Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2003-N-8
November 2003
You are a member of a research team of industrial chemists who are discussing the
operation of an ammonia plant. Ammonia is formed from nitrogen and hydrogen
according to the following equilibrium reaction.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Marks
3
2NH3(g)
The plant operates close to 700 K, at which Kp is 1.00 104 atm2 and employs the
stoichiometric ratio 1:3 of N2:H2. At equilibrium the partial pressure of NH3 is
50 atm. Calculate the partial pressures of each reactant and hence the total pressure
under these conditions.
The equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures, Kp, is given by:
Kp =
( )
( )( )
()
()()
.
()
= 2.50 107
p(H2) = 93 atm
= cRT.
CHEM1001
2004-J-6
June 2004
CHEM1001
2004-J-9
June 2003
A saturated solution of iodine, I2, in water contains 0.330 g I2 per litre, but more than
this amount can dissolve in a KI solution because of the following equilibrium.
I(aq) + I2(aq)
I3(aq)
.
.
= 0.0013 mol
.
of KI solution, this has a concentration is 0.0493 M.
[initial]
change
[equilibrium]
I-(aq)
0.100
-x
0.100-x
I3-(aq)
0
+x
x
I2(aq)
0.0493
-x
0.0493-x
Assuming that [I2(aq)] is the same as in the saturated solution (as stated in the
question), 0.0493 x = 0.0013 so x = 0.048 giving:
[I-(aq)] = 0.100 0.048 = 0.052 M, [I2(aq)] = 0.0013 M and [I3-(aq)] = 0.048 M.
The equilibrium constant is therefore:
Kc =
[ ]
[ ]
(.)
. (.)
= 710
Answer: 710
CHEM1001
2005-J-7
June 2005
Aluminium acts as a reducing agent in the thermite reaction where Fe2O3 is reduced to
metallic iron. Write a balanced equation for the thermite reaction.
22/01(a)
Marks
4
mass of Al
270
=
=10. mol
atomic mass of Al 26.98
All reactants and products are in their standard states: the most stable form of
the substance at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 298 K.
CHEM1001
2006-J-7
June 2006
SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
A sample of 0.50 mol of SbCl5 is placed in a 1.0 L flask and heated to 450 C. When
the system reaches equilibrium there is 0.10 mol of Cl2 present. Calculate the value of
the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 450 C.
One mole of Cl2 is generated by the decomposition of one mole of SbCl5. As 0.10
mol of Cl2 is present at equilibrium, (0.50 0.10) = 0.40 mol of SbCl5 must be left.
One mole of SbCl3 is generated alongside the production of one mole of Cl2 so the
number of moles of SbCl3 = number of moles of Cl2 = 0.10 mol.
number of moles
. The
volume
concentrations are therefore: [SbCl5(g)] = 0.40 M, [Cl2(g)] = [SbCl3(g)] = 0.10 M.
22/01(a)
4
CHEM1001
2007-J-6
O2(g) + Na2O(s)
Na2O2(s)
Na2O(s)
2Na(s) + O2(g)
Kc = 2 1025 at 25 C.
Na2O2(s)
2Na(s) + O2(g)
Kc = 5 1029 at 25 C.
Data:
June 2007
at 25 C.
The reaction involves the formation of Na2O2(s) from Na2O(s) and thus involves
the first reaction and the reverse of the second reaction. The reactions can be
combined:
Na2O(s)
2Na(s) + O2(s)
2Na(s) + O2(g)
Na2O(s) + O2(g)
Na2O2(s)
Na2O2(g)
Kc = 2 10-25
Kc =
1
= 2 1030
29
(5 10 )
Kc = (2 10-25)
Answer: 4 103
1
= 4 103
29
(5 10 )
22/01(a)
2
CHEM1001
2007-J-9
Br2(g) + Cl2(g)
June 2007
2BrCl(g)
at 400 K.
