The Biosensitivity of Certain Organs in Rats Exposed To Low

j o u r n a l o f r a d i a t i o n r e s e a r c h a n d a p p l i e d s c i e n c e s x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e7
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The biosensitivity of certain organs in rats exposed to low

doses of g-radiation
Asrar M. Hawas
Radiation Drug Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority,
Cairo, Egypt
article info
abstract
Article history:
Trace elements as Fe, Cu, Zn and Ca are essential for life. They approximately involved in all
Received 14 April 2013
living processes, they play an important role in the hormones and enzymes activities. The
Accepted 4 August 2013
present study demonstrate the biosensitivity of certain organs (spleen, intestine, heart and
Keywords:
metal levels. Rats were exposed to 0.06, 0.126 and 0.227 Gy as a total doses at a low dose rate
Trace elements
2.5 mGy/h by two models of exposure, continuous and fractionated (along one and two weeks).
g-Ray
Results indicated that the metal levels affected by the time exposure and organ sensitivity.
Spleen
Continuous exposure manifested increase in brain Fe, spleen Cu and Ca and decrease Ca in
Intestine
intestine and brain at all doses. After one week, intestine Cu and heart Zn decreased. After two
Heart
weeks, decrease in Fe levels was observed in intestine, heart and brain at all doses. Also heart
Brain
Zn and brain Ca decreased, Ca heart increased where Cu exhibit elevation in spleen and
brain) in rats exposed to low doses of g-radiation by determine the effectiveness on essential
lowering in intestine at all doses. The statistic analysis presented significant effect between
groups according the time factor and/or dose levels on Fe and Ca in all organs. Also significant
effect present in Zn levels due to the time factor and/or dose levels in all organs except intestine. In conclusion, the rat organs have been responded to the low doses of g-radiation at
low dose rate by significant changes in essential metals concentrations.
Copyright 2013, The Egyptian Society of Radiation Sciences and Applications. Production
and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1.
Introduction
Chronic low-dose exposure is defined to include exposures between ambient levels, about 2 mSv/y and 8 Sv/y (8000 mSv/y)
(Luckey, 1991). When compared with controls living in ambient
levels of ionizing radiation, murine data show a threshold of 8 Sv/
y for radiation induced harm as determined by four parameters,
cancer mortality, reproductive competence, early development,
and average lifespan (Luckey, 1991). About 3000 reports show the
biopositive effects of low dose irradiation (Luckey, 1991;
Muckerheide, 2001). No significant evidence of harm has been

found for whole-body exposures with low-dose irradiation in
genetically normal mammals. The evidence reviewed by Luckey,
2008 consistently shows decreased cancer mortality rates in
humans following chronic exposures to low-dose irradiation. Its
positive effects include increase the immune competence, both
cellular and chemical factors and increase the resistance to large
doses of ionizing radiation as well as increase DNA and cell repair
systems. Moreover, optimal radiation exposure might curtail the
excessive cancer incidence (Luckey, 2008). Luckey (2007) reported
E-mail address: asrar_hawas@yahoo.com.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2013.10.007
Please cite this article in press as: Hawas, A. M., The biosensitivity of certain organs in rats exposed to low doses of g-radiation,
Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2013.10.007
that the optimum level for chronic irradiation is about 60 mSv/y,

30 times our average exposure. Essential trace metals play an
important role in the health maintenance because of its essential
role in the enzymatic function and hormones. Radostits, Gay,
Hinchcliff, and Constable (2007) showed that immunosuppression may result from trace minerals deficiency. Nutritional deficiencies can depress structural and metabolic functions of the
cellular and humoral immunity (Howard & Smith, 1999) and
have a major effect on normal development of the immune
system (Kojouri & Shirazi, 2007). To this reason, addition of
certain trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc and selenium in
animal feeds is necessary for an adequate immunity (Radostits
et al., 2007). Iron is necessary for immune cell proliferation and
copper is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (cytochrome-c
oxidase), cellular antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase),
connective tissue formation (lysyl oxidase), neurological functions (dopamine b-hydroxylase) and iron metabolism (ceruloplasmin). Zn is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymes influencing
various organ functions having a secondary effect on the immune system where it is essential for an intact immune system
(Rink & Gabriel, 2000). Zinc is a biologically essential trace
element; critical for cell growth, development and differentiation
(Prasad, 1995). It is required for DNA synthesis, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation (Prasad, 1998).
The aim of the present work is the determination of the
effect of very low doses g-ray on certain essential trace metals
in spleen, intestine, heart and brain tissues of rats which they
are consider an effective bio-indicator.
2.
Materials and methods
2.1.
Animals and irradiation
Male adult Wistar albino rats weighing 120e150 g were kept in

plastic cages and were allowed free access to water and
normal pellet diet and were maintained under controlled
conditions of humidity, temperature and a diurnal environment of light and dark. Galvanized cylindrical metal cages of
double walls at 32 and 48 cm diameter 22 cm height, especially designed for rats irradiation, in which the rats were kept
between the two walls (8 cm) of the cage. The middle axis of
the cage was approximately at 20 cm from the source. Low
dose rate 137Cesium source of 2.5 mGy/h is belonging to National Centre for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control
(NCNSRC), Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
2.2.
Experimental study
Animals were divided into control (non irradiated animals) and

another three groups: the first group was exposed continuously
to whole body g-radiation. The second group was exposed along
one week to whole body fractionated dose of g-radiation and the
third group was exposed along two weeks to whole body fractionated dose of g-radiation. Each group was subdivided into
three subgroups; the first, second and the third subgroups were
exposed to 0.06, 0.126 and 0.227 Gy for 24, 50 and 90 h respectively
at a low dose rate 2.5 mGy/h. The fractionated doses, where rats
exposed to g-ray by the same times daily to reach the certain
dose 0.06, 0.126 or 0.227 Gy at the end of the one or the two weeks.
Eight rats from each subgroup were anesthetized with diethyl

ether and sacrificed during 1 h after irradiation.
2.3.
Trace metals analysis
Fe, Cu, Zn & Ca concentrations were measured in the spleen,

intestine, heart and brain tissues. For the digestion process
using Milestone MLS-1200 Mega, High Performance Microwave Digestor Unit (Italy). 0.5 to 1 g of organs were put in
special vessels with 6 ml nitric acid and 1 ml hydrogen
peroxide. After complete digestion, samples were diluted to
suitable levels for metals analysis using UNICAM 939 Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (England).
2.4.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by unpaired two-tailed Students tetest

(Kirkwood, 1988) and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P
values 0.05 was considered significant. The results were
presented as mean S.E.
3.
Results
3.1.
Effect of low radiation exposure models on the
essential metals concentrations in spleen tissue
Cu and Ca exhibited significant increasing during the experiment at all doses and models of exposure except of Cu which not
affected after 1 week of 0.126 Gy fractionated dose. Continuous
exposure to 0.06 Gy resulted in significant elevation in Fe and Zn
levels in spleen tissue (Table 1), but the both decreased at
0.227 Gy. The fractionated dose 0.126 Gy for 1 week decreased Fe
and Zn levels in spleen tissue and Zn level decreased after the
fractionated dose 0.06 Gy for 1 week. After 2 weeks of exposure,
significant decrease in spleen Fe level at 0.06 Gy and 0.126 Gy and
significant decrease in Zn level at 0.126 Gy and 0.227 Gy was
observed (Table 1).
3.2.
essential metals concentrations in intestine tissue
No significant effect of continuous exposure on Fe and Cu
levels where Ca level highly decreased in all doses (Table 2).
Also continuous exposure elevated Zn levels at 0.126 Gy then
it decreased at 0.227 Gy. Fractionated dose for one week led to
high significant decrease in Fe level in intestine tissue at 0.06 Gy
and 0.126 Gy then restore its normal level at 0.227 Gy. There was
increasing in Ca level at 0.06 Gy then it restored its normal levels
at the other doses. The fractionated exposure for 1 and 2 weeks
resulted in significant decrease in Cu levels at all doses with no
significant effect on Zn level. After 2 weeks, decrease in Fe at all
doses was observed and increase in Ca level occurred at 0.06 Gy
and 0.227 Gy but it decreased at 0.126 Gy (Table 2).
3.3.
essential metals concentrations in heart tissue
The effect of continuous exposure on Fe, Zn and Ca appear at
0.227 Gy by lowering their levels. Increase in Cu level was
Table 1 e Metals concentrations (ug/g wet weight, mean SE), in the rat spleen tissue (n [ 8) after the exposure to
continuous and fractionated low doses g-radiation.
Spleen
Control
Continuous
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
1 week
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
2 weeks
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
Factorial
analysis
Effect of time
Effect of radiation
Time and Radiation
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ca
292.4 9.104
1.273 0.023
20.58 0.510
115.3 2.843
355.8 7.422*
273.9 7.700
204.0 8.818*
1.717 0.046*
1.563 0.042*
1.496 0.033*
23.32 0.695*
19.94 0.710
18.07 0.359*
158.2 3.922*
168.6 3.436*
175.7 5.412*
295.2 10.54
206.9 5.213*
290.9 5.794
1.907 0.072*
1.323 0.035
1.434 0.032*
17.47 0.706*
16.88 0.469*
19.98 0.792
299.7 8.171*
262.7 4.277*
235.7 7.592*
206.5 7.401*
226.9 6.633*
280.0 7.016
1.868 0.080*
1.448 0.034*
1.494 0.030*
19.94 0.688
16.55 0.586*
16.45 0.355*
226.5 7.104*
176.0 5.896*
204.1 9.030*
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.4540
0.0001
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
*Significant difference when comparing with the value of control rats.

Effect of time: The significant effect according the time factor.
Effect of radiation: The significant effect according the different g-radiation doses factor.
Effect of time and Radiation: The significant effect according the both factor.
3.4.
essential metals concentrations in brain tissue
observed at 0.06 Gy where its levels decreased at the other

doses (Table 3). After fractionated exposure for 1 week, significant decrease in Fe concentrations in heart tissue at
0.06 Gy and 0.126 Gy then restored its normal level at 0.227 Gy.
Zn level significantly decreased at all doses. Also Ca concentrations elevated at 0.06 Gy and 0.126 Gy then restored its
normal level. Slight decrease occurred in Cu level at 0.227 Gy.
After 2 weeks, decrease in Fe and Zn and increase in Ca levels
was observed at all doses with elevation in Cu level at 0.06 Gy
only (Table 3).
After the continuous exposure, Fe levels in brain tissue showed

a significant increase at all doses where a significant decrease in
Ca levels was observed (Table 4). Also decreasing in Cu concentration occurred at 0.227 Gy and in Zn levels at 0.06 Gy. After
one week, there was a significant decrease in Fe levels at 0.06 Gy
and 0.126 Gy then elevation occurred at 0.227 Gy. Ca concentration exhibited an increase at 0.06 Gy then decreased at the
Table 2 e Metals concentrations (ug/g wet weight, mean SE), in the rat intestine tissue (n [ 8) after the exposure to
continuous and fractionated low doses g-radiation.
Intestine
Control
Continuous
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
1 week
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
2 weeks
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
Factorial analysis
Effect of time
Effect of radiation
Time and Radiation
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ca
51.31 1.664
1.793 0.053
19.94 0.655
152.3 3.903
54.75 1.281
53.14 1.597
51.97 0.985
1.727 0.028
1.898 0.037
1.826 0.036
20.76 0.615
22.05 0.690*
17.98 0.492*
125.2 3.948*
118.4 3.809*
115.1 3.115*
24.55 0.612*
29.94 1.006*
52.07 1.551
1.633 0.047*
1.512 0.027*
1.628 0.033*
21.86 0.665
19.73 0.818
18.44 0.656
194.9 4.858*
159.4 3.915
159.0 4.891
17.82 0.307*
20.53 0.709*
22.02 0.734*
1.604 0.046*
1.551 0.023*
1.638 0.024*
19.86 0.682
21.59 0.740
19.39 0.544
215.7 7.547*
136.9 1.547*
203.1 5.547*
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.8901
0.0001
0.0425
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

Table 3 e Metals concentrations (ug/g wet weight, mean SE), in the rat heart tissue (n [ 8) after the exposure to continuous
and fractionated low doses g-radiation.
Heart
Control
Continuous
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
1 week
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
2 weeks
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
Factorial analysis
Effect of time
Effect of radiation
Time and Radiation
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ca
100.5 1.309
4.053 0.044
21.24 0.506
68.02 1.396
104.4 2.218
105.5 1.985
90.49 1.172*
4.314 0.100*
3.797 0.098*
3.529 0.088*
21.91 0.589
19.76 0.887
15.91 0.310*
63.71 2.479
72.52 3.160
56.54 1.037*
78.25 1.728*
80.04 1.518*
104.9 2.155
3.977 0.082
3.972 0.058
3.882 0.057*
17.78 0.417*
17.52 0.400*
17.16 0.446*
105.1 4.197*
116.5 2.908*
68.59 1.290
72.38 1.673*
73.69 1.866*
61.74 1.879*
4.462 0.023*
3.986 0.076
3.855 0.081
17.12 0.345*
17.04 0.428*
16.21 0.265*
107.9 6.352*
104.2 1.316*
88.52 1.958*
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0059
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

other two doses. Zn and Cu levels significantly increased at

0.126 Gy then Zn slightly lowered at 0.227 Gy. After two weeks of
fractionated exposure, significant decreasing in Fe and Ca levels
was observed at all doses and in Cu at 0.126 Gy. Where there was
an elevation in Zn levels at 0.06 Gy and 0.126 Gy then restored its
normal level at 0.227 Gy (Table 4).
The factorial analysis exhibited high significant effect of
both time factor and/or effect of irradiation doses on Fe and Ca
in all the organs studied and on Zn in spleen, heart and brain.
Cu in brain and spleen tissues as well as Zn in intestine tissue
had not affected by time duration whereas all of metals in
heart tissue affected by time factor and/or radiation exposure.
4.
Discussion
The results of this study present an important background

about the effect of very low doses g-radiation on the essential
metals level in certain rat organs. Trace elements such as Zn
and Cu involved in antioxidant enzymes activity (zinc and/or
copper superoxide dismutase) and protect membranes from
potent oxidants such as free radicals (OH), superoxide radicals
(O
2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Howard & Smith, 1999).
Imbalance of brain iron homeostasis is considered as an
important contributing factor of neurotoxicity in several
neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinsons disease,
Alzheimers disease, and Huntingtons disease (Burdo &
Connor, 2003; Gaeta & Hider, 2005; Molina-Holgado, Hider,
Gaeta, Williams, & Francis, 2007). Iron accumulation in the
adult brain is known to cause neurodegeneration (Ke & Qian,
2007; Moos, Rosengren Nielsen, Skjrringe, & Morgan, 2007;
Zecca, Youdim, Riederer, Connor, & Crichton, 2004). According to irons ability to donate electrons to oxygen,
increased iron levels can lead to the formation of hydroxyl
radicals and hydroxyl anions via the Fenton Reaction
(Fe2 H2O2 / Fe3 OH OH). Increased iron levels can also

generate peroxyl/alkoxyl radicals due to Fe2-dependent lipid
peroxidation (Mills, Dong, Wang, & Xu, 2010; Schipper, 2004).
As Cu is also able to catalyze the Fenton reaction, copper
accumulation may also facilitate radical formation during
oxidative stress (Sayre, Perry, & Smith, 1999). In the present
work, the continuous exposure to low doses g-radiation led to
significant increase of iron levels in brain tissue. Contrariety
effect had been occurred after the exposure to fractionated
doses for one and two weeks where Fe levels highly significant
lowered in brain tissue. Cu levels in brain tissue had not given a
clear response due to the irradiation stress. Previous animal
studies have addressed whole-brain irradiation-induced
cognitive impairment after both single and fractionated radiation dose schedules by use of X-ray and cobalt 60 as the source
of radiation (Serduc et al., 2008). Liu et al. (2010) study showed
that irradiation at very high doses 20 Gy and 40 Gy increased the
brain blood barriers permeability 7 days after the irradiation.
Hopewell, Calvo, and Campling (1989) reported that radiation
dose-related change in endothelial cell enlargement, vessel
dilation, and basement membrane thickening which are the
constituent of brain blood barriers, as well as he observed the
changes in vascular permeability and associated hypoxia after
irradiation. The principal protective strategy to avoid iron
overload in the brain is the blood brain barrier which limits iron
entry to the brain from the blood via highly regulated, selective
transport systems (Fillebeen et al., 1999; Richardson & Ponka,
1997). Within the brain, multiple feedback loops form an
elaborate control system for cellular iron levels to ensure that a
precisely balanced iron level exists for normal function of the
nervous system (Hentze, Muckenthaler, & Andrews, 2004;
Moos et al., 2007). Iron deficiency in the brain likely affects
normal cell division of brain cells such as neuronal precursor
cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (Ke & Qian, 2007; Moos
et al., 2007).
Table 4 e Metals concentrations (ug/g wet weight, mean SE), in the rat brain tissue (n [ 8) after the exposure to continuous
and fractionated low doses g-radiation.
Brain
Control
Continuous
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
1 week
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
2 weeks
0.06 Gy
0.126 Gy
0.227 Gy
Factorial analysis
Effect of time
Effect of radiation
Time and Radiation
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ca
41.01 1.388
1.340 0.024
11.91 0.158
127.7 2.081
47.36 1.538*
48.36 1.361*
47.77 1.120*
1.409 0.043
1.398 0.028
1.151 0.039*
10.98 0.258*
11.77 0.119
11.76 0.315
100.9 2.512*
89.60 1.808*
96.30 3.707*
24.08 0.788*
27.38 0.826*
52.76 1.716*
1.282 0.028
1.472 0.029*
1.315 0.036
11.79 0.479
14.33 0.347*
11.32 0.124*
143.2 3.168*
109.3 3.894*
98.19 3.193*
20.38 0.655*
20.75 0.493*
20.42 0.543*
1.265 0.044
1.237 0.039*
1.403 0.052
13.87 0.343*
13.28 0.288*
11.61 0.199
110.7 4.347*
99.96 4.661*
97.93 2.733*
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.2599
0.0491
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

The increase or decrease of free calcium in brain cells represents the final common path of brain death (Fujita, 2000). The
present work showed decrease in Ca levels in brain tissue but
not led to the rat death. Also there was a highly increased in Ca
levels in spleen, intestine and heart tissues via the exposure to
the fractionated doses. Nomura, Sakai, Ogata, and Magae (2013)
founded that low-dose-rate irradiation significantly increased
plasma calcium concentration in mutant mice. The Ca2 overloads in the heart which could contribute to abnormal triggered
impulses and perturbed signaling events (Wang & Hill, 2010).
Exposure of cells to low-dose ionizing radiation stimulates
cellular metabolic activities, including DNA, RNA and protein
synthesis (Chen et al., 2000). Yamauchi et al. (2008) indicated
that the mode of the combined mutagenic effect is dose
dependent. A single exposure to 10 Gy total body irradiation was
associated with the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cardiac tissue degeneration and cardiac
dysfunction. 10 Gy total body irradiation worsened the blood
lipid profile in a rat model, resulted in coronary microvasculature injury, altered endothelial physiology and myocardial
mechanics (Baker et al., 2009). Also Adams, Hardenbergh,
Constine, and Lipshultz (2003) observed damage to the structures of the heart and to the coronary, carotid and other large
arteries at high radiation doses. This damage occurs both in
patients receiving radiotherapy and in experimental animals.
Epidemiological studies indicate that much lower irradiation
doses 1 gray (Gy) typical of occupational, medical (Azizova
et al., 2010; Carr et al., 2005; Hauptmann, Mohan, Doody,
Linet, & Mabuchi, 2003), or environmental exposures (Preston,
Shimizu, Pierce, Suyama, & Mabuchi, 2003; Shimizu et al.,
2010), also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease several
decades after the exposure. However, there is controversial
studies find no association between low-dose ionizing radiation
and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Little et al.,
2010). Monceau et al., 2013 suggested that cardiac exposure to
low dose of ionizing radiation induced significant structural,
cellular and molecular alterations in irradiated-heart with a

mild but significant functional impairment. In the present
study, the fractionated exposure to low doses g-radiation for 1
and 2 weeks led to decrease in Fe and Zn levels and increase in
Ca levels of heart tissue at all doses of exposure (with no significant effect on Fe and Ca levels after 1 week at 0.227 Gy).
Seemann et al. (2012) reported that irradiation induces stress
signals directly by initiating an inflammatory response, associated with progressive structural damage to myocardium and
the microvasculature. According to AGIR, 2010, an etiologic
mechanism for associations between low-level radiation and
circulatory disease risk is unclear, so there are no sound biological grounds on which to base selection of a model for
extrapolating the risks to low doses or low dose rates.
The exposure to the fractionated doses resulted in
decrease in Cu levels in the intestine tissue with no significant
effect on Zn levels. The nutritional status of Zn influences the
plasma and tissue levels of vitamins A and E in animals and
humans (Noh & Koo, 1998). Noh & Koo (2001) showed that Zndeficiency result in impaired intestinal absorption of fat and
fat-soluble vitamins.
5.
Conclusion
Trace element concentrations had been changed in the rat

organs as a consequent effect of low doses g-irradiation at 0.06,
0.126 and 0.227 Gy. These changes refer to that the exposure to
very low doses g-radiation has a direct or indirect effect on the
biochemical reactions in these organs (spleen, intestine, heart
and brain). Iron and calcium levels were greatly affected in
brain tissue. Whereas Zn levels in heart and brain tissues were
affected via the exposure to the fractionated doses for one and
two weeks. Also calcium concentrations increased in spleen at
all doses and models of exposure but it increased in intestine
tissue due to fractionated exposure only.
Acknowledgment
This study was performed in the National Centre for Radiation
Research and Technology-Atomic Energy Authority. My
Sincere thank, deepest gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr.
Aisha Ahmed Saad-El-Din for her kind assistance and her
valuable advice about theoretical information. Very special
thank for Lecturer Hoda Hassan for helping me in the irradiation processes.
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The Biosensitivity of Certain Organs in Rats Exposed To Low

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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

The biosensitivity of certain organs in rats exposed to low

Received 14 April 2013

Accepted 4 August 2013

Muckerheide, 2001). No significant evidence of harm has been

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that the optimum level for chronic irradiation is about 60 mSv/y,

Materials and methods

Animals and irradiation

Male adult Wistar albino rats weighing 120e150 g were kept in

Animals were divided into control (non irradiated animals) and

Eight rats from each subgroup were anesthetized with diethyl

Trace metals analysis

Fe, Cu, Zn & Ca concentrations were measured in the spleen,

Data were analyzed by unpaired two-tailed Students tetest

*Significant difference when comparing with the value of control rats.

observed at 0.06 Gy where its levels decreased at the other

After the continuous exposure, Fe levels in brain tissue showed

*Significant difference when comparing with the value of control rats.

*Significant difference when comparing with the value of control rats.

other two doses. Zn and Cu levels significantly increased at

The results of this study present an important background

(Fe2 H2O2 / Fe3 OH OH). Increased iron levels can also

*Significant difference when comparing with the value of control rats.

cellular and molecular alterations in irradiated-heart with a

Trace element concentrations had been changed in the rat

Adams, M. J., Hardenbergh, P. H., Constine, L. S., & Lipshultz, S. E.

Howard, J. L., & Smith, R. A. (1999). Current veterinary therapy, food

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(Fe2 H2O2 / Fe3 OH OH). Increased iron levels can also