DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Affiliated to J.N.T.UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR)
Narayanavanam, puttur, AP.

II YEAR BTECH I SEMESTER

BASIC SIMULATION LAB MANUAL

PREPARED BY:

VERIFIED BY:

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No

Name of the Experiment

Basic operations on matrices.
Generation on various signals and Sequences (periodic and a
periodic), such as unit impulse, unit step, square, saw tooth,
triangular, sinusoidal, ramp, sinc.
Operations on signals and sequences such as addition,
multiplication, scaling, shifting, folding, computation of
energy and average power.
Finding the even and odd parts of signal/sequence and real
and imaginary part of signal.

Convolution between signals and sequences

Auto correlation and cross correlation between signals and
sequences.

Verification of linearity and time invariance properties of a

given continuous /discrete system.

Computation of unit sample, unit step and sinusoidal

response of the given LTI system and verifying its physical
Reliability and stability properties.
Gibbs phenomenon.
Finding the Fourier transform of a given signal and plotting
its magnitude and phase spectrum
Waveform synthesis using Laplace Transform.
Locating the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero maps
in s8plane and z8plane for the given transfer function.
Generation of Gaussian Noise (real and
complex),computation of its mean, M.S. Value and its skew,
kurtosis, and PSD, probability distribution function.
Sampling theorem verification.
Removal of noise by auto correlation/cross correlation.
Extraction of periodic signal masked by noise using
correlation.
Verification of Weiner8Khinchine relations.
Checking a random process for stationary in wide sense.

EXP.NO: 1

BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

Aim: To generate matrix and perform basic operation on matrices Using MATLAB
Software.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
CONCLUSION:
EXP.NO: 2
GENERATION OF VARIOUS SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES (PERIODIC AND
APERIODIC), SUCH AS UNIT IMPULSE, UNIT STEP,
SQUARE, SAWTOOTH,
TRIANGULAR, SINUSOIDAL, RAMP, SINC.

Aim: To generate different types of signals Using MATLAB Software.

EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software

Matlab program:
%unit impulse generation clc
close all n1=-3;
n2=4; n0=0;
n=[n1:n2];
x=[(n-n0)==0]
stem(n,x)

% unit step generation

n1=-4;
n2=5;
n0=0;

[y,n]=stepseq(n0,n1,n2);
stem(n,y); xlabel('n') ylabel('amplitude'); title('unit step');

% square wave wave generator fs

= 1000;
t = 0:1/fs:1.5;
x1 = sawtooth(2*pi*50*t); x2 =
square(2*pi*50*t); subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,x1),
axis([0 0.2 -1.2 1.2])
xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Sawtooth Periodic Wave')
subplot(2,2,2),plot(t,x2), axis([0 0.2 -1.2 1.2])
xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Square Periodic Wave');
subplot(2,2,3),stem(t,x2), axis([0 0.1 -1.2 1.2])
xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amplitude');

% sawtooth wave generator fs

= 10000;
t = 0:1/fs:1.5;
x = sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
subplot(1,2,1);
plot(t,x), axis([0 0.2 -1 1]);
xlabel('t'),ylabel('x(t)')
title('sawtooth signal'); N=2; fs
= 500;n = 0:1/fs:2; x =
sawtooth(2*pi*50*n);
subplot(1,2,2);

stem(n,x), axis([0 0.2 -1 1]);

xlabel('n'),ylabel('x(n)')
title('sawtooth sequence');
To generate a trianguular pulse
A=2; t = 0:0.0005:1;
x=A*sawtooth(2*pi*5*t,0.25); %5 Hertz wave with duty cycle 25%
plot(t,x);
grid
axis([0 1 -3 3]);
%%To generate a trianguular pulse fs
= 10000;t = -1:1/fs:1;
x1 = tripuls(t,20e-3); x2 = rectpuls(t,20e-3);
subplot(211),plot(t,x1), axis([-0.1 0.1 -0.2 1.2])

xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Triangular Aperiodic Pulse')

subplot(212),plot(t,x2), axis([-0.1 0.1 -0.2 1.2])

xlabel('Time (sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Rectangular Aperiodic Pulse')

set(gcf,'Color',[1 1 1]),

%%To generate a rectangular pulse

t=-5:0.01:5;
pulse = rectpuls(t,2); %pulse of width 2 time units
plot(t,pulse)
axis([-5 5 -1 2]);
grid