Suppose a 1.0 L flask is filled with 0.30 atm Br2(g) and 0.30 atm Cl2(g) at 400 K.
Find the pressures of all three gases at equilibrium.
The equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures, Kp, is given by:
Kp =
(PBrCl )2
(PBr2 )(PCl2 )
Br2(g)
Cl2(g)
2BrCl(g)
start
0.30
0.30
change
-x
-x
+2x
equilibrium
0.30-x
0.30-x
2x
(PBrCl )2
(2x)2
(2x)2
=
= 7.0
=
(PBr2 )(PCl2 )
(0.30 x)(0.30 x) (0.30 x)2
(0.30 7 )
(2 + 7 )
= 0.17
22/01(a)
Marks
4
CHEM1001
2008-J-8
June 2008
Ammonia, NH3, is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen gas at high temperatures
using the Haber process. At a temperature of 670 K and 50.0 MPa pressure, an
equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.925 mol nitrogen, 2.775 mol hydrogen
and 1.50 mol ammonia. Write a balanced equation for the Haber process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
= 0.178
= 0.534
= 0.288
22/01(a)
Marks
6
CHEM1001
2008-J-8
June 2008
= 26.7 MPa =
= 14.4 MPa =
Hence,
22/01(a)
CHEM1001
2008-J-9
June 2008
A sample of 0.62 mol CCl4 was placed in a 2.0 L container and heated to a certain
temperature. At equilibrium, [Cl2] = 0.060 M. What is the value of the equilibrium
constant Kc for the following reaction at that temperature?
CCl4(g)
C(s) + 2Cl2(g)
.
.
CCl4(g)
C(s)
2Cl2(g)
start
0.31
change
-x
+2x
equilibrium
0.31-x
2x
[ ]
[ ]
(.)
(.)
= 0.013
Answer: 0.013
22/01(a)
3
CHEM1001
2009-J-9
June 2009
22/01(a)
Marks
3
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction, in terms of Kp?
The reaction involves no change in the moles of gas during the reaction: n = 0.
As Kp = Kc(RT)n, for this reaction Kp = Kc.
Fe2O3 can be reduced by carbon monoxide according to the following equation.
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)
2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
Kp =19.9 at 1000 K
At 1000 K, what are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO2 if the only gas
initially present is CO at a partial pressure of 0.978 atm?
The reaction table is:
initial / atm
change / atm
equilibrium / atm
Fe2O3(s)
3CO(g)
2Fe(s)
3CO2(g)
0.978
-3x
0.978 3x
0
+3x
3x
The solids do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression and do not need
to be considered. The equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures, Kp, is
given by:
Kp =
.
= 19.9
Hence,
.
= (19.9)1/3 = 2.71
CHEM1001
2009-J-9
June 2009
22/01(a)
CHEM1001
2009-J-10
June 2009
Calculate the standard-free energy change for the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide
and water, according to the following equation.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
Data: fG(NO(g)) = 87.6 kJ mol1
fG(NH3(g)) = 16.5 kJ mol1
fG(H2O(l)) = 237.2 kJ mol1
Using rxnG = mfG(products) - nfG(reactants),
rxnG = ((4 87.6 + 6 -237.2) (4 -16.5)) kJ mol-1 as fG (O2(g)) = 0.
= -1007 kJ mol-1
Answer: -1007 kJ mol-1
Is the reaction spontaneous under standard conditions? Give a reason for your answer.
The reaction is spontaneous as rxnG < 0. This is the condition for a reaction to
be spontaneous.
22/01(a)
Marks
3
CHEM1001
2009-J-11
June 2009
SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
A sample of 0.50 mol of SbCl5 is placed in a 1.0 L flask and heated to 450 C. When
the system reaches equilibrium there is 0.10 mol of Cl2 present. Calculate the value of
the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 450 C.
