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ABSTRACT
The QRS complex detection is one of the most essential tasks in ECG analysis. This paper
presents an algorithm of QRS complex detection using morphological operators. The proposed
algorithm utilizes the dilation-erosion mathematical morphology filtering to suppress the background
noise and remove the baseline drift. Then the modulus accumulation is used to enhance the signal
and improve signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated with MIT-BIH
arrhythmia database and wearable ECG Data. The algorithm gets the high detection rate and high
speed.
Keywords: Body Sensor Networks (Bsns), Electrocardiogram (ECG), Mathematical Morphology,
QRS Detection.
1. INTRODUCTION
The QRS complex is the most striking waveform within the electrocardiogram (ECG). Since
it reflects the electrical activity within the heart during the ventricular contraction, the time of its
occurrence as well as its shape provide much information about the current state of the heart [1], [2].
Among the three main components known as P, QRS and T waves for a typical ECG, the most
characteristic wave set is the QRS complex recording the depolarization phenomenon of the
ventricles [2]-[4]. The detection of QRS complex is the first step towards analyzing ECG signal.
Therefore, reliable and accurate detection of QRS complex is gaining momentum nowadays.
Recently, much research effort has been devoted into the development and evaluation of QRS
detectors.
The QRS detector is used for analysing QRS complex signal (or ECG signal, is shown in Fig
1). The QRS detector allows doctor to calculate and fine-tune heart beat rate of patients. Among the
noises plaguing the ECG are the power-line interference: 50/60 Hz pickup and harmonics from the
power cord; electrode contact noise: baseline drift due to variable contact between the electrode and
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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
the skin; motion artifacts: shifts in the baseline caused by changes in the electrode-skin impedance;
muscle contraction: electromyogram-type signals (EMG); respiration causing drift in the baseline;
and electromagnetic interference and noise coupled from other electronic devices. For meaningful
and accurate these noise sources. Hence, a reliable on-the-fly QRS detection method with low
hardware cost, high sensitivity, and good noise susceptibility is of urgent need.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
(1)
Erosion : fg ( n) = min( f ( n + i ) g (i ))
(2)
Opening : f o g (n) = ( fg ) g ( n)
(3)
Clo sin g : f g ( n) = ( f g )g ( n)
(4)
(5)
(6)
where i indicates the i th element in a length L structure element, and g(n) is a predefined structure
element.
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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
1
2
[f
g ( n ) + f g ( n ) ]
v ( n ) = f ( n) h( n)
(7)
(8)
The shape (or slope) of the structure element is the most significant factor, herein the smaller
slope performs better in terms of removing noise, but with a larger reduction in the amplitude of
resulted signal. The less significant item is the length of the structure element (i.e., the assumed
duration of the QRS complex), which varies with patient and placement of the electrodes, and longer
structure element turns out to lead to slightly better performance in terms of noise reduction, but with
a small decrease in amplitude of QRS complex. The least significant item is the amplitude of the
structure item, which the filter performance is the least sensitive to. Hence, in our selections, more
considerations are given in terms of the tradeoff between computational complexity, effectiveness,
and amplitude of resulted signal when determining the parameters of structure element. Considering
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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
the simplicity and similar shape, we select the triangle structure element by the optimization, defined
as
[ ]
[ ]
2A k
,
k< L
(
L
+
1
)
2
g(k) =
k
L
2A 1 (L 1) , k >= 2
(9)
s(n ) =
[v ( i ) ]
(10)
q
i= n
2
The value of q should correspond to the possible maximum duration of normal QRS
complex. This step further enhances the filtered ECG signal to make QRS peaks easy to identify.
Max < 3
0.1Max,
(11)
where Max is determined from the current signal segment which is within the range of
millivolts. The upper and lower bounds of Max will be subject to the selection of structure elements.
4. CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION
The design strategy of the hardware implementation is to reduce as much computation load as
possible. The proposed VLSI architecture consists of shift registers, Rom, adder, comparator. The
proposed algorithm can be easily implemented by shift registers, adder, comparator, and some
control logics. The pivotal modules of this algorithm are the dilation and erosion. The opening and
closing operations can be fulfilled by cascading the dilation and erosion units together. The rest parts
of the circuits can be easily implemented with shift registers and adders, and therefore are not
discussed in detail in this paper. The overall implementation of proposed algorithm is verified using
the Xilinx 12.2 Spartan III FPGA. The heart of Spartan-3 is XC3S400 based development board.
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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
The FPGA operating under universal power supply (110-220 V, 50/60 Hz) provides a +5 V
output with on-board voltage regulation to 3.3 V, 2.5 V, and 1.2 V supply voltage can successfully
detect the QRS complex as expected. The power consumption is much lower than the FPGA [16] or
DSP [17] implementations of other solutions which dissipate at least few milliwatts. The ultra-low
power feature of the proposed QRS detection algorithm helps to extend the battery life, which makes
it extremely suitable for the Body area network devices.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
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[12]
[13]
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[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
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