2 , the position of the N th zone
is N = N and the scaled width of the N th
(outermost) zone is

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

3/8

Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4

The outermost zones become very small and

thus limit the overall aperture of the zone
plate. The dimensions of outermost zone, N
can be calculated by first defining a scaled
height and lateral dimension
=

h(x)

x
2o f

3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

Since
= 2 , the position of the N th zone
is N = N and the scaled width of the N th
(outermost) zone is

N = N N1 = N N 1

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7

N = N N1 =

N 1

6
5
4
3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5

N = N N1 = N N 1
!
r

1
= N 1 1
N

4
3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4

N = N N1 = N N 1
!
r

1
= N 1 1
N




1
N 1 1
2N

3
2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4
3

N = N N1 = N N 1
!
r

1
= N 1 1
N




1
N 1 1
2N
1
N
2 N

2
1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Dimensions

7
6
5
4
3

N = N N1 = N N 1
!
r

1
= N 1 1
N




1
N 1 1
2N
1
N
2 N

The diameter of the entire lens is thus

1

C. Segre (IIT)

2N = 2 N =

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

1
N

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
xN = N

C. Segre (IIT)

p
2o f

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

o f
2N

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N =

C. Segre (IIT)

2o f
N

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N =

C. Segre (IIT)

p
p
2o f
= 2 N 2o f = 2No f
N

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N =

p
p
2o f
= 2 N 2o f = 2No f
N

If we take
o = 1
A = 1 1010 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N =

p
p
2o f
= 2 N 2o f = 2No f
N

If we take
o = 1
A = 1 1010 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
xN = 5 107 m
C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Fresnel Lens Example

In terms of the unscaled variables
r
p
xN = N 2o f =

o f
2N

dN = 2N =

p
p
2o f
= 2 N 2o f = 2No f
N

If we take
o = 1
A = 1 1010 m
f = 50cm = 0.5m
N = 100
xN = 5 107 m
C. Segre (IIT)

dN = 2 104 m = 100m
PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Making a Fresnel Zone Plate

The specific shape required for a zone plate
is difficult to fabricate, consequently, it
is convenient to approximate the nearly
triangular zones with a rectangular profile.

/2

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

6/8

Making a Fresnel Zone Plate

The specific shape required for a zone plate
is difficult to fabricate, consequently, it
is convenient to approximate the nearly
triangular zones with a rectangular profile.

In practice, since the outermost zones

are very small, zone plates are generally
fabricated as alternating zones (rings for
2D) of materials with a large Z-contrast,
such as Au/Si or W/C.
/2

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

6/8

Making a Fresnel Zone Plate

The specific shape required for a zone plate
is difficult to fabricate, consequently, it
is convenient to approximate the nearly
triangular zones with a rectangular profile.

In practice, since the outermost zones

are very small, zone plates are generally
fabricated as alternating zones (rings for
2D) of materials with a large Z-contrast,
such as Au/Si or W/C.
/2

This kind of zone plate is not as efficient as a true Fresnel lens would be in the
x-ray regime. Nevertheless, efficiencies up
to 35% have been achieved.
C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus.

B P

F1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

a
b

F2

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a

F1 B = F 2 B = a

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a

F1 B = F 2 B = a
sin =

C. Segre (IIT)

b
a

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1
1 1
= +
f
o
i

F1 B = F 2 B = a
sin =

C. Segre (IIT)

b
a

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1
1 1
2
= + =
f
o
i
a

F1 B = F 2 B = a

f =

b
sin =
a

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

a
2

October 12, 2010

7/8

Tangential Focusing Mirror

The shape of an ideal mirror is an
ellipse, where any ray coming from
one focus will be projected to the
second focus. Consider a 1:1 focusing mirror. For an ellipse the sum
of the distances from any point on
the ellipse to the foci is a constant.

B P

F1

a
b

F2

F1 P + F2 P = 2a
1
1 1
2
= + =
f
o
i
a

F1 B = F 2 B = a

f =

b
b
sin = =
a
2f

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

a
2

October 12, 2010

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Saggital Focusing Mirror

Ellipses are hard figures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focusing.

F1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

2b

F2

October 12, 2010

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Saggital Focusing Mirror

Ellipses are hard figures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focusing.
saggital = b = 2f sin
F1

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

2b

F2

October 12, 2010

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Saggital Focusing Mirror

Ellipses are hard figures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focusing.
saggital = b = 2f sin
F1

2b

F2

The tangential focus is also usually

approximated by a circular crosssection with radius

C. Segre (IIT)

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

8/8

Saggital Focusing Mirror

Ellipses are hard figures to make,
so usually, they are approximated
by circles. In the case of saggital
focusing, an ellipsoid of revolution
with diameter 2b, is used for focusing.
saggital = b = 2f sin
F1

2b

F2

The tangential focus is also usually

approximated by a circular crosssection with radius
tangential = a =

C. Segre (IIT)

2f
sin

PHYS 570 - Fall 2010

October 12, 2010

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