International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology
(IJCIET), ISSN
0976 6308 (Print),
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 6316(Online)
Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113
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IJCIET
IAEME

STUDY OF LABORATORY WATER CONSUMPTIVE USE AND

RECYCLABILITY
F. A. Oginni1* and O. E. Alaka1**
1

Department of Civil Engineering, Osun State University, Oshogbo, Nigeria

*kafnog@gmail.com; oginnifa@uniosun.edu.ng
**Oluwaseunalaka@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The present challenges of inadequacy of water supply in tertiary institutions may degenerate
to rationing which is counterproductive for research and development. This study attempts to solve
this issue by determining laboratory water consumptive use and recyclability in Osun State
University, Nigeria. The number of water taps/valves per laboratory was evaluated. A pilot study for
determining laboratory water use/tap was carried out and estimated to 64.26Liters/tap. Water use for
each laboratory practical session was then determined and categorized as A, B and C for 1,000
2,000lit/batch; 500 1,000lit/batch and 0 500lit/batch respectively. 4 labs were then selected for
detailed study based on the categorization and practical courses. These are Industrial Chemistry,
(ICH); Biochemistry, (BCH); Medical, (MED); and Water and Environmental, (W&E) labs. Physical
and chemical analyses for the lab influent and effluent were undertaken. The effluent was also
analyzed for toxic chemicals to serve as recyclability indicators. These are Ammonia, Phosphate,
Chromium (Hexa/6+), Copper, Aluminum, Silica, Sulphate, Molybdate, Bromine total. Differences
between influent and effluent parameters were considered as percentages of influent values and used
as treatment levels required for recyclability/lab. Results indicated that effluent from Biochemistry
lab requires the greatest treatment levels for total hardness, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity
fluoride, total chlorine, free chlorine, and zinc. Zinc deposits during the Biochemistry and Industrial
Chemistry practical were 1900% and 539% compared with the influent values, while deposits for the
other two labs were below 20%. Chromium and Sulphate levels were found to be greater than the
SON permissible levels within the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry labs. It is recommended
that: (i) treatment facility should give further attention to these parameters of concern; and (ii) the
influent water be analyzed to determine levels of the other chemicals, considered for detection of
toxic materials and as indicators of recyclability, so as to monitor any development at effluent level.
Caution should be exercised in allowing concentrations of some parameters whose safe limits were
not specified by SON to build up.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

Keywords: Laboratory, Influent, Effluent, Wastewater, Recyclability, Chemicals, Parameters.

1. INTRODUCTION
Inadequacy of water is a too common in many Communities, Organizations, and Institutions
in Nigeria. Even many settlements that claim to be able to supply their systems with water 24/7 often
get to the stage where water conservation measures have to come to their rescues. Osun State
University located is located around a coordinate of 7046N and 4034 E [3], [11] . The need for
water in our Institutions of learning can never be overemphasized. Efforts are always being geared
towards meeting water needs in our society that one may not be wrong if it is said that one of our
purposes in life is working to supply our daily water needs to include the variation of water quality
within the sources [10], [5], [9]. Treated wastewater can be reused as drinking water, in industry
(cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in agriculture (70% of Israel's irrigated agriculture
is based on highly purified wastewater) and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems [13].
Professionals and Trainers of on-coming Young Engineering Researchers one should also be
interested in providing adequate and efficient water in our laboratories. The use of reclaimed
wastewater for irrigation can be a lesson for other sectors of water needs, but only a few people have
expertise in the full range of technology involved [12], [8]. In order to effectively rise up to this
challenge, we are proposing a programme that will embark on the reuse of our waste water from the
laboratories. This will solve the problem of inadequate provision of water in tertiary institutions.
2.0

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Project Area

The Project area is within Osun State University, Main Campus. It is located in Oke-Baale
area in Oshogbo. Oshogbo is the capital of Osun State, Nigeria. The laboratories on the campus are
located in the Colleges of Science, Engineering and Technology; Health Sciences and the University
Health Center.
There are 24(No) Laboratories on the campus distributed as follows:
9 (no) in the College of SET Building
9(no) in the College of SET Extension Bldg
2 (no) in the Engineering Workshop
2(no) in the College of Health Sciences
2(no) in the University Health Centre (Medical Clinic)
2.2 Determination of Water Use per Laboratory Session
Laboratories (labs) can only be found where there are academic and medical services
activities. Non-academic activities majorly take place in the Administrative Building. The campus
accommodates basic lab based units. These are College of Science, Engineering and Technology
(College of SET); Engineering Workshop; College of Health Sciences and University Health
Center/Medical Clinic.