From the chemical equation, 1 mol of Cl2(g) is produced from every 1 mol of
SbCl5(g) that reacts. As 0.10 mol of Cl2(g) is present at equilibrium, 0.10 mol of
SbCl5(g) has reacted. Initially, 0.50 mol of SbCl5(g) was present so the amount
left at equilibrium is (0.50 0.10) mol = 0.40 mol.
From the chemical equation, 1 mol of SbCl3(g) is produced from every 1 mol of
SbCl5(g) that reacts. As 0.10 mol of SbCl5(g) has reacted, 0.10 mol of SbCl3(g) is
present at equilibrium.
[SbCl5(g)]eq =
.
.
.
Kc =
..
.
= 0.025
Answer: Kc = 0.025
22/01(a)
4
CHEM1001
2010-J-8
June 2010
Marks
3
2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g)
Kc = 885 at 500 oC
If 0.030 mol HCl, 0.020 mol O2, 0.090 mol H2O and 0.085 mol Cl2 are mixed in
a 1.0 L container at 500 oC, in what direction will the reaction proceed?
As the gases are present in a 1.0 L container, their concentrations are:
concentration = number of moles / volume
[HCl] = 0.030 mol / 1.0 L = 0.030 M
[O2] = 0.020 mol / 1.0 L = 0.020 M
[H2O] = 0.090 mol / 1.0 L = 0.090 M
[Cl2] = 0.085 mol / 1.0 L = 0.085 M
The reaction quotient, Q, is:
Q=
[ ()] [ ()]
[()] [ ]
(.) [.]
[.] [.]
22/01(a)
= 3600
CHEM1001
2012-J-10
June 2012
Marks
4
SO3(g) + NO(g)
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
(.)(.)
(.)(.)
= 3.00
This equilibrium is now disturbed by the addition of x M of NO(g). To reestablish equilibrium, the reaction will shift to the left by an unknown amount y.
The reaction table for this is:
initial
SO2(g)
0.800
NO2(g)
0.100
SO3(g)
0.600
NO(g)
0.400 + x
change
+y
+y
-y
-y
equilibrium
0.800 + y
0.100 + y
0.600 y
0.400 + x - y
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
22/01(a)
(.)(.!)
(.)(.)
= 3.00
Solving this gives x = 2.05 M. As the reaction is carried out in a 1.00 L container,
this is also the number of moles required.
Answer: 2.05 mol
THE REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE IS FOR ROUGH WORKING ONLY
CHEM1001
2013-J-10
June 2013
Nitrogen and acetylene gases react to form hydrogen cyanide according to the reaction
N2(g) + C2H2(g)
2HCN(g)
Write out the equilibrium constant expression for Kc for this reaction as shown
above.
Kc =
[ ]
[ ]
The value of Kp for this reaction at 300 C is also 2.3 104. Why are the values of
Kp and Kc the same for this reaction?
The number of moles of gas remains constant during the reaction. 2 mol of gas
react to give 2 mol of product gas.
Write a balanced equation and calculate the value of the equilibrium constant Kc' for
the formation of 1.0 mol of hydrogen cyanide gas from nitrogen and acetylene gases.
N2(g) + C2H2(g)
HCN(g)
[ ]
/ [ ]/
= Kc1/2 = 0.015
Answer: 0.015
What is the equilibrium concentration of HCN(g) if nitrogen and acetylene are mixed
so that both are at starting concentrations of 1.0 mol L1?
The reaction table for this is:
initial
N2(g)
1.0
C2H2(g)
1.0
HCN(g)
0
change
-x
-x
+2x
equilibrium
1.0 - x
1.0 x
2x
[ ]
/ [ ]/
()
(. ! )/ (. ! )/
(. ! )
= 0.015
22/01(a)
Marks
8
CHEM1001
2013-J-10
June 2013
So,
2x = 0.015 0.015x
2.015x = 0.015
x = 0.0074
Hence,
[HCN(g) = 2x N = 0.015 M
(The small x approximation can be used but as no quadratic needs to be solved,
this is unnecessary.)
Answer: 0.015 M
22/01(a)