% sinusoidal signal
N=64; % Define Number of samples
n=0:N-1; % Define vector n=0,1,2,3,...62,63
f=1000; % Define the frequency
fs=8000; % Define the sampling frequency
x=sin(2*pi*(f/fs)*n); % Generate x(t) plot(n,x);
% Plot x(t) vs. t
title('Sinewave [f=1KHz, fs=8KHz]');
xlabel('Sample Number');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% RAMP
clc
close all
n=input('enter the length of ramp');
t=0:n; plot(t); xlabel('t');

ylabel('amplitude');
title ('ramp')

% sinc

x = linspace(-5,5); y = sinc(x); subplot(1,2,1);plot(x,y) xlabel(time); ylabel(amplitude);

title(sinc function); subplot(1,2,2);stem(x,y); xlabel(time); ylabel(amplitude);
title(sinc function);

CONCLUSION:

EXP.NO: 3

OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES SUCH AS ADDITION,

MULTIPLICATION, SCALING, SHIFTING, FOLDING,
COMPUTATION OF ENERGY AND AVERAGE POWER
Aim: To perform arithmetic operations different types of signals Using
MATLAB Software.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Softwar
%plot the 2 Hz sine wave in the top panel
t = [0:.01:1];
% independent (time) variable
A = 8;
% amplitude
f1 = 2;
% create a 2 Hz sine wave lasting 1 sec
s1 = A*sin(2*pi*f1*t);
f2 = 6;
% create a 4 Hz sine wave lasting 1 sec
s2 = A*sin(2*pi*f2*t);
figure subplot(4,1,1) plot(t, s1)
title('1 Hz sine wave')
ylabel('Amplitude')
%plot the 4 Hz sine wave in the middle panel subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t, s2)
title('2 Hz sine wave')
ylabel('Amplitude')
%plot the summed sine waves in the bottom panel subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t, s1+s2) title('Summed sine waves') ylabel('Amplitude') xlabel('Time (s)')
xmult=s1.*s2;
subplot(4,1,4); plot(xmult); title('multiplication'); ylabel('Amplitude') xlabel('Time (s)')

%signal folding clc; clear all t=0:0.1:10; x=0.5*t; lx=length(x); nx=0:lx-1; xf=fliplr(x);
nf=-fliplr(nx); subplot(2,1,1); stem(nx,x); xlabel('nx'); ylabel('x(nx)'); title('original
signal'); subplot(2,1,2); stem(nf,xf); xlabel('nf'); ylabel('xf(nf)'); title('folded signal');

23

%plot the 2 Hz sine wave scalling

t = [0:.01:1];
% independent (time) variable
A = 8;
% amplitude
f1 = 2;
% create a 2 Hz sine wave lasting 1 sec
s1 = A*sin(2*pi*f1*t);
subplot(3,2,1) plot(s1); xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude'); s2=2*s1; subplot(3,2,2) plot(s2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');

s3=s1/2; subplot(3,2,3) plot(s3); xlabel('t');

ylabel('amplitude'); subplot(3,2,4) stem(s1);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude'); s2=2*s1; subplot(3,2,5) stem(s2);
xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude'); s3=s1/2; subplot(3,2,6) stem(s3);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');

Excersize questions: Sketch the following questions using MATLAB

1. x(t)= u(-t+1)

2. x(t)=3r(t-1)

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

x(t)=U(n+2-u(n-3)
x(n)=x1(n)+x2(n)where x1(n)={1,3,2,1},x2(n)={1,-2,3,2}
x(t)=r(t)-2r(t-1)+r(t-2)
x(n)=2(n+2)-2(n-4), -5 n 5.
X(n)={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6,5,4,2,1} determine and plot the following
sequence a. x1(n)=2x(n-5-3x(n+4))
b. x2(n)=x(3-n)+x(n)x(n-2)

CONCLUSION: Inthis experiment the various oprations on signals have been

performedUsing MATLAB have been demonstrated.