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The total number of laboratories for each unit was determined. Estimation of laboratory water
use per tap was carried out following the procedure indicated below:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Estimation of the distribution of laboratories on the campus

Assessment of existing labs to determine lab sizes and total number per lab-based units
Estimation of number of water taps/(spigots) for each laboratory practical use
Determine the lab practical water use per tap

2.2.1 Pilot study for determination of lab practical water use per tap
If Vi liters is the volume of water collected from ith tap running for a time ti sec, the average
discharge, Q for n = 4 taps is computed as water use per tap using equation (1) below:

1 n = 4 Vi
= i
n = 1 ti

(1)

For the pilot study four taps/spigots were randomly selected and turned on simultaneously to
run at full opening of their circumference. Discharge for a 2sec. time run from each spigot was taken
with the aid of calibrated beakers and stop watch. Volume obtained for each run were measured as
70, 76, 69, and 65liters. These gave discharges, of 35, 38, 34.5 and 32.5liters/sec, computed to an
average discharge of 35liters/sec.
2.2.2 Pilot study for determination of water use per lab session
To determine water use per lab session, the time for water use per lab session was determined
by carrying out a pilot study to determine the effective time for practical or lab session. Students are
usually grouped into as many as 4 batches for practical purposes depending on the available space
for the practical session. Time spent on practical use of the laboratory varies from 2 to 6 hours
depending on how many groups to use the lab for the day. Time for a grouped/batch practical is
usually a maximum of 2hours.
With a random selection, an average total time of practical or water use time for Industrial
Chemistry laboratory as an example was determined through the aid of a stop watch as follows:
Tap/valve discharge before practicals for rinsing of practical instruments = 9.8 minutes
Tap/valve discharge during practicals for experimental procedure = 5.3 minutes
Tap/valve discharge after practicals for final rinsing and washing of hands = 15.5 minutes
Total time of practical
Average discharge
Volume of water use/tap

=
=
=
=
=

30.6 minutes
35ml/sec
30.6min.x35ml/sec
(30.6 x 60 x 35)mL /1000mL/L}
64.26 Liters/tap

2.3

Selection of Laboratories for Influent and Effluent Analyses

The no of taps for each lab are indicated in Table 1. Water consumption/lab is determined as
products of each lab and volume of water use per tap. Values for each laboratory are shown in Table
1. The water consumption/lab is then classified into A, B or C, according to ranges as 1,0002,000L/lab; 500-1000L/lab; and 0-500L/lab respectively.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

Table 1: Analyses of Water Use per Lab-Session

Laboratory

S/N

Lab Size Taps Water use Class

(m2)

(No)

(Lit/Lab)

Industrial Chem.

375

25

1606.5

Bio-Chemistry

150

15

963.9

Maths Lab.

100

Micro-Biology

150

15

963.9

Physics Advanced Lab

375

Digital Electronics

150

Hard Ware & Net. Lab

375

Research Lab.

100

10

642.6

Water And Environmental Lab,

100

64.26

10

Physics Lab 1

150

11

Physics Electronics Workshop Lab 2

100

12

Physics Lab 3

375

13

Biology Lab

375

25

1606.5

14

Chemistry Lab

375

25

1606.5

15

Geology Lab 1

150

128.52

16

Geology Lab 2

375

128.52

17

Cisco Lab.

375

18

Applied Electricity & Electronics Lab

150

19

Materials And Structures Lab.

150

128.52

20

Metal Workshop

150

128.52

21

Bio-Chemistry Lab.

