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MAPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila

E206 Archimedes Principle


COLLADO, Daniel Joseph B.
Abstract
Archimedes Principle is that weight displaced by an object is equal to the upward force(buoyant
force) that is acting on the object. Hence when an object is immersed in liquid which the object is
less denser than the liquid the object will float. This principle is applied to determine the specific
gravity of coins, solid and liquids.

Introduction
In a simple vessel with water, any object neither floats nor sink. And that when this object is in
contact with water, there is always an observable increase in the water height is observed. This is a
simple demonstration of Archimedes principle.
Archimedes Principle states that the weight of an object in air and it's weight on a liquid is
equivalent to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the body. The body experiences an upward
force, which we call the buoyant force, when immersed in a liquid. The amount of this buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced.
The experiment studies and applies Archimedes principle in determining the density and specific
gravity of solids and liquid samples. The method of loss of weight is used to determine the densities
and specific gravities of unknown solid and liquid samples.

Methods
In theory density being the ratio of the mass and volume of an object given mathematically by
. And that no same material has the same density. Specific gravity, on the other hand, defined as the
weight of a body compared to an equal amount of pure water. Mathematically represented as
which is the ratio of the density of the substance to that of the water.

Materials

Given that unknown samples are obviously denser than water, it is suggested to use the loss of
weight method. The loss of weight method is applicable to objects denser than water, it suggests that
to determine the Specific Gravity the object must be weighed in air and weigh it while completely
immersed in water. To determine the Specific Gravity, is the quotient of the ratio of the weight of the
object in air and its apparent weight loss in water, this can be mathematically represented
.

being the weight of the object in air and

as the weight in water. To further help in

determining what particular sample we have a table of densities of solids and liquids are given (
Table 1.1 refer to references).

Results
The experiment is divided into four parts, two in which has to do with determining the identity of the
unknown samples, one process is important for the other process, and lastly another application. A
supplemental activity is given that uses coins. The experiment is done in a revised order, this order is
followed for flow of this report.

PART A ( Procedure C ) Determining the identity of the Unknown liquid


Using a hydrometer, specific gravities of the unknown liquids are found and compared to the
experimental value of the liquids found on the supplemental table of densities of solid and liquids
(Table 1.1) . The result is as follows for the
TABLE 1.2. Determination of Specific Gravity of
Unknown Liquids Using Hydrometer
Sample 1
Sample 2
Specific Gravity
0.84
1.00
Name of Sample Alcohol 0.82
Water
1.00
Percent Error
2.44%
0.00%

two samples

The result for the alcohol that yields with a 2.44 % error can be a result of impurities and/or
as a result of the water being tested first with the hydrometer and used when testing the alcohol
without having dried completely. And with this important data obtained , succeeding parts of the
experiment can be done, particularly Procedure A for the fact that it must be the water to be used.

Part B ( Procedure A) Determining the identity of the unknown solids


In order to determine what the identity of the unknown solid sample with a set of is given
densities, it is essential to determine the specific gravity of these solids in water. The method of loss
COLLADO, DANIEL JOSEPH B.
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

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of weight is used in this procedure . And as discussed the objects are weighed in air and water
subsequently keyed into the mathematical formula. The result is then compared to the nearest value
from the data given in Table 1.1 .
TABLE 1.3 - Determination of Specific Gravity of
Unknown Solid Samples Heavier than Water
Sample 1
Sample 2
Weight in air,
19.90 g
44.90 g
Weight in water,
17.60 g
27.20 g
Specific Gravity

Name of Sample
Percent Error

8.65
Copper
8.89
2.68%

2.54
Aluminum 2.70
6.05%

PART C ( PROCEDURE B) DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS


Since it is known that one liquid sample is water and the other is alcohol from the results of
procedure C, this procedure can be fro counter checking the results of the two procedures. Given that
the specific gravity of the liquids has to be determined a different ratio is used given as
similar to that of the loss of weight method which had a revision in which the numerator where as the weight
of the solid sample in air is deduced with the weight of the solid sample in liquid.
TABLE 1.3 Determination of Specific Gravity of Unknown Liquids
Sample 1
Weight in air,
19.90 g
Weight in water,
17.60 g
Weight in the liquid,
18.00 g
Loss of weight in Liquid,
1.90 g
Specific Gravity, Gravity
0.83
Name of Sample
Percent Difference

Alcohol
0.74%

0.82

Sample 2

17.70 g
2.20 g
0.96
Water
4.44%

1.00

TABLE 1.4 Determination of Specific Gravity of Solid Lighter than Water


Name of Sample: CORK
Weight of cork in air,
3.80 g
Weight of cork in air and sinker in water,
21.40 g
Weight of both sinker and cork in water,
17.80 g
Specific Gravity,
1.06

COLLADO, DANIEL JOSEPH B.


ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

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Table 1.4 Comparison of Specific Gravity of 3 Philippine Coins ( 1, 5 , & 10 )


Coin Denomination ()
Weight in air
Weight in water
Specific Gravity
Weight in Alcohol
Specific Gravity (Alcohol)

Actual Weight
Coin Composition ( Specific
Gravity )
Percentage Error

1 Coin

5 Coin

10 Coin

5.80 g
5.00 g

7.40 g
6.40 g

8.80 g
7.90 g

7.25

7.40

9.78

4.50 g

6.70 g

8.50 g

4.46

10.57

29.33

6.10 g
Nickel

8.8

7.70 g
70% Copper
5.5% Nickel
24.5% Zinc

17.61%

8.70 g
Ring: Cupro-nickel
8.48

Center: Aluminum
Bronze

12.74%

10.85

9.88%

Discussion and Conclusion


Archimedes Principle showed that when a body is immersed in a liquid the volume or
weight of the body and the density of the liquid where it is submerged determined the amount of
buoyant force ( upward force) that acts on a body. Thus when a body or an objects floats in water or
any liquid for the matter, the buoyant force is equivalent to the weight of the object due to gravity
and only the density that has an effect to the weight of the body.
References
http://www.physics.smu.edu/~scalise/mechmanual/archimedes/lab.html
http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/archimedes/principle.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pbuoy.html
Acknowledgment
Mrs. Marissa G. Onosa, Chemistry Teacher, Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Academy

COLLADO, DANIEL JOSEPH B.


ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

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