EXP.NO: 4
FINDING THE EVEN AND ODD PARTS OF SIGNAL/SEQUENCE AND REAL
AND IMAGINARY PART OF SIGNAL
Aim: program for finding even and odd parts of signals Using MATLAB Software.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
%even and odd signals program:
t=-4:1:4;
h=[ 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 3 ];
subplot(3,2,1) stem(t,h);
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('signal');
n=9;

for i=1:9 x1(i)=h(n); n=n-1;

end subplot(3,2,2) stem(t,x1);

xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('folded signal');
z=h+x1 subplot(3,2,3);
stem(t,z);
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('sum of two signal');
subplot(3,2,4);
stem(t,z/2);
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('even signal'); a=hx1; subplot(3,2,5);
stem(t,a);
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('difference of two signal');
subplot(3,2,6);
stem(t,a/2);
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('odd signal');

% energy clc;
close all; clear all; x=[1,2,3]; n=3
e=0;
for i=1:n;
e=e+(x(i).*x(i));
end
% energy clc;
close all; clear all; N=2 x=ones(1,N) for i=1:N
y(i)=(1/3)^i.*x(i);
end n=N;
e=0;
for i=1:n;
e=e+(y(i).*y(i));
end

% power clc;
close all; clear all;
N=2 x=ones(1,N)
for i=1:N
y(i)=(1/3)^i.*x(i);
end n=N;
e=0;
for i=1:n;
e=e+(y(i).*y(i));
end p=e/(2*N+1);

% power
N=input('type a value for N'); t=N:0.0001:N; x=cos(2*pi*50*t).^2;
disp('the calculated power p of the signal is');
P=sum(abs(x).^2)/length(x)
plot(t,x);
axis([0 0.1 0 1]);
disp('the theoretical power of the signal is');
P_theory=3/8

CONCLUSION:

EXP.NO: 5

LINEAR CONVOLUTION

Aim: To find the out put with linear convolution operation Using MATLAB Software.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=input('enter input sequence');
h=input('enter impulse response');
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,1); stem(x);
xlabel('n');ylabel('x(n)');
title('input signal')
subplot(3,1,2);

stem(h);
xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse response')
subplot(3,1,3);

stem(y); xlabel('n');ylabel('y(n)'); title('linear convolution')

disp('The resultant signal is');

disp(y)

linear convolution
output:
enter input sequence[1 4 3 2]
enter impulse response[1 0 2 1]
The resultant signal is
1 4 5 11 10 7 2

CONCLUSION:

EXP.NO: 6

6. AUTO CORRELATION AND CROSS CORRELATION BETWEEN SIGNALS

AND SEQUENCES.
Aim: To
compute auto correlation and cross correlation between signals and sequences
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
% Cross Correlation clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=input('enter input sequence');
h=input('enter the impulse suquence');
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x); xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h); xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse signal');
y=xcorr(x,h);
subplot(3,1,3); stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
disp('the resultant signal is');
disp(y);
title('correlation signal');

% auto correlation clc;

close all;
clear all;

x = [1,2,3,4,5]; y = [4,1,5,2,6];
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x); xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2); stem(y);

xlabel('n'); ylabel('y(n)');
title('input signal');
z=xcorr(x,x);
subplot(3,1,3); stem(z);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('z(n)');
title('resultant signal signal');

CONCLUSION: In this experiment correlation of various signals have been

performed Using MATLAB
Applications:it is used to measure the degree to which the two signals are similar
and it is also used for radar detection by estimating the time delay.it is also used in
Digital communication, defence applications and sound navigation
Excersize questions: perform convolution between the following signals
1. X(n)=[1 -1 4 ], h(n) = [ -1 2 -3 1]

2. perform convolution between the. Two periodic

-3t{u(t)-u(t-2)} , x2(t)= e -3t for 0 t
sequences x1(t)=e
2

EXP.NO: 7

VERIFICATION OF LINEARITY AND TIME INVARIANCE PROPERTIES OF A

GIVEN CONTINUOUS /DISCRETE SYSTEM.