150

15

963.9

22

Physiology Lab.

150

15

963.9

23

Doctors Office (Medical lab)

25

64.26

24

Injection Room (Medical lab)

25

64.26

The distribution of the categorized water use is shown in Figure 1. Four laboratories were
selected based on the class and respective laboratory courses on the campus. The selected
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

laboratories are Industrial chemistry lab, (ICH), Biochemistry lab, (BCH), Medical lab (MED) and
Water and environmental lab (W&E).

12%

19%

69%

0-500L/BATCH

500-1000L/BATCH

1000-2000L/BATCH

Figure 1: Water Consumption/Lab-Session

2.5
Materials and Experimental Protocols
The materials required to carry out the above exercise include;
Photometer
Measuring cylinder
Cotton wool
Reagents

Test tubes
Distilled water
pH meter
Stop watch

Plastic container or kegs with air tight cover

70% ethanol
Turbidity Meter
hose

2.5.1 Sterilization of Materials

All glass wares were thoroughly washed with detergent solution, rinsed with several changes
of distilled water and subsequently allowed to drain, after which they were sterilized or disinfected
with 70% ethanol. The working bench was also swabbed with 70% alcohol to have a sterile
environment.
2.5.2 Labelling of samples
Samples collected were labelled according to the tabulated codes shown in Table 2 below to
avoid mix up of different samples.
Table 2: Labeling of Samples
LABORATORY

INFLUENT LABELLING EFLUENT LABELLING

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 1

Sample 2

Industrial chemistry lab ICH-IS1

ICH-IS2

ICH-ES1

ICH-ES2

Bio-chemistry lab

BCH-IS1

BCH- IS2

BCH-ES1

BCH-ES2

Micro-biology lab

MCB-IS1

MCB-IS2

MCB-ES1

MCB-ES2

Health centre

HC-IS1

HC-IS2

HC-ES1

HC-ES2

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

2.5.3 Collections of Samples

Utmost and scrupulous care was taken in the collection of the water and waste water samples
to ensure the samples are representative of the water and waste water desired to the examined and to
avoid accidental contamination of the samples.
To collect influent samples, the outlet of the running tap of the laboratories were disinfected
using 70% ethanol with the aid of a swab and was allowed to run for at least five minutes before
taking the sample into an air tight container or kegs in order to stabilize its temperature and to carry
out analysis on the influent samples of each laboratory. The tap water samples were transported to
the water and environmental laboratory for analysis in ice packs.
For the collection of effluent samples, the sewage drain of the laboratories was located and
samples were taken with tapping the sewage channel or drain of all sinks and wash hand basins in all
the laboratories. This was channeled into an air tight container or big keg of about 50litres with a
hose in order to stabilize its temperature and was refrigerated to carry out analysis on the second day.
The container or kegs should not be filled above 90% to avoid spillage during transportation. The
samples were transported in ice packs to the water and environmental laboratories for analysis.
2.6

Physico-chemical Analysis of Influent and Effluent

Physical observations were made of the colour and odour of the samples while other physical
properties, pH, temperature and turbidity were measured with pH meter, thermometer and
turbidimeter respectively. In determining the turbidity of the sample, a two part calibrated turbidity
tube was used with calibrations from 5-25 turbidity units. The joined tubes were held over a white
paper, while slowly pouring the water sample into the tube until the black cross at the bottom was no
longer visible. At this point the reading was taken from the side of the tube as the turbidity value of
the water sample.
Alkalinity, Total Hardness and the presence of Chlorine (DPD), Phosphate, Zinc, Nitrate,
Nitrite, Calcium were determined in the influent. The Automatic Wavelength Photometer was used
in carrying out this exercise. Standard procedures were followed with special attentions given to
various notes for each of the above parameters as specified in the relevant manual. Analyses of the
samples were carried out at the Water and Environmental laboratory in Osun State University and
RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere, Oshogbo.
2.7

Estimation of Recyclability
The effluent is further analyzed for toxic/hazardous chemicals to serve as recyclability
indicators. The additional tests were for Ammonia, Chromium (Hexa/6+), Copper, Aluminum,
Silica, Sulphate, Molybdate and Bromine total. These tests are for advanced analysis of waste water
sample from laboratories and industries which help in the detection of toxic materials and
recyclability of waste water sample. The effluent hazardous chemical levels determined. Differences
in the influent and effluent were estimated as percentages of influent. These are to serve as treatment
levels required for recyclability.
3.0

RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Results of the various physical and chemical waste water quality parameters for both influent
and effluent are obtained for further analysis. Analysis of the differences in the wastewater quality
parameters between the influent and effluent materials from each laboratory are determined so as to
indicate what has been lost through the activities in the laboratories. The differences are presented in
percentage forms in Table 3, so as to evaluate degrees of degradations experienced in the use of the
influent water into each laboratory. Items 1 to 8 deal with the physical qualities of both the influent

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

and effluent waste water. The chemical properties are shown in items 9 to 23. The results obtained
for additional toxic materials are indicated in Table 3.
3.1

Physiochemical evaluations
The influent and effluent Physicochemical Parameters are shown in Table 3 which indicates
the percentage differences in each laboratory. Results of the Toxic and Recyclability Indicator of
Laboratory Effluent
Table 3: % Difference Between Influent And Effluent Pysico-Chemical Parameters
S/N
Parameter
Unit
(%) Difference / Laboratories
Bio Chem
1

Colour

TCU

Ind Chem Medical Water & Env

<15

<15

<15

<15

Odour

Taste

pH

37

23

-42

Temperature

OC

12

25

Conductivity

S/cm

-119

Turbidity

NTU

T.D.S

Mg/L

-221

-141

O.R.P

Mv

-53

-129

-66

-59

10

Chloride

Mg/L

-18

33

50

47

11

Total Hardness

Mg/L

-602

>>

-422

-140

12

Calcium Hardness

Mg/L

17

90

-650

-471

13

Magnessium Hardness

Mg/L

-723

-362

-86

14

Total Chlorine

Mg/L

-189

96

79

29

15

Free Chlorine

Mg/L

-280

100

-250

60

16

Total Alkalinity

Mg/L

-574

-448

-88

-79

17

Nitrite(NO2)

Mg/L

31

73

18

Nitrate(NO3)

Mg/L

Inconclusive

43

38

19

Arsenic

Mg/L

20

Iron

Mg/L

100

100

96

-12

21

Manganese

Mg/L

96

84

28

22

Fluoride

Mg/L

-496

69

60

13

23

Zinc

Mg/L

-1900

-539

-15

13

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

The % differences in the Physical Parameters could not be ascertained for colour as it is less
than 15 (<15) for both the influent and effluent.
effluent Similarly, percentage differences for odor and taste
influent and effluent only referred to as unobjectionable
unobjectionable, (UO), while Turbidity % differen
difference is
greater than 5, and therefore these differences cannot be determined. Conductivity and total hardness
values of some laboratories are greater than the photometer range. There is no arsenic from the
analysis carried out hence the percent differences were not determined.
The percent differences in the chemical parameters
parameters are presented in Figure 2 to indicate the
levels of treatments required for recyclability. Activities in the Biochemistry lab presented the worst
situation in the areas of total hard
hardness,
ness, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity and fluoride
requirements as their percent differences are more of less between 500% and 720%. From the
presentations of the total chlorine, free chlorine, this same laboratory needs more attention in
disinfection of the waste water [6], [7].
[7]

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

W&E

MED

Figure 2: %Difference Between Influent and Effluent

The percent difference between influent water and effluent waste water presents the worst
situation for Zinc in Table 3,, getting to as great as 1900% and 539% for Biochemistry lab and
Industrial Chemistry lab respectively. The other laboratories had differences lower than 20%. Results
for the nitrate level for Biochemistry lab was inconclusive. There is therefore the need to monitor the
Zinc levels, although there is no health impact currently associated with it, it should not be allowed
to keep rising in a situation of recyclability.
Results of tests of the parameters considered to be toxic undertaken only for the effluent
effluen
waste
aste water is shown in Table 4.
4. These are compared with the guidelines of the Standard
Organization of Nigeria, [14]
4] and [15],
[15 for quality assessment of good industrial water/ safe drinking
water [14], [2] and illustrated in Figure 3. It can be observed that Chromium and Sulphate levels that
need to be watched, especially in the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry laboratories as they are
currently greater than the permissible levels [1], [4].. They need to be treated before recycling.
Although [14] did
d not specify safe limits for some parameters, caution should be exercised in
allowing their concentrations to keep building up. There is therefore need for evaluation of these
parameters indicted at the influent level so as to monitor any development.

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ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

Table 4: Results of the Toxic and Recyclability Indicator of Laboratory Effluent

Waste Water
Unit
Laboratories
SON
Remark
Recyclability
BCH ICH MED W&E
SON Max
Indicator
permitted

S/N

Ammonia

Mg/L

0.32

0.04

0.46

0.15

1.00

Recyclable

Phosphate

Mg/L

1.18

0.79

0.08

0.02

6.00

Recyclable

Chromium

Mg/L

0.14

0.10

0.03

0.01

0.05

Recyclable

Alluminuim

Mg/L

0.11

0.10

0.06

0.04

0.20

Recyclable

Silica

Mg/L

>>

>>

>>

>>

4.00

Recyclable

Sulphate

Mg/L

175

170

56

80

100

Recyclable

Molybdate

Mg/L

>>

>>

>>

>>

Recyclable

Total Bromine

Mg/L

0.56

0.08

0.04

0.02

Recyclable

Hexavalent Chromium

Mg/L

0.13

0.28

0.23

0.01

Recyclable

10

Total Copper

Mg/L

0.70

0.00

0.01

0.00

Recyclable

11

Free Cooper

Mg/L

0.58

0.00

0.00

0.00

Recyclable

12

Sulphide

Mg/L

0.12

0.08

0.03

0.11

Recyclable

13

Chlorinedioxide

Mg/L

0.16

0.04

0.01

0.02

Recyclable

BCH

ICH

MED

W&E

SON Max Permitted

Figure 3: Toxic and Recyclability Indicator of Lab Effluent

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 103-113 IAEME

4.0

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Water use in these laboratories has been estimated to 64.26 Liters/tap. Out of a total of 24
laboratories on the campus 4 laboratories were selected for this exercise based on the gradation of
water consumption rates and laboratory courses on the campus. Detailed study were undertaken for
the selected laboratories, Biochemistry lab, (BCH); Industrial Chemistry lab, (ICH); Medical lab
(MED); and Water and Environmental lab (W&E). Results of the differences in the water quality
parameters for the influent water and the effluent waste water will indicate the levels of treatments
required for recyclability in each laboratory.
It can be concluded that the effluent from the Biochemistry lab requires the greatest attention
on treatment level scale. Some of the areas that need much attention are in the areas of total hardness,
magnesium hardness, total alkalinity, fluoride, total chlorine, free chlorine, and zinc.
Although zinc is not regarded as having associated health impact, the rate of its deposit
during the use of water in the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry practical sessions is of concern.
The rate was 1900% and 539% when compared with the influent values at the beginning of each
practical, while rates for the other two labs were below 20%. There is therefore the need to monitor
the Zinc levels to avoid its being allowed to keep rising in a situation of recyclability. Since the
results for the nitrate level for Biochemistry lab was inconclusive, there is need to further investigate
this.
The Chromium and Sulphate levels should be further monitored as they are currently greater
than the SON permissible levels within the Biochemistry and Industrial Chemistry labs. We are
recommending that treatment facility should give further attention to these parameters. It is also
recommended that the influent water be analyzed to determine levels of the 13(No) parameters
indicated in Table 4 so as to be able to monitor any development at effluent level. Further works
should also be carried out to determine the effluent levels, whose values could not be picked in the
present study, for silica and molybdenum salts
Generally, although SON did not specify safe limits for some parameters, caution should be
exercised in allowing their concentrations to keep building up.
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