Aim: To compute linearity and time invariance properties of a given continuous

/discrete system
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software

Program1:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:40; a=2; b=1;
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2; y=n.*x;
y1=n.*x1;
y2=n.*x2;
yt=a*y1+b*y2;

d=y-yt; d=round(d) if d

disp('Given system is not satisfy linearity property');

else
disp('Given system is satisfy linearity property');
end
subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,y); grid
subplot(3,1,2), stem(n,yt); grid
subplot(3,1,3), stem(n,d); grid

Program2:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:40; a=2; b=-3;
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x=a*x1+b*x2; y=x.^2;
y1=x1.^2; y2=x2.^2;
yt=a*y1+b*y2;

d=y-yt; d=round(d); if d

disp('Given system is not satisfy linearity property');

else
disp('Given system is satisfy linearity property');
end
subplot(3,1,1), stem(n,y); grid
subplot(3,1,2), stem(n,yt); grid
subplot(3,1,3), stem(n,d); grid

Program
clc;
close all;
clear all;

x=input('enter the sequence');

N=length(x);
n=0:1:N-1;

y=xcorr(x,x); subplot(3,1,1); stem(n,x);

xlabel(' n----->');ylabel('Amplitude--->');
title('input seq');
subplot(3,1,2);
N=length(y); n=0:1:N1; stem(n,y);
xlabel('n---->');ylabel('Amplitude----.');
title('autocorr seq for input');
disp('autocorr seq for input');
disp(y) p=fft(y,N);
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,p);
xlabel('K----->');ylabel('Amplitude--->');
title('psd
of
input');
disp('the
psd
fun:');
disp(p)

Program1:
clc;
close all; clear
all; n=0:40;

D=10;

x=3*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)-2*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd=[zeros(1,D) x];
y=n.*xd(n+D); n1=n+D;
yd=n1.*x;
d=y-yd;
if d
disp('Given system is not satisfy time shifting property');
else
disp('Given system is satisfy time shifting property');
end subplot(3,1,1),stem(y),grid;
subplot(3,1,2),stem(yd),grid;
subplot(3,1,3),stem(d),grid;

Program2:
clc;
close all; clear all; n=0:40; D=10;

x=3*cos(2*pi*0.1*n)-2*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd=[zeros(1,D) x];
x1=xd(n+D); y=exp(x1);
n1=n+D;
yd=exp(xd(n1)); d=y-yd;
if d
disp('Given system is not satisfy time shifting property');
else
disp('Given system is satisfy time shifting property');
end subplot(3,1,1),stem(y),grid;
subplot(3,1,2),stem(yd),grid;
subplot(3,1,3),stem(d),grid;

CONCLUSION:

EXP.NO:8
COMPUTATION OF UNIT SAMPLE, UNIT STEP AND SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE
OF THE GIVEN LTI SYSTEM AND VERIFYING ITS PHYSICAL REALIZABILITY
AND STABILITY PROPERTIES.

Aim: To Unit Step And Sinusoidal Response Of The Given LTI System And
Verifying
Its Physical Realizability And Stability Properties.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software

%calculate and plot the impulse response and step

response b=[1];
a=[1,-1,.9];
x=impseq(0,-20,120); n = [-20:120]; h=filter(b,a,x); subplot(3,1,1);stem(n,h);
title('impulse response'); xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)');
=stepseq(0,-20,120); s=filter(b,a,x); s=filter(b,a,x); subplot(3,1,2); stem(n,s);
title('step response'); xlabel('n');ylabel('s(n)') t=0:0.1:2*pi;
x1=sin(t);
%impseq(0,-20,120); n = [-20:120]; h=filter(b,a,x1); subplot(3,1,3);stem(h); title('sin
response'); xlabel('n');ylabel('h(n)'); figure;
zplane(b,a);

CONCLUSION: I

EXP.NO: 9

GIBBS

PHENOMENON

Aim: To verify the Gibbs Phenomenon.

EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
Gibbs Phenomina Program :
t=0:0.1:(pi*8); y=sin(t); subplot(5,1,1); plot(t,y); xlabel('k');
ylabel('amplitude'); title('gibbs phenomenon'); h=2;
%k=3;
for k=3:2:9 y=y+sin(k*t)/k; subplot(5,1,h);
plot(t,y); xlabel('k'); ylabel('amplitude'); h=h+1;
end

CONCLUSION: In this experiment Gibbs phenomenon have been demonstrated Using

MATLAB

EXP.NO: 10.

FINDING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A GIVEN SIGNAL AND PLOTTING

ITS MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM
Aim: to find the fourier transform of a given signal and plotting its
magnitude and phase spectrum
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).

MATLAB Software

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=input('enter the sequence'); N=length(x);
n=0:1:N-1; y=fft(x,N) subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,x);
title('input sequence'); xlabel('time index n----->'); ylabel('amplitude x[n]----> ');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y);
title('output sequence');
xlabel(' Frequency index K---->');
ylabel('amplitude X[k]------>');

FFT magnitude and Phase plot:

clc
close all x=[1,1,1,1,zeros(1,4)]; N=8;
X=fft(x,N); magX=abs(X),phase=angle(X)*180/pi; subplot(2,1,1)
plot(magX); grid xlabel('k')
ylabel('X(K)') subplot(2,1,2) plot(phase);

grid xlabel('k') ylabel('degrees')

CONCLUSION: In this experiment the fourier transform of a given signal and

plotting its magnitude and phase spectrum have been demonstrated using matlab

Exp:11

LAPLACE TRNASFORMS

Aim: To perform waveform synthesis using Laplece Trnasforms of a given signal

Program for Laplace Transform:
f=t
syms f t; f=t; laplace(f)
Program for nverse Laplace Transform
f(s)=24/s(s+8) invese LT
syms F s F=24/(s*(s+8)); ilaplace(F)
y(s)=24/s(s+8) invese LT poles and zeros

Signal synthese using Laplace Tnasform:

clear all clc t=0:1:5 s=(t);
subplot(2,3,1) plot(t,s); u=ones(1,6) subplot(2,3,2) plot(t,u); f1=t.*u; subplot(2,3,3)
plot(f1);
s2=-2*(t-1); subplot(2,3,4); plot(s2);
u1=[0 1 1 1 1 1]; f2=-2*(t-1).*u1; subplot(2,3,5); plot(f2);
u2=[0 0 1 1 1 1]; f3=(t-2).*u2; subplot(2,3,6); plot(f3); f=f1+f2+f3; figure;
plot(t,f);
% n=exp(-t);
% n=uint8(n);
% f=uint8(f);
% R = int(f,n,0,6)
laplace(f);

CONCLUSION: In this experiment the Triangular signal synthesised using

Laplece Trnasforms using MATLAB

EXP.NO: 12
LOCATING THE ZEROS AND POLES AND PLOTTING THE POLE ZERO MAPS IN SPLANE AND Z-PLANE FOR THE GIVEN TRANSFER FUNCTION.

Aim: To locating the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero maps in s-plane
and z- plane for the given transfer function
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
clc; close all clear all;
%b= input('enter the numarator cofficients')
%a= input('enter the denumi cofficients')
b=[1 2 3 4] a=[1 2 1 1 ] zplane(b,a);

Result: :

EXP.NO: 13
13. Gaussian noise

%Estimation of Gaussian density and Distribution Functions

%% Closing and Clearing all clc;

clear all;
close all;
%% Defining the range for the Random variable
dx=0.01; %delta x
x=-3:dx:3; [m,n]=size(x);
%% Defining the parameters of the pdf
mu_x=0;
% mu_x=input('Enter the value of mean');
sig_x=0.1; % sig_x=input('Enter the value of varience');
%% Computing the probability density function
px1=[];
a=1/(sqrt(2*pi)*sig_x);
for j=1:n
px1(j)=a*exp([-((x(j)-mu_x)/sig_x)^2]/2);
end
%% Computing the cumulative distribution function
cum_Px(1)=0;
for j=2:n
cum_Px(j)=cum_Px(j-1)+dx*px1(j);
end
%% Plotting the results
figure(1) plot(x,px1);grid
axis([-3 3 0 1]);
title(['Gaussian pdf for mu_x=0 and sigma_x=', num2str(sig_x)]);
xlabel('--> x') ylabel('-->
pdf') figure(2)
plot(x,cum_Px);grid
axis([-3 3 0 1]);
title(['Gaussian Probability Distribution Function for mu_x=0 and
sigma_x=', num2str(sig_x)]);
title('\ite^{\omega\tau} = cos(\omega\tau) + isin(\omega\tau)')
xlabel('--> x')

ylabel('--> PDF')

EXP.NO: 14

14. Sampling theorem verification

Aim: To detect the edge for single observed image using sobel edge detection and
canny edge detection.
EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software

Figure 2: (a) Original signal g(t) (b) Spectrum G(w)

(t) is the sampling signal with fs = 1/T > 2fm.

Figure 3: (a) sampling signal (t) ) (b) Spectrum (w)

Let gs(t) be the sampled signal. Its Fourier Transform Gs(w) isgiven by

Figure 4: (a) sampled signal gs(t) (b) Spectrum Gs(w)

To recover the original signal G(w):

1. Filter with a Gate function, H2wm(w) of width 2wm

Scale it by T.

Figure 5: Recovery of signal by filtering with a fiter of width 2wm

Aliasing
{ Aliasing is a phenomenon where the high frequency components of the sampled
signal interfere with each other because of inadequate sampling ws < 2wm.

Figure 6: Aliasing due to inadequate sampling

Aliasing leads to distortion in recovered signal. This is the

reason why sampling frequency should be atleast twice thebandwidth of the
signal. Oversampling
{ In practice signal are oversampled, where fs is signi_cantly
higher than Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.

Figure 7: Oversampled signal-avoids aliasing t=-10:.01:10;

T=4; fm=1/T; x=cos(2*pi*fm*t); subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,x);

xlabel('time');ylabel('x(t)') title('continous time signal') grid;
n1=-4:1:4 fs1=1.6*fm; fs2=2*fm; fs3=8*fm;
x1=cos(2*pi*fm/fs1*n1); subplot(2,2,2); stem(n1,x1); xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete time signal with fs<2fm')
hold on subplot(2,2,2); plot(n1,x1) grid;
n2=-5:1:5; x2=cos(2*pi*fm/fs2*n2); subplot(2,2,3); stem(n2,x2);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm')
hold on
subplot(2,2,3); plot(n2,x2) grid;
n3=-20:1:20;

x3=cos(2*pi*fm/fs3*n3);
subplot(2,2,4); stem(n3,x3);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)')
title('discrete time signal with fs>2fm')
hold on
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n3,x3) grid;

CONCLUSION: In this experiment the sampling theorem have been verified

Using MATLAB

EXP.No:15

REMOVAL OF NOISE BY AUTO CORRELATION/CROSS

CORRELATION

Aim: removal of noise by auto correlation/cross correlation

EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
a)auto correlation clear all
clc t=0:0.1:pi*4; s=sin(t);
k=2; subplot(6,1,1) plot(s); title('signal s'); xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude'); n = randn([1 126]); f=s+n; subplot(6,1,2) plot(f);
title('signal f=s+n'); xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude'); as=xcorr(s,s); subplot(6,1,3)
plot(as);
title('auto correlation of s'); xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude'); an=xcorr(n,n);
subplot(6,1,4)
plot(an);

title('auto correlation of n');

xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude');
cff=xcorr(f,f); subplot(6,1,5)
plot(cff);
title('auto correlation of f');
xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude');
hh=as+an;
subplot(6,1,6)
plot(hh);
title('addition of as+an');
xlabel('t'); ylabel('amplitude');

B)CROSS CORRELATION :
clear all clc
t=0:0.1:pi*4;
s=sin(t);
k=2;

%sk=sin(t+k);

subplot(7,1,1)
plot(s);

title('signal s');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
c=cos(t); subplot(7,1,2) plot(c);
title('signal c');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
n = randn([1 126]); f=s+n; subplot(7,1,3) plot(f);
title('signal f=s+n');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
asc=xcorr(s,c); subplot(7,1,4) plot(asc);
title('auto correlation of s and c');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
anc=xcorr(n,c); subplot(7,1,5) plot(anc);
title('auto correlation of n and c');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
cfc=xcorr(f,c); subplot(7,1,6) plot(cfc);
title('auto correlation of f and c');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');
hh=asc+anc; subplot(7,1,7) plot(hh);
title('addition of asc+anc');xlabel('t');ylabel('amplitude');

76

Result:

EXP.No:16
EXTRACTION OF PERIODIC SIGNAL MASKED BY NOISE USING CORRELATION
Extraction of Periodic Signal Masked By Noise Using Correlation
Program:
Clear all; close all; clc; n=256; k1=0:n-1;
x=cos(32*pi*k1/n)+sin(48*pi*k1/n);
plot(k1,x)
%Module to find period of input signl k=2;
xm=zeros(k,1); ym=zeros(k,1); hold on
for i=1:k
[xm(i) ym(i)]=ginput(1);
plot(xm(i), ym(i),'r*');
end
period=abs(xm(2)-xm(1)); rounded_p=round(period); m=rounded_p
% Adding noise and plotting noisy signal

y=x+randn(1,n);
figure plot(k1,y)

% To generate impulse train with the period as that of input signal d=zeros(1,n);
for i=1:n
if (rem(i-1,m)==0)

d(i)=1;
end end
%Correlating noisy signal and impulse train cir=cxcorr1(y,d);
%plotting the original and reconstructed signal m1=0:n/4;
figure
Plot (m1,x(m1+1),'r',m1,m*cir(m1+1));

CONCLUSION: In this experiment the Weiner-Khinchine Relation have been

verified using MATLAB.

EXP.No:17
VERIFICATION OF WIENERKHINCHIN RELATION

AIM: Verification of wienerkhinchine relation

EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
PROGRAM:
Clc
clear all;
t=0:0.1:2*pi; x=sin(2*t); subplot(3,2,1); plot(x); au=xcorr(x,x); subplot(3,2,2); plot(au);
v=fft(au); subplot(3,2,3); plot(abs(v)); fw=fft(x); subplot(3,2,4);
plot(fw);
fw2=(abs(fw)).^2;
subplot(3,2,5); plot(fw2);

Result:

EXP18.
CHECKING A RANDOM PROCESS FOR STATIONARITY IN WIDE SENSE.

AIM: Checking a random process for stationary in wide sense.

EQUIPMENTS:
PC with windows (95/98/XP/NT/2000).
MATLAB Software
MATLAB PROGRAM:
Clear all
Clc
y = randn([1 40]) my=round(mean(y));
z=randn([1 40]) mz=round(mean(z)); vy=round(var(y)); vz=round(var(z));
t = sym('t','real'); h0=3; x=y.*sin(h0*t)+z.*cos(h0*t); mx=round(mean(x));
k=2;
xk=y.*sin(h0*(t+k))+z.*cos(h0*(t+k));
x1=sin(h0*t)*sin(h0*(t+k));
x2=cos(h0*t)*cos(h0*(t+k)); c=vy*x1+vz*x1;
% if we solve c=2*sin (3*t)*sin (3*t+6)" we get c=2cos (6)
% which is a costant does not depent on variablet
% so it is wide sence stationary

Result: