PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS

Society for Scientific Exploration

29th Annual Meeting
Boulder, Colorado June 10-12, 2010
www.scientificexploration.org
Program Committee: Roger Nelson, Jean Burns, Jessica Utts, Michael
Ibison, Courtney Brown, Daniel Sheehan (Chair)
Location: Millennium Harvest House Boulder
Local Arrangements: Dominique Surel
WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 9
6:00 p.m. Opening Reception and Registration. Poster Set-up
THURSDAY MORNING, JUNE 10
9:00 Welcome and Introduction
9:10 Dinsdale Award
9:15 Dinsdale Address: Jack Houck
THEME I: ADVANCED PROPULSION
10:00 Eric W. Davis* and Marc G. Millis, Frontiers of Propulsion Science
10:45 BREAK
11:05 Richard Amoroso, The Imminent Implementation of FTL
Warp-Drive Technologies?
11:50 York Dobyns, Advanced Propulsion and Conservation Laws
12:35 LUNCH / Young Investigators Meeting
THURSDAY AFTERNOON
THEME I: ADVANCED PROPULSION
2:00 James Woodward, Mach's Principle and the Propulsion Problem
2:45 Daniel S. Ward, A Radical Change of Pace
3:05 BREAK

THEME II: FRONTIER ENERGY CONCEPTS

3:30 Daniel Sheehan, Experimental Challenges to the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
4:15 Ken Rauen, The Proell Effect: A Macroscopic Maxwell's Demon
4:45 BUSINESS MEETING
THURSDAY EVENING
7:30 Forum: The Future of Energy (Panelists: Moddel, Rauen, Haisch,
Sheehan)
FRIDAY MORNING, JUNE 11
9:00 Announcements
THEME II: FRONTIER ENERGY CONCEPTS
9:15 Bernard Haisch* and Garret Moddel, Indirect Extraction of
Zero-point Energy from the Quantum Vacuum
9:35 Olga Dmitriyeva* and Garret Moddel, Test of Zero-point Energy
Emission from Casimir Cavities
THEME III: NONLOCAL CONNECTIVITY
9:55 Roger Nelson, The EGG Project after 12 Years: Just the FAQs
10:40 BREAK
11:00 John Alexander, The Real Story of Goats
11:20 Christopher Carson Smith*, Darrell Laham, and Garret Moddel,
Stock Market Prediction Using Associative Remote Viewing with
Untrained Viewers
11:40 Courtney Brown, 2012: Remote Viewing Climate Change Across
Multiple Realities
12:00 Sky Nelson, Retroactive Event Determination and the Interpretation
of Macroscopic Quantum Superposition States in Consistent
Histories and Relational Quantum Mechanics
FRIDAY AFTERNOON
12:45 OUTING
FRIDAY EVENING
ON THE TOWN

SATURDAY, JUNE 12
9:00 Announcements
THEME IV: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS
9:15 Peter A. Sturrock*, J.B. Buncher, E. Fischbach, J.T. Gruenwald, D.
Javorsek II, J.H. Jenkins, R.H. Leed, J.J. Mattes, J.R. Newport,
Evidence for a Solar Influence on Nuclear Decay Rates
9:35 Courtney Brown, Physical and Remote-Viewing Evidence of Active
Artificiality on Mars
9:55 Paul Racette, Observation Theory
10:15 BREAK
THEME V: PSI AND HEALING
10:35 Richard A. Blasband* and Dominique Surel, Healing a Woman with
Aspergers Syndrome
10:55 Dale Graff, Kundalini: A Consciousness Field Effect?
11:15 Imants Barus, A Preliminary Study of Remote Healing Using
Techniques Derived from Matrix Energetics
11:35 Claude Swanson, Torsion, the Aura and Long Range Healing
11:55 LUNCH
THEME VI: PHYSICS, PSI, AND INTERPRETATION
1:30 Stephen Braude, Preliminary Investigation of a Spiritist Seance
Group in Germany
1:50 Richard Shoup, Geomagnetic Anomalies and the 9/11 Events
2:10 Paul H. Smith, The Paradigm Argument Against Psi
2:30 BREAK
THEME VI (CONTINUED)
2:50 Jim Beichler, Physics in the Dark
3:10 John MacLean, Is the Dissertation Process Broken?
3:30
3:50 CLOSING REMARKS
4:00 ADJOURNMENT
SATURDAY EVENING
6:15 Banquet
6:15 Cocktails

7:00 Dinner
8:00 Addresses:

Garret Moddel, State of the Society

William Bengston, Looking Ahead

Underlining identifies invited speakers. An asterisk (*) shows who speaks.

LIST OF POSTERS
Kenny Arnette, A Dualistic Interactionist Taxonomy for Death-Related
Anomalous Experiences
Cornelia Beyer, A Whole World - the Personal Is the Global
John Norman Hansen and Joshua A. Lieberman, A Torsional Pendulum
that Detects and Measures A Novel Form of Cranial Energy
Detlef Hoyer, Cognitive Proportion Preferences as Aspects of Art and
Architecture Applied to the Face on Mars
Zachary Jones, Living Crystal: Toward a New Instrumentation Method
Sensitive to Consciousness and Less-defined Energies
Clifford F. Oliver, Thermodynamic Equilibrium: It's Relationship to
Matter and its Importance in the Future of Zero Energy
Kimberly M. Pierce, Imprinting the Layered Consciousness: Utilizing
Triggers for Altered State Access
Lucas Portelli, Carlos Martino, and Frank S. Barnes, Finding a
Mechanism of Action for the Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields
Vladimir Rubtsov and Peter Sturrock , The Tunguska Mystery
Robert Spoljaric, Is Relativity the Holy Grail of Physics?
Rene Verreault, Some Evidence of Lunar Periodicities in the Precession of
a Standard Foucault Pendulum
Pharis Williams, Does the Sixth Sense Come from a Sixth Dimension?
Posters will be available in the Sunshine Room, which is across from the
big conference room.

ABSTRACTS

The Real Story of Goats

John B. Alexander
Abstract:
In 2004 John Ronson published a book titled The Men Who Stare at
Goats. Unfortunately George Clooney became interested in the project
and in 2009 released a movie of the same title. In the book, the
participants are addressed by their real names, and I am one of the
principal characters. The movie added a degree of ambiguity to the
participants but claimed it was based on a true story, albeit portrayed as a
comedy. While George Clooney's role is a composite of known
personalities, as is Kevin Spacey's, Jeff Bridges who won multiple best
actor awards for Crazy Heart, played a role directly based on Lt. Col. Jim
Channon, creator of The First Earth Battalion.
Anomalous phenomena are at the heart of the movie. The problem for the
viewing public, and SSE members is that they would be unable to
distinguish between fact and fantasy. The movie portrayed several
phenomena including remote viewing, psychokinesis metal bending,
mental weather modification (cloud-busting), and other events. Clooney
even demonstrates a death by staring technique while a general officer,
portraying my boss, attempts unsuccessfully to run through walls.
In reality, some of these events did happen. Goats did die, but due to dim
mak, also known as the death touch, not by staring at them. The
documentation was extraordinary and will be discussed. But more
importantly, there were very practical and cogent reasons for exploring
these fields when we did. Some of the experimentation came about as the
result of the personal experiences of an American Special Forces officer
held for five years as a prisoner of war in South Viet Nam. This
presentation will set the record straight.

The Imminent Implementation of

FTL 'Warp-Drive' Technologies?
Richard L. Amoroso
Noetic Advanced Studies Institute
cerebroscopic@mindspring.com
Abstract:
Skeptics say it may take 1,000 years and require an energy source the size of Jupiter to operate superluminal or
faster than light (FTL) warpdrives. The Alcubierre warp drive metric (considered most advanced); as derived
from Einsteins field equations, Ruv - (guvR)/2 + guv = (8G/c4)Tuv, or in general form:

Utilizing advanced principles inherent in a Holographic Anthropic Multiverse (HAM), radical improvements to
the Alcubierre warp drive model occur that could lead to FTL travel with existing technological prowess.

Based on a radical extension of the Holographic Principle assuming a form of Heisenberg Potentia inherent in
an HD absolute space, simplistically the drive mechanism is a holographic figure-ground effect. The local
spaceship (figure) is removed (put in free-fall relative to the background) from the infinite potentia. Then
through manipulation of a 12D complex form of a covariant Dirac polarized vacuum (string theoretic) the
external domain wall or interstice between the ships warp bubble and the Alcubierre metric becomes a
coherently controlled stochastic barrier of leapfroging mini-wormholes key to the drives operation: 1) Shield
(ship bubble) constructed from inherent infinite vacuum energy by coherently controlled constructive
interference of continuous-state 12D brane mirror symmetry resonance modes of the HAM close-packed
cosmological least-unit backcloth structure. 2) The Alcubierre solution is utilized with minimal curvature
because of a new set of unitary transformations beyond the Galilean-Lorentz-Poincair. 3) The miniwormholes
arise in a periodic gravitational shock-wavefront interference of the local relativistic (luminal form) and new
nonlocal holographic (complex instantaneous form) of the duality of gravitational modes of unified theory. In
this interpretation the Warp Factor becomes a beat frequency tier of coupled uncoupled modes of the spherical
shell within the figure-ground leapfrogging oscillation, R R.
References:
[1] Alcubierre, M. (1994) The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity, Classical & Q. Grav.,
11:L73-L77.
[2] Misner, CW, Thorne, KS & Wheeler, JA (1973) Gravitation, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
[3] Amoroso, RL & Rauscher, EA (2009) The Holographic Anthropic Multiverse: Formalizing the Geometry of
Ultimate Reality, Singapore: World Scientific.
[4] Cramer, JG (1996) The Alcubierre Warp Drive, November, Analog Science Fiction & Fact.
[5] Obousy, KR & Cleaver, G (2008) Warp Drive: A New Approach, arXiv: 0712.1649v6.
[6] Ibison, M. (2004) Massless classical electrodynamics, arXiv:physics/0106046v5

A Dualistic Interactionist Taxonomy for

Death-Related Anomalous Experiences
J. Kenneth Arnette, Ph.D.; Memphis, Tennessee
jkarnette@hotmail.com
Abstract:
Anomalous (paranormal) experiences, often labeled psi, contain a subset that is
directly or indirectly related to death. There is a considerable amount of literature
concerning each member of this subset, yet, to this author's knowledge, no one
has proposed a way of conceptualizing all these experiences in a unified way that
is related to an underlying, scientific (yet non-reductive) theory of the mind-body
relationship. The authors mind-body theory, the Theory of Essence, is a dualistic
interactionist theory that is based on the intersubjective data of the near-death
experience and integrates those data with classical and modern physics in such a
way as to explain what mind is without reducing it to the functioning of the
brain. The theory holds that the mind is formed in the interaction between the
non-material essence (the seat of consciousness, thought, and personality that
survives the death of the body) and the living human brain. The theory is capable
of uniting death-related anomalies in a consistent way to form something of a
continuum illustrating the connections among these anomalies. This includes the
following experiences and their common definitions: (1) out-of-body experiences
(OBEs)-spontaneous or induced perception of one's environment from a location
outside of the body; (2) near-death experiences (NDEs)-an extended experience
of separation of consciousness from the physical body often followed by travel to
another realm of existence and triggered by either temporary physical death or
the fear thereof; (3) ghosts-perception by living persons of a non-material entity
that may take on the appearance of a human being; (4) after-death
communications (ADCs)-perceptions by living persons of visitations from those
who have previously died; (5) mediumship-communication between living
persons and deceased persons, using a living person (medium) as a conduit for
that communication; and (6) reincarnation-the return to life in a new body of an
individual consciousness whose previous body had permanently died. The
Theory of Essence unites these six phenomena under the umbrella of temporary
or permanent dissociation of the essence from the body; in the cases of
permanent dissociation, the disembodied essence attempts to communicate with
living persons in the physical world, or returns to the physical world to live
another lifetime. Thus, there is a single conceptual framework tying a temporary,
non-life-threatening experience (OBEs) with the beginning of a completely new
life cycle (reincarnation) and several points (phenomena) in-between. Several of
these experiences/phenomena will be illustrated with case examples, and
implications will be discussed.

A Preliminary Study of Remote Healing

Using Techniques Derived from Matrix
Energetics
Imants Barus
Abstract:
Recently I have been interested in determining the mechanism for the direct effects of
intention on physical manifestation. The purpose of this study was to try to further my
understanding by examining my own process relative to the apparent effects on
participants while acting as the healer in a remote healing study using techniques derived
from Matrix Energetics. Matrix Energetics is a system of healing and transformation
developed by Richard Bartlett for which remarkable claims of healing have been made. In
brief, the idea is that changes to reality are made by the healer going into a non-dual state
of consciousness and selecting an alternative reality to the one that has been manifested
resulting in physically observed changes. I read both of Richard Bartletts books and
attended the three available levels of seminars in order to learn to do Matrix Energetics.
The techniques that I use in this study are derived from Matrix Energetics. I received
ethics approval in August of 2009 and, as of April 2010, there have been 13 volunteer
participants in the study for whom I have carried out a total of 28 sessions. Sessions have
usually lasted about 20 minutes and were done during times when participants had
indicated that they would not be driving or operating machinery. However, participants
were usually unaware of the exact date and time of the sessions. During the sessions, I sat
at my computer in my home office making notes while using any combination of about a
dozen techniques from the Matrix Energetics repertoire. In some cases participants
appeared to be responding to a session either during the time of the session or
immediately afterwards. Most notable were changes of arousal in that some participants
tended to be unusually fatigued during or immediately following the sessions or, the
opposite, unexpectedly invigorated. Apparent longer term effects have included, in some
cases, more relaxed functioning, a greater sense of connection to the harmony of life, and
the disappearance of medical conditions such as cysts and chronic debilitating pain.
While such reports from participants are suggestive, clearly, no actual attributions as to
the causes of these changes can be made. I have made some interesting observations
about my own process. The first is that I sometimes appear to correctly intuit information
about a person, such as the age at which a crisis was experienced, without having ever
met that person or knowing anything about them. The second is the apparent need to
commit to playing for real so that imaginary events in my mind are treated as seriously
as physical events. Third, the apparent effects seem to be out of all proportion to the
actual expenditure of effort on my part; indeed, part of the technique is to not try to do
anything at all. Overall, carrying out imaginary actions with the intention of healing seem
to correspond to beneficial events in the lives of others.
About the Author:
Imants Barus is a Professor of Psychology at Kings University College at The
University of Western Ontario where he lectures on consciousness. He is the author of 4
books, 29 papers, 17 reviews, and 68 presentations. His books include Alterations of
Consciousness (American Psychological Association, 2003) and Science as a Spiritual
Practice (Imprint Academic, 2007).

Physics in the Dark

James E. Beichler
Abstract:
Physics is completely in the dark when it comes to that part of the universe consisting of
Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE). The word 'dark' in these titles refers to the fact
that whatever the physical substance or concept 'filling' these regions of otherwise empty
space happens to be, it does not interact electromagnetically except for the fact that the
curvature of space-time in these regions causes gravitational lensing of passing light
waves. The best known dark region is the halo that surrounds spiral galaxies and it seems
to be constituted of 'something' that goes by the designation Lambda-CDM. While the
concept of Lambda-CDM seems to account for whatever either 'appears' or does not
'appear' in galactic halos, its origin and nature is otherwise unknown. The term DM also
covers the group of physical phenomena associated with the HDM which persists
everywhere throughout the universe as does DE. The verified existence of DM and DE
has plunged the scientific world into a 'crisis' state that seems to indicate fundamental
physics is expanding ever more rapidly toward a new scientific revolution. Their very
existence presents problems which cannot be solved automatically by quantum theory,
either in the form of quantum vacuum energy or newly invented particles, but rather
problems that are related to gravity theory as expressed by the general theory of relativity.
Numerous suggestions and hypotheses have been put forward to explain these dark
'things', but no particular hypothesis or resulting model has proven satisfactory and no
model yet proposed in mainstream physics is able to explain both DM, in either let alone
both of its forms of CDM or HDM, and DE even though most physicists agree that the
two should have a single common explanation. Having said that, DM and DE can be
easily explained by thinking outside the box of mainstream physics. A single field model
that includes a fundamental change in Newtonian gravity theory, expanding
three-dimensional space to four dimensions, forces the reality of an extrinsically curved
four-dimensional space-time in general relativity. The extra term added to Newton's
gravity can then be equated to the Lambda-CDM or 'quintessence' that has been added to
Einstein's formula. Yet this new model is not without radical consequences for the rest of
physics and science. Accepting this new model would mean accepting the existence of a
macroscopically extended fourth space-like dimension that either directly or indirectly
influences all of science, absolutely everything in the world. In other words, this new
model will change every facet of physics and science to some extent and some of the
changes will be quite startling. The dark part of physics is not just an add-on or ad hoc
device for explaining esoteric new phenomena. The dark deals with the underlying
substrate of physical reality itself and can thus be used to explain such diverse physical
phenomena as consciousness, paranormal phenomena and survival, quantum
entanglement and the very nature of the quantum itself. The dark is actually a realm of
light that only 'appears' dark against the 'brighter' materiality of our normally sensed and
normally experienced three-dimensional world.

A Whole World:
the Personal Is the Global
Dr. Cornelia Beyer
Abstract:
A truly holist worldview would indicate that indeed all personal actions and perceptions
are experienced and interact in a logical way with a fully structured, interdependent
world. Every personal action, feeling and thought is reflected and responded to in the
whole. While the individual experience of such a world compares to living in a matrix
and is encountered when sufficient perceptual capacity is present, this does indeed not
indicate that everything which exists and is perceptually experienced would be fictional
or an illusion. Rather, all of these perceptions are (probably) real and true in their own
way, even not intentionally related and meaningful, but for the experiencing individual
they make an immediate meaningful sense where all things seem related and deeply
meaningful.
This perception of the world, for which I use the classical term holist, has been
experienced by many individuals before. Scholars such as Jung, Freud, Plotinus and many
others have discussed specific elements of it (three levels of consciousness, synchronicity,
serendipity, unity of all, telepathy, etc. etc.). It is oftentimes encountered by people
experiencing what we would usually call altered perceptions. Those might be incited by
the use of substances or by spiritual practices or might even be found in what the Western
world terms mental illnesses.
Within this altered, but ultimately not entirely incorrect, worldview, causal or apparently
causal relationships exist virtually everywhere. While in this worldview, our materialist
causal knowledge does still make sense, in addition alternative knowledges such as
provided by Eastern philosophy, para-sciences, mysticism, religion, also make sense. For
example, such an individual might perceive meaning in numerology, while at the same
time knowing with the same certainty, that the numbers read were not intended to provide
a certain information when they were written. There seems to be a paradoxical tension
between the Eastern and Western reality, between meaning and coincidence, rationality
and irrationality. In fact, there is no real conflict between these two perceptions. Rather,
when integrated, they can provide a new and potentially progressive and more meaningful
understanding of our world and reality. This new worldview could, as one example of
concrete holism, show concrete correlations between personal experiences and actions,
and global effects.

Healing a Woman with Asperger's

Syndrome
Richard A. Blasband, M.D. & Dominique Surel, Ph.D.
The Center for Functional Research
2 Lincoln Drive
Sausalito, CA 94965
T 415-3312536
F 415-3313121
RABlasband@sbcglobal.net
Abstract:
To provide new information about a possible etiology of Aspergers Syndrome as seen
from a healer's point-of-view and to demonstrate the use of empathic coaching and
healing by intention to alleviate some of the symptoms of this syndrome.
Procedure: The treatment was two-fold, first, to provide coaching of behavior in this very
bright and mature 18 year old woman who was suffering from problems in learning
mathematics, inattention, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, lack of feeling in the
left hemisphere of her brain and a symptom she called galloping, a practically all-day
pacing back and forth due to an inner sense of urgency. Second, to heal using the
Levashov Method of mental intention to scan and enter the etheric and astral bodies of
Gwens (fictitious name) subtle body structure and make corrections where needed.
Coaching was provided by Dr. Surel and took place weekly since mid-January of 2010.
Healing was provided by Dr. Blasband for 15 minute sessions three to five days per week
during the same period.
Results: Within one week of beginning treatment the galloping decreased 80-90%. Each
healing session was followed by a marked diminution of her inner sense of urgency.
Within two months of treatment she was hardly pacing at all and her ability to learn math
had markedly improved as had her capacity for interpersonal relationships. The symptom
of lack of feeling in the brain was eliminated with one healing session. A hiatus in healing
of 5 days due to difficulties in the family resulted in a return of symptoms in full force.
These were again alleviated with coaching and healing.
Conclusion: This single example of a young woman with Aspergers Syndrome treated by
a coach and healer working in harmony demonstrates that it is possible to strongly
influence the course of this usually refractory syndrome. While permanent cure has yet to
be demonstrated we learned more about some of the possible mechanisms of symptom
formation. These will be communicated in full lecture session.

Preliminary Investigation of a
Spiritist Seance Group in Germany
Stephen Braude
Professor & Chair of Philosophy
University of Maryland Baltimore County
Abstract:
In late March and early April, I visited the Felix Circle in Hanau,
Germany. For several years, this group has been evolving from an
informal table-tilting sitter group to a group more closely resembling the
classic spiritualist seance groups in the late nineteenth century. In the
past year, in particular, they have been reporting, not simply full table
levitations, but also apported objects and apparent materializations. These
latter phenomena occur primarily in the context of a cabinet seance,
during which one of the sitters (now identified as a medium) sits
in a curtained-off area of the seance room, occasionally opening the
curtains to reveal ostensible materializations.
I sat with this group for two sessions, a cabinet sitting and a table-tilting
session. In the former, conducted almost entirely in darkness, I was
presented with many of the classic spiritualist phenomena: including
rapping sounds throughout the room, a levitating plastic trumpet with
luminescent tape on one end floating around the room, and apparent
materialized hands, some seeming to emerge from the mediums mouth
under red light. In the table-tilting session, also conducted in darkness (but
part of which was recorded in infrared high-definition video), we had
vigorous table movements and one brief but apparently complete table
levitation. At present, Id have to say that nothing I witnessed either
discourages or encourages suspicion. Fortunately, the group seems
amenable to further investigations under tighter controls and more
relentless infrared video recording.
Ill discuss the phenomena in detail and show portions of the infrared
video.

2012: Remote Viewing Climate Change

Across Multiple Realities
Courtney Brown, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT:
The Farsight Institute conducted a Climate Project that utilized remote-viewing data with
Earth-based targets for the years 2008 and 2013. Two remote-viewing methodologies
(CRV and HRVG) and eight highly trained remote viewers were involved in the study.
The primary purpose of the study is to explore the use of remote viewing to predict the
future given certain conditions. All remote-viewing sessions were completed prior to the
target date for the 2008 targets. All targets were randomly assigned to the remote-viewing
sessions using a publicly verifiable process after the remote-viewing sessions were
completed, data encrypted, and all data made available for public download from the web
site for The Farsight Institute. The remote-viewing data thereby described the 2008
targets in advance of the targets being chosen for the sessions, an unambiguous and
successful example of prediction using nonlocal consciousness. The targets were chosen
using Google Earth, focusing on targets which might be expected to show signs of
noticeable near-term environmental change within the time span of the study. In this
study, the 2013 targets probe two different future timelines, one in which mainstream
science recognizes the existence of remote viewing as a real phenomenon as well as the
existence of some form of extraterrestrial life, and another timeline in which this
recognition does not occur. The rationale behind the two timelines is that the near future
may be significantly different under the contrasting scenarios. This presentation outlines
the surprising results of this study. This study follows a highly successful year-long
parallel study also conducted at The Farsight Institute that explicitly tests for the
existence of multiple realities or timelines (the Multiple Universes Project) .

About the Author:

Brown, Courtney, Ph.D., is a professor at Emory University who specializes in the
application of nonlinear mathematical models to social and political phenomena.
Independent of his work as a professor, he is the Director and founder of The Farsight
Institute (www.farsight.org), a nonprofit research and educational organization dedicated
to the study of nonlocal anomalistic consciousness. He has published a number of books
on the subject of remote viewing.
Web sites:

www.courtneybrown.com
www.farsight.org

Physical and Remote-Viewing Evidence

of Active Artificiality on Mars
Courtney Brown, Ph.D.
Abstract: An extensive remote-viewing study was conducted at The
Farsight Institute in March 2010 to investigate an anomalous high
resolution image of Mars that suggests artificiality. The study involves
nine highly trained remote viewers across four remote-viewing
methodologies, all methodologies of which are directly or indirectly
derived from remote-viewing methodologies used by the United States
military forces. The image that constitutes the target of the remote viewing
suggests that a spray or fountain of liquid is being discharged from a long
tubular nozzle, which in turn is connected to an apparent pipeline that
leads to a dome formation. There is another larger dome formation nearby
that is also part of the target. The remote-viewing sessions are evaluated
with respect to verifiable target
qualities as determined by the
target image. This study notes a
high degree of correlation between
obvious target characteristics as
determined by the target image and
the detailed remote-viewing data.
In the aggregate, this study offers
strong support for the idea that the
spray and the two dome formations
deviate from known geological
processes, and thus may be
artificial. The remote-viewing data
also shed some light on possible
current activities and/or processes
that may be taking place at this
location on Mars.

Frontiers of Propulsion Science

Eric W. Davis* and Marc G. Millis
*Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, Austin, Texas 78759
Tau Zero Foundation, Fairview Park, OH 44126
Abstract:
The science behind such notions as warp drive and gravity-control is
examined to show the connections between the known, the anomalies, and
the visions. Recent experiments hint that inertial frames might be dragged
with ultra-cold matter. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity has been
applied to suggest how to circumvent the light-speed limit. And
cosmological observations continue to accumulate that boggle the mind:
"dark matter," "dark energy," and the anomalous trajectories of deep space
probes. Learn about these and about the technical book that was
published in 2009 on these topics.

Advanced Propulsion and Conservation

Laws
York Dobyns
ydobyns@princeton.edu
Abstract:
Any vehicle that propels itself through space using internal fuel reserves
faces the rocket paradox: the more efficient the drive in terms of thrust per
unit mass expended, the less efficient it is in terms of thrust per unit
energy expended. Unfortunately Newton's Third Law enforces the rocket
paradox for any self-contained system of propulsion. For a self-contained
vehicle to be capable of large velocity changes without astronomical
energy expenditures, it would seem necessary to find a drive system which
is somehow not constrained by the law of action and reaction.
Unfortunately, any such system would inherently violate both
conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. While no
violation of these laws has ever been observed, and classical theory
indicates that they are direct mathematical consequences (via Noether's
Theorem) of fundamental symmetries, energy and momentum
conservation have not actually been shown to hold for General Relativity
itself. Competing non-relativistic theories, on the other hand, while they
may be amenable to the Noether construction, may admit of nonlocal
interactions which could produce apparent local nonconservation.
While the above reasoning shows that non-Newtonian propulsion may be
possible, none of the hypothetical phenomena that might enable such
processes have actually been confirmed by experiment. Even those
candidates that are most plausible on theoretical grounds are far beyond
our current technical reach. Bearing these caveats in mind, there are
several such prospects that seem worth further scrutiny. These include
manipulation of inertial mass; manipulation of gravitational mass;
interaction with tachyonic states; nonlocal (nonrelativistic) interactions;
and electromagnetic storage of momentum.

Test of Zero-point Energy Emission from

Casimir Cavities
Olga Dmitriyeva and Garret Moddel
Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0425
Abstract:
Tapping the inexhaustible pool of vacuum energy would be an attractive solution to our
energy needs, but experimental verification of proposed approaches is lacking. We test
the approach of Haisch and Moddel [1] to extract zero-point energy (ZPE) that exists in
all space in the form of electromagnetic waves. The approach makes use of Casimir
cavities, in which the density of ZPE at long wavelengths is reduced below that in free
space. According to stochastic electrodynamics, atomic orbitals are supported by the
ambient ZPE. Therefore when gas atoms enter into suitable Casimir cavities having
diminished ZPE at particular wavelengths, the orbital energies decrease. If the concept is
correct, then entering atoms should shed their excess energy, which can be extracted.
Upon re-emerging from the Casimir cavities the atoms would be re-energized by the
ambient ZPE. In this way energy is extracted locally, and replenished globally from the
electromagnetic quantum vacuum.
The experiment was to investigate energy radiated from gas entering the cavity. We set
up a stainless steel, turbomolecular-pumped chamber, with gases fed through a computercontrolled mass flow controller. Radiation was detected using an ultra-sensitive
pyroelectric detector sensitive to wavelengths in the range of 1-10 m. The Casimir
cavities were in polycarbonate membranes, some of which were coated with gold.
Radiation was detected from the gas entering the cavities for a range of gases. Results are
shown for N2, Ar, Xe and He gasses flowing through the uncoated polycarbonate
membrane with pore size of 0.2 m. Considerable effort was made to find a conventional
source for the radiation, including temperature changes in the gas resulting from
absorption, Joule-Thomson cooling,

turbulence, and friction. None of the

sources considered could explain the
results fully. ZPE remains a possible
explanation for the observed radiation,
but further investigation is required
before it can be identified as such with
confidence.
This work was support by a contract
from Hub Lab to Jovion Corporation.
[1] Haisch B., and Moddel G., "Quantum
vacuum energy extraction," U.S. Patent
No. 7,379,286 (2008).

Kundalini: A Consciousness Field Effect?

Dale E. Graff
Abstract:
A variety of mental exercises or disciplines assist individuals in achieving
specific goals. In this presentation I explore a phenomenon associated
with kundalini yoga. Other cultures have described similar effects using
different terms and facilitating concepts. My material is based on key
aspects from the kundalini literature including the writings of kundalini
practitioners and those who have examined the reported effects.
I describe observations from colleagues and from my own personal
experiences. These experiences show how a link with kundalini
phenomenon led to my interest in precognition. I provide a few
illustrations where the kundalini effect enhanced the precognitive results,
including a long distance communication experiment with a deep diving
submersible and specific future events such as the Columbia space shuttle
disaster.
Kundalini experiences can include a variety of unusual sensations that are
disturbing and seem to originate from an unusual force, perhaps a
combination of electric and magnetic, or some type of subtle energy.
They may even lead to dreams with symbolism that seems threatening.
Questions explored include: What is kundalini? How or why is it
experienced? How does it relate to body physiology? Why is kundalini
believed to be some form of energy or energy transfer? What are some of
the indicators of kundalini activation? What are the implications of
kundalini for the physical sciences, particularly for our understanding of
space-time and consciousness field concepts?
I conclude with speculations on how kundalini effects can provide insight
into the nature of reality and brain/mind connectivity. Future research
suggestions are provided.
Dale E. Graff
PSI-SEMINARS-INITIATIVES
Web Site: www.dalegraff.com
Physicist, facilitator, author, Tracks in the Psychic Wilderness,
RIVER DREAMS

Indirect Extraction of Zero-point Energy

from the Quantum Vacuum: Patent
7,379,286
Bernard Haisch1 and Garret Moddel2
Digital Universe Foundation, Redwood Shores, CA 94065
2
Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0425
1

Abstract:
We propose to indirectly tap a new source of energy, potentially greater than nuclear, well known
in quantum physics but considered by physicists not to be useful since it cannot be directly
accessed. Zero-point energy is a well established concept originally proposed by Planck and
Einstein in 1913. Later it was shown to arise in quantum physics from the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle. It has a number of well-known effects. For example, zero-point energy prevents helium
from solidifying under normal pressure even at absolute zero temperature. It can also be detected
as quantum noise in circuits.
We investigate the feasibility of accessing this zero-point energy source indirectly by capturing
electromagnetic energy emitted by transient changes in energy levels of electron orbitals, due to
interactions of atoms (preferably monatomic noble gases) with the quantum vacuum field while
cycling through Casimir cavities. We would induce shifts comparable in principle to, but larger
than, the well-known Lamb shift, by suppressing quantum vacuum field modes within the Casimir
cavities. The "Lamb shift," a well explored mainstay of quantum electrodynamics, consists of a
shift in the energy levels of electron orbitals, resulting from an atom's interaction with quantum
vacuum fluctuations. Recent experiments have shown that Lamb shifts can be controlled and
enhanced. It is likely that electron orbital shifts analogous to (but not identical with) Lamb shifts
can be induced by moving atoms under modest pressure through Casimir cavities, due to
suppression of some wavelengths of quantum vacuum fluctuations in Casimir cavities. This orbital
shift should produce emission of electromagnetic energy (photons) as the atoms enter the cavities.
We refer to the shift so induced as the "Casimir-Lamb shift." As the moving gas atoms leave the
Casimir cavity, the Casimir-Lamb shift would be reversed due to absorption of electromagnetic
fluctuations from the ambient quantum vacuum field, without violating the second law of
thermodynamics.
FIGURE - Depiction of approach to tap ambient zero-point fluctuations. As gas enters the Casimir
cavity and undergoes a
Casimir-Lamb shift, Larmor
radiation is emitted, shown as
small arrows pointing
outwards. The radiant energy
is absorbed and extracted.
When the atoms exit the
cavity the shift is reversed
due to absorption from the
ambient zero-point field,
shown by the inward pointing
small arrows.

A Torsional Pendulum that Detects and

Measures
A Novel Form of Cranial Energy
John Norman Hansen and Joshua A. Lieberman
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
nhansen@umd.edu
Abstract:
A torsional pendulum consisting of a dome-shaped energy collector and a nylon
monofilament support fiber was suspended above the cranium of a seated human subject
and the effects of the subject on the oscillations of the pendulum were measured. There
were dramatic effects, with FFT analysis of the oscillation signal showing many new
frequencies in addition to the natural frequency of 0.034 Hz. The lowest new frequencies
(0.0-0.002 Hz) were accompanied by a shift in the Center of Oscillation (COO) of the
pendulum, and the higher frequencies were associated with changes in the amplitude of
oscillation. The Delta COO (7.3 deg) and the amplitude (12 deg) effects were substantial,
and would require forces equivalent to 34 and 56 mg, respectively. Residual effects on
the Delta COO and amplitudes persisted for at least 30 min after the subject departed, and
the rate at which they subsided conformed to the kinetics of a chemical relaxation process
with a relaxation time of 600 sec. Shifts in the magnitude of the Delta COO with the
subject present also conformed to chemical relaxations processes, with relaxation times of
35 and 200 sec. It is proposed that the energy that drives the anomalous oscillations when
the subject is present is the result of enzyme-mediated energy transductions that convert
metabolic energy into a form of energy that can affect the pendulum. Although highly
speculative, it is suggested that aspects of quantum entanglement are involved in the
energy transduction process. Additional experimental data available at
http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9421.
Examples of pendulum motion data in the absence and in the presence of a subject:

Cognitive Proportion Preferences as

Aspects of Art and Architecture Applied
to the Face on Mars
Dr. Detlef Hoyer
21031 Hamburg, Germany (D.Hoyer@Hamburg.de)
Abstract:
In 1986 an independent Mars investigation group was organized to study the Face on
Mars in terms of proportions, supporting structure, and expression and came to the result
that the features on Mars fall within conventions established by the disciplines of classic
art and anthropology. This vague result is now supplemented by detailed analysis and
further results by principles of art and architecture.
Circle and square are both basic patterns of geometry and archetypes in psychology,
philosophy, and religions. They are often implemented in art works and buildings as well
as rectangles whose proportions are close to the golden section, which is prefered by the
majority of people. With this background an analyis of the 2001 MGS image PIA03225
indicates that the supporting structure fulfills the properties of a Mandala, a circle with an
inscribed square.
Mandalas have spiritual and ritual significance in both Buddhism and Hinduism and often
carry an icon in the center. The Face on Mars is also centrally arranged in the supporting
structure and the scale for the frame of eyes, nose and mouth is achived by another
construction with inscribed circle and inscribed square. The groundlplan of the rock
shows essential properties of geometry and art in architecture.

Living Crystal: Toward a New

Instrumentation Method Sensitive to
Consciousness and
Less-defined Energies
Zachary Jones
Abstract:
Living crystal will be presented as demonstration of a new concept
instrument. The object of the work is a hollow glass vessel containing a
clear solution within which grows crystal formations. Vessel shape
increases the sensitivity to forces in the device's environment.
Often an instrument is designed with strictly utilitarian interests in mind.
In the worst cases, training and normal usage themselves suffer
inefficiencies by being discordant with our perception or ergonomics. In
the case of instrumentation involved in subjective physical sciences, such
as systems with mind-matter coupling, the aesthetic (i.e. sensory) aspect of
an instrument has been shown to be a critical factor for design
consideration.
Vessel shapes, the dynamics of cyclical growth, and crystalline structure,
engage sensory contact with the device mechanism, while simultaneously
putting them to work to recognize the sources that stimulate crystal
growth and geometry.
Observers utilizing fung shui practices have documented growth dynamics
not characterized in environments lacking such design. Others have
documented growth disturbances related to psychological stress at a site.
Known physical mechanisms of operation and crystal growth will be
presented. We will discuss methods by which the instrument design could
be more sensitive to mind-matter effects. The contained nature of the
devices' physical system improve the ability to develop models of
measurement for mind-matter interaction and less-defined energetic
dynamics. A number of demonstration units will be on-hand for
observation during the course of the meeting.

Is the Dissertation Process Broken?

John MacLean
Abstract:
As I have attempted to complete PhD work, it has become apparent that
there are a large number of candidates that are PhD (abd) (All But
Dissertation). In examining individual cases, the reasons for many appear
unfair. Even in those who have completed the process and been awarded
a PhD, the answer to the title question has been a resounding Yes!
Many candidates are beset with endless rewrites, mentor changes, subject
changes, and other delays that seem to have no apparent valid reasons.
Many of these result in unwarranted repeated tuition payments. The PhD
programs are filled with numerous research papers and comprehensive
exams that require significant research activities. By the time one gets to
the dissertation, the candidate is well versed in research activity.
However, today's world is all about teams. In fact, many research funding
organizations require a team approach with detailed credentials of all team
members in order to get funding. The PhD process with current
dissertation requirements does not prepare the candidate for team oriented
research projects. There are ethical questions about this process; 1) Is it
ethical to require a process that is antiquated and ill suited to the needs of
the 21st Century, and 2) Is it ethical to require such credentials for
employment in Universities, especially public institutions? My informal
conversations with a large number of PhD's and PhD candidates, indicate
there is a significant problem.
I presented my preliminary findings at the Eleventh Annual Conference by
the Faculty early this year at Utah Valley University. However, my paper
could not be published with the proceedings as the IRB process was
incomplete. It now is, and I am starting to interview individuals to
validate the preliminary findings.
To date, it appears that many individuals with excellent talents are being
eliminated from the research activity pool for reasons that have nothing to
do with their ability. This kind of discrimination is reminiscent of the
treatment many of the SSE members have received from mainstream
science. It is important for SSE to do what we can to reverse the trend.

The EGG Project after 12 Years: Just the

FAQs
Roger Nelson, Global Consciousness Project
Abstract:
In 1997, after years of laboratory and field experience, the foundation was laid for an experiment to
look for evidence of mind-matter interactions on a global scale. The plan was to create a network
of REG/RNG nodes spanning the globe. The structural analogy to an EEG suggested something
that might be called an electrogaigram or EGG, and although we ultimately decided on a less
redolent name for the Global Consciousness Project (GCP), we still refer to the hardware random
sources as Eggs.
After some months of development to create software, acquire equipment, and invite a network of
people to host the Eggs at locations around the world, the first data were archived in August of
1998. The network grew steadily, and in 2010 we have about 6 dozen Eggs. We have accumulated
more than 300 formal replications of a simple hypothesis test in a robust database that shows
structure which should not exist in random
data. Analysis shows anomalous deviations
in two mathematically independent
measures of correlation among the Eggs,
and also provides evidence of temporal and
spatial structure. These findings challenge
conventional models, and they stimulate
good, often skeptical questions. The GCP
FAQ, or frequently asked questions, point
out what isn't clear about our methods, what
people want to know that we don't write
about, and what critical concerns we are
asked to address. Here is a sampling:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What do you mean by consciousness in general? How do you jump from there to
global consciousness?
And how can you expect inanimate REGs or computer software to register anything
about consciousness?
What supports your claim that deviations from randomness are related to global
consciousness? Big world events happen every day that you don't even know about.
Most of the formal test results are small. But the Obama nomination result is over 2
sigma. Of all the events happening in the world, why would this one be so big?
Where are your control data? How do we know the statistical tests using theoretical
expectations are legitimate? Have you picked a random non-event as a control? How
often do the eggs spike without any type of global event happening?
Could the GCP correlations be due to local consciousness effects? Many people follow
the GCP and are synchronized through the Internet and think about the Eggs.
How can the correlations with events be explained? What physical mechanisms could
link them to focused world consciousness? Is this just an experimenter effect? What is
really the source of the anomalous effects?

Retroactive Event Determination and the

Interpretation of Macroscopic Quantum
Superposition States in Consistent
Histories and Relational Quantum
Mechanics
Sky Nelson
theskyband@gmail.com
Abstract:
We suggest a pair of postulates which unify two current models of
quantum theory into a broader picture of reality, giving a physical
interpretation of Macroscopic Quantum Superposition (MQS) states.
Relational Quantum Mechanics (Rovelli, 1996) (RQM) and Consistent
Histories (Griffiths, 2003) (CH) are discussed and related to the
postulates. By dropping the assumption that unobserved macroscopic
events are in a definite state determined independent of an observer, we
arrive at a surprising but consistent theory of quantum macroscopic reality
(with fewer fundamental assumptions about everyday reality) that does not
contradict experiment or everyday experience. As a result, a concept
herein termed retroactive event determination is identified as a quantum
principle (in CH) and extended to a macroscopic principle. The
implications of this on the flow of time, the phenomena of synchronicity
and the question of fate versus free will are discussed. Finally, we look at
how similar concepts are already in use in the design of multiplayer online
video games, in order to create an efficient and consistent virtual reality.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: It's

Relationship to Matter and its
Importance in the
Future of Zero Energy
Clifford F. Oliver A.S.
Abstract:
In examining the relationship of Thermal Equilibrium to Coulombs Law it is proposed that the 2nd
Law of Thermodynamics can not only be broken, but is broken by nature on a daily basis. And that
many of our current perceptions concerning the atmosphere, time, chemical reactions and even the
theory of Einstein's Special Relativity itself may need reexamination. We examine the Coulomb
Barrier, its relationship to equilibrium temperature and the elemental band gap. As well as
implications of a gyroscopic or helical particle trajectory with opposing fields at 180 degrees and a
period of commutation between 70 and 90 degrees. As EM energy propagates along its helical
trajectory in a longtitudal fashion it also transgresses parallel. By keeping track of the gradient drift
and utilizing an applied oscillating field equal to the band gap the probability can be controlled. It
is further proposed that the amount of energy needed to overcome the Coulomb Barrier and create
a zero resistance is zero, or equilibrium. By simultaneously bridging the band gap of an element or
conductor with an applied frequency equal to the band gap eV, plus controlling the amplitude with
an applied oscillating electrical field to control or initiate flow one can move energy unidirectional.
In accordance with the BSM-SG theories and my own, solids are simply in Thermal Equilibrium
and aligned along an ionic lattice. It is this neutral place, between the ferromagnetic and
ferroelectric, which allows an element to settle into its normal mode (as per classical physics) and
exist in our reality. Within our vacuum we have been limited to one half of the charge. Even
Tesla's coils only produce one half of the charge polarity or direct current. By alternating between
the torque of the diamagnetic and the counter diamagnetic, and simultaneously placing the
conductor in equilibrium it should be possible to extract alternating current from the atmosphere or
ionosphere or anomalous storage of electron and ionic potentials. This bridge across the potential
barrier will lead the way to Zero energy, New Propulsion Systems and Science only dreamed of in
Science Fiction. In a modification to Wien's Law, and according to my theory an element absorbs
specific wavelengths up to its elemental band gap. (Which serves as a divider of pressure between
the fields, and of the spectral line.) As binding energy increases, the absorption increases and the
element eventually becomes negatively charged, escaping the influence of the opposing B0 field.

For example by utilizing a Parabolic Dish similar to a Radio Telescope it should be possible to
control the anomalous transport of atmospheric electron and ion potential using applied oscillating
fields to control probability and flow while simultaneously placing the conductors in equilibrium.

Imprinting the Layered Consciousness:

Utilizing Triggers for
Altered State Access
Kimberly M. Pierce
kmpierce22315@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The use of triggers, or elaborate induction techniques with associated
multi-layered trigger potentialities, to induce altered states of
consciousness (ASC) may be key in identifying an ease of entry and exit
into anomalous realms of consciousness. Transpersonal and past-life
regression therapists were interviewed to obtain levels of effectiveness for
various trigger potentialities and techniques to achieve these ASC's.
Accessing a different layer of consciousness in this modality is generally
accompanied with the therapist serving as Homeric guide to the
participant. Existing neuroplastic elements associated with trigger
training may permit subjects to access various altered states without the
guide once a new layer of consciousness is obtained, experienced, and
conditioned.

Finding a Mechanism of Action for the

Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields
Lucas Portelli, Carlos Martino, Frank S. Barnes
Abstract:
The understanding of the mechanism of interaction between biological systems and
electric and magnetic fields would serve as the foundation for the treatment for disease
which could have important advantages over conventional medicine, such as being
non-invasive. The main barrier encountered to achieve this goal results from the
complexity of biological systems. This not only describes the difficulty of having a
complete description of the field exposure parameters. It also refers to the fact that
biological systems are non-linear electrochemical systems for which no complete and
accurate detail exists yet.
We will report our findings on several ongoing experiments that are starting to point out
to a group of important parameters that will hopefully derive in the explanation of a
mechanism of action. Our approach includes the use of simple cellular systems to
complete animals and to measure their response to electric and magnetic stimulation with
a number of methods. For example, in one of our experiments, we have explored the
effects of varying the DC magnetic fields with magnitudes in the vicinity of that of the
Earths' on the growth rates and the ability of locomotion of colorectal and fibrosarcoma
cancer cells. The initial results show a reduction of the cancer cell growth rate by about
40% at 8?T over the growth rate at 45?T, which is approximately the Earth's magnetic
field in Boulder (Left fig.). We have also tested these ideas in fruit flies and bacteria. In a
second group of experiments, we are beginning to show that by applying magnetic field
signals to mice infected with bacteria (Staphylococcus Epidermidis), the rate of recovery
can be increased (Right fig.). We have also designed an exposure system which allows
the delivery of periodic temperature stimulation and we are beginning to show changes in
growth rates for fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line upon exposure to these conditions. This
experiment would explain some of the effects that are claimed to happen as a cause of the
application of radio frequencies to living tissue, being the primary effect due to small
temperature fluctuations.

We will also review some of the basic aspects of electromedicine, and cite contrasting
views of this technology.

Observation Theory
Paul Racette, DSc
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Paul.E.Racette@nasa.gov
Abstract:
The nonlinear effect of observation methodology is one of the most perplexing aspects to
modeling non stationary processes. The outcome of an observation depends on the
perspective with which the observation is made; in other words, the observed statistical
moments depend on the time, location, interval, orientation, sampling methodology, etc
The lack of well-developed techniques for modeling changing statistical moments in our
observations has stymied the application of stochastic process theory for many scientific
and engineering applications. These limitations were encountered when modeling
temporal effects of calibration frequency on the performance of a radiometer with non
stationary receiver fluctuations. In radiometer systems, frequent calibration using noise
references is used for reducing the effect of fluctuations in the instrument. Calibration, as
it turns out, is key to studying and characterizing non stationary processes. The
development of a generalized approach for comparative analysis to modeling radiometer
calibration system architectures has led to Ensemble Detection and Analysis (EDA) as a
new method for studying and characterizing non stationary processes. Ensemble samples
of a process are collected by mixing a signal with calibrated noise.
In stochastic process theory, the ensemble expectation operator is evaluated from an
ensemble set of series existing over an interval. Alternatively, a process is treated as a
single series of events with each event modeled as a random variable with a conditional
probability density function; the process is then described by a Probability State Function
(PSF). The mathematical
symmetry between the PSF
and EDA permits comparison
of uncertainty of model and
data. Unprecedented
agreement is achieved
between measurements and
model calculations. The
mathematical framework
gives structure to an
Observation Theory that links
our expectations to observed
outcome. This presentation
will describe and explore the
applications and implications
of the theory.

The Proell Effect:

A Macroscopic Maxwells Demon
Kenneth M. Rauen
Abstract:
Maxwells Demon is a legitimate challenge to the universality of the
Second Law of Thermodynamics when the demon is executed via the
Proell effect. Thermal energy transfer according to the Kinetic Theory of
Heat and Statistical Mechanics that takes place over distances greater than
the mean free path of the gas circumvents the microscopic randomness
that leads to macroscopic irreversibility. No information is required to
sort the particles, as no sorting occurs.
The Proell effect achieves quasi-spontaneous thermal separation without
sorting by the perturbation of a heterogeneous constant volume system
with displacement and regeneration. The classical analysis of the constant
volume process, such as found in the Stirling Cycle, is incomplete and
therefore incorrect. There are extra energy flows that classical thermo
does not recognize. When a working fluid is displaced across a
temperature gradient through a regenerative heat exchanger,
complimentary pressure-volume compression and expansion work takes
place that transfers energy between the regenerator and the bulk gas
volumes on the hot and cold sides of the constant volume system that is
not recognized by classical thermo, but which completely conforms to
classical thermo. Heat capacity at constant pressure applies instead of heat
capacity at constant volume. The increased energy flow represented by the
heat capacity ratio, gamma, represents such a large increase in the heat
that can be recycled in a regenerator that it can exceed the Carnot limit in
certain cycles. Heat engines and heat pumps have been designed from this
concept, and a US patent has been awarded.

The Tunguska Mystery

Vladimir Rubtsov
Department of Philosophy
Kharkov Extramural Polytechnic Institute
[presented by Peter Sturrock, Stanford University]
Abstract:
In the morning of June 30, 1908, a fiery body flew over Central Siberia, seen by local inhabitants for a distance
of about 1000 km. At 0 h 14 min GMT, an extraordinary explosion occurred over the so-called Southern
Swamp, a small morass not far from the Podkamennaya Tunguska river. The site's coordinates are 60 53 N &
101 54 E. The explosion devastated over 2,100 km2 of the taiga, flattening some 30 million trees. Over an area
of 200 km2 vegetation was burnt, which seems to be indicative of a powerful flash of light. Quite remarkably,
there is an area of about 8 km in diameter, at the epicenter of the explosion, where trees were scorched and
devoid of branches, but standing upright like telegraph poles. The "telegraph-pole" phenomenon points to the
effect of a blast wave, with its origin at a height of several kilometers. The most dramatic evidence is the
leveling of trees over a butterfly-like area 70 km across and 55 km long, with its axis of symmetry running from
the east-south-east to the west-north-west. It seems natural to suppose that along this line the Tunguska space
body had been moving in the final stage of its flight. Over this area, trees were found lying mainly in a radial
direction, although there were some noticeable departures from this pattern. The pattern of destruction is quite
complicated, suggestive of the effects of both a blast wave and a bow wave (the latter being however
considerably less powerful than the former). The energy released was that of a 40 to 50 megaton nuclear
weapon, or 150 megatons of high explosive. The Tunguska explosion left records of its seismic waves on the
bands of seismographs in Irkutsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi and Jena. Also, barographs in Russia and in Britain have
recorded its infrasonic waves. Minutes after the explosion a magnetic storm began, that lasted some 5 hours and
was like the geomagnetic disturbances following nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. This storm was detected
by the Magnetographic and Meteorological Observatory in Irkutsk. There are a number of other items of
evidence that should be taken into consideration. In particular, there were some biological effects: the genetic
mutation of plants and insects, and the accelerated growth of vegetation. Furthermore, early investigators were
able to obtain eyewitness testimony from two separate groups, with some weaker evidence of observations by a
third group. The whole number of eyewitness testimonies is about 700. The conventional interpretation [as
described in a recent article by Napier and Asher (2009)] is that the explosion was due to the arrival at the Earth
of either a stony asteroid of 50-60 m diameter, or a comet of 80-100 m diameter. According to recent hydrocode
simulations, a 70 m comet falling vertically could reach the ground, whereas one up to 1 km across, coming in at
5 degrees to the horizontal, would unload nearly all its kinetic energy in the atmosphere. However, the main (but
not the only) problem with either of these hypotheses is that there is no trace of either asteroidal or cometary
material at the site of the explosion. Instead, there was found an increased concentration of such rare earth
elements as lanthanum, cerium, terbium, thulium, europium, and especially of ytterbium. The pattern of
ytterbium's distribution at Tunguska follows the axis of symmetry of the leveled forest (as distinct from patterns
of distribution of such typical meteoritic elements as iron, nickel, and cobalt) and its maximum concentration is
at about 4 km from the epicenter along this axis. It is here that Leonid Agafonov and Victor Zhuravlev from the
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences found in 2004 in the peat layer dated 1908 several
artificial metallic particles. "We should not jump to conclusions from these findings. Yet we can probably hope
to find in this area a larger remnant of the Tunguska space body. There seems to be at this area a 'geochemical
halo' surrounding the place of its fall" (Zhuravlev & Agafonov 2008). There seems to be no simple conventional
interpretation of the Tunguska catastrophe. A number of unconventional theories have been proposed (including
spacecraft, antimatter, and black holes). The answer may be one or these - or it may be none of the above. There
appears to be little doubt, however, that some strange bodies - such as, for example, the enigmatic "Remarkable
Meteors" observed (in echelon formation!) off the East Coast of Korea in 1904 (Sturrock, 2009) - do from time
to time appear in the terrestrial atmosphere. Whether or not those "meteors" could have had anything to do with
the Tunguska space body remains an open question.
Napier, B., & Asher, D. (2009). The Tunguska Impact Event and Beyond. Astronomy and Geophysics, 50, 18 26.
Rubtsov, V. (2009). The Tunguska Mystery. New York, Springer.
Sturrock, P.A. (2009). A Tale of Two Sciences. Palo Alto, Exoscience (pp. 181-182).
Zhuravlev, V. K., & Agafonov, L. V. (2008) Mineralogical and geochemical examination of the samples of soils
taken in the area of the Tunguska bolide's disintegration. The Tunguska Phenomenon: Multifariousness of the
Problem. Novosibirsk: Agros (p. 151).

Experimental Challenges to the

Second Law of Thermodynamics
D.P. Sheehan, University of San Diego
Abstract:
Over the last 15 years the absolute status of the second law of
thermodynamics has come under increased scrutiny. More than two dozen
distinct challenges have appeared in the refereed scientific
literaturemore than the sum total over the previous 150 yearsraising
the possibility that the second law might soon be shown violable in
laboratory experiments.
This talk will survey recently proposed challenges from a number of
research groups around the world, focusing on those most amenable to
laboratory test. Possible ramifications of second law violation will also be
discussed, the most significant of which might be the recyclability of
environmental heat into usable work. The thermal energy content of the
atmosphere, ocean, and upper crust is estimated to be more than 10,000
times that of the world's fossil fuel reserves, making it a potentially
inexhaustible reservoir of green energy.
1) Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Theory and
Experiment V. Capek and D.P. Sheehan; Fundamental Theories of
Physics, Vol. 146 (Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands) 2005.
2) Quantum Limits to the Second Law D.P. Sheehan, Editor; AIP
Conference Proceedings, Vol. 643 (AIP, Melville, NY) 2002.

Stock Market Prediction Using

Associative
Remote Viewing with Untrained Viewers
Christopher Carson Smith, Darrell Laham, and Garret Moddel
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309-0425
Abstract:
Ten inexperienced remote viewers attempted to predict the outcome of the Dow Jones Industrial
Average (DJIA) using a protocol known as associative remote viewing (ARV). ARV was
developed in 1984 by Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, making use of trained viewers to predict
future events. Since that time, there has been limited experimentation resulting in few publications,
despite indications that suggest that the ARV protocol works and can be easily repeated. The
current experiment used ARV with untrained viewers. The participants were drawn from a
University of Colorado class and had no formal training in ESP or remote viewing prior to the start
of this project.
For each trial the tasker chose two images, one that he linked to a DJIA rise and the other to a fall.
He did not reveal either image to anyone until the end of the market day, which was a day or two
after the ARV session. For the first five minutes of seven successive class sessions, the students
were tasked to describe an image that was to be shown to them after the close of the market on the
designated day. The tasker and other judges compared the viewers' drawings to the two images and
judged which image each drawing was closer to. The image that the majority of viewers' sessions
was judged to most closely resemble was used to predict the outcome of the market and guide the
investment. The results are shown in the table, where D and U indicates down or up predictions,
respectively, and M indicates mixed predictions which could not be linked clearly to either image.
The number following the letter indicates the judged quality of correspondence of the drawing to
the image.

Using this ARV protocol, the participants successfully predicted the outcome of the DJIA in seven
out of the seven trials (binomial probability test, p < .01). Investments in stocks were made based
on the outcomes of the amateur remote viewers' sessions resulting in a significant financial gain
over a short period of time. From this experiment it appears that ARV can be used by untrained and
inexperienced subjects with success, at least for limited runs.
This experiment is one of the student experiments carried out as part of Edges of Science, an
Honors course offered at the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The Paradigm Argument Against Psi

Paul H. Smith, Ph.D.
Abstract:
What I call the "Paradigm Argument Against Psi" (or PAAP) is a favorite for those who
wish to deny the reality of ESP or other psi phenomena, yet have no ready counter to the
substantial body of well-attested evidence now available supporting the existence of these
phenomena. I will not go into that evidence here. Rather, my current purpose is a
philosophical and strategic one, in which I will argue that the Paradigm Argument is not
merely flawed, but in fact gains no purchase whatsoever against evidence-based
arguments in favor of ESP and other psi phenomena.
A fairly common formulation of the PAAP goes something like this:
In order for a phenomenon to be accepted as real, it must be explainable as a part
of an accepted explanatory framework.
The existence of a truly unexplainable phenomenon suggests that the paradigm
within which explanations are made must be expanded or replaced.
But without a clear account of the causal basis for said phenomenon - and hence
an explanation that provides a sufficient alternative to the current explanatory
framework - it is not reasonable to significantly alter or abandon the current
paradigmatic scaffolding merely to allow us to accept an otherwise explanatorily
recalcitrant phenomenon.
It is more reasonable instead to reject the recalcitrant phenomena than it is to
reject or seriously revise a paradigm that seems to work for most other
phenomena and features of the universe.
Psi phenomena are unexplained by the current paradigmatic explanatory
framework of science.
Therefore, we should reject psi phenomena and leave the paradigm as it is.
Physicalism, the doctrine that everything in the universe is physical or the consequence of
physical facts, is taken to represent the dominant paradigmatic context. To the degree
that psi or ESP phenomena violate physicalist theory they must, by this argument, be
rejected.
I argue that this entire anti-psi argument is ill-formed and mistaken. This is because what
the argument takes to be an acceptable paradigmatic context - physicalism - is in fact rife
with unsupportable metaphysical assumptions and is therefore itself unsuited as a
sufficient explanator of what there is. Moreover, it provides inadequate grounds to reject
psi and ESP phenomena as not real or relevant to science. I will argue in detail for my
thesis, starting relevant arguments from both pro- and anti-psi theorists, but going beyond
to pose a new argument that shows the inherent weakness in the physicalist position.

Is Relativity the Holy Grail of Physics?

Robert Spoljaric
Abstract:
The introduction of Planck's four-dimensional constant into
Physics represents a break - of sorts - with Classical Physics. However,
its use in the various formalisms of non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics is
purely arbitrary, empirical. On the other hand we find neither of Einstein's
two theories of Relativity incorporate Planck's constant. As a result
Physics is now left with trying to reconcile Quantum Mechanics and
General Relativity.
In this brief paper, we use the concept of mass for the final time, to
show that the evolution of Physics was towards a single theory of
Relativity incorporating Planck's constant. In hindsight, Special Relativity
will be seen as not going far enough, and the advent of General Relativity
as premature. It will also be clear why the advent of non-relativistic
Quantum Mechanics was avoidable. Furthermore, we will find that all
that remains of Newtonian Mechanics, and Maxwell's Equations, are the
universal constants G and c respectively.
In short, we will discover that behind the 'appearance' of mass lay
the necessary foundations for a single theory of Relativity.

Evidence for a Solar Influence on

Nuclear Decay Rates
P.A. Sturrocka, J.B. Buncherb, E. Fischbachb, J.T. Gruenwaldb, D. Javorsek
IIc, J.H. Jenkinsb,
d
R.H. Lee , J.J. Mattesb, J.R. Newportb
a

Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

94305-4060, USA
b
Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
c
416th Flight Test Squadron, 412th Test Wing, Edwards AFB, CA 93524, USA
d
Department of Physics, United States Air Force Academy, CO 80920, USA

Abstract:
Analyses of data acquired during two experiments at the Brookhaven National
Laboratory (BNL) and one at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
in Germany have yielded strong evidence for an annual variation of some nuclear
decay rates. Since the Sun-Earth distance varies with an annual period, it is
reasonable to suspect that some kind of radiation from the Sun may be playing a
role. We have found that the low-energy solar-neutrino flux exhibits a periodicity
of about 12 year-1, suggesting that the solar core rotates at this (synodic)
frequency, which is slower than the rotation rates of either the convection zone of
the radiative zone.
If neutrinos play a role in influencing nuclear decay rates, the same periodicity
may be manifested in decay measurements. We have therefore carried out
power-spectrum analyses of measurements made at BNL over a 7-year interval of
the decay rates of 32Si and 36Cl, and of measurements made at PTB over a
15-year interval of the decay rate of 226Ra. These analyses yield evidence for
periodicities compatible with the estimated rotation rate of the solar core.
These results pose challenging questions for nuclear physics and for solar
physics. Do neutrinos affect decay rates? If so, what does that tell us about
neutrinos? Furthermore, if beta-decay rates vary in time, this may influence the
planning of medical radiation treatments. It may also affect estimates, based on
carbon dating, of the dates of early events and ancient artifacts.
The work of PAS was supported in part by the National Science Foundation
through grant AST-0097128.

Torsion, the Aura and Long Range

Healing
By Dr. Claude Swanson
Claude_v_swanson@yahoo.com; (703)946-5145
Abstract:
Descriptions of the human aura go back thousands of years in Chinese medicine and Hindu yoga.
Its existence and general properties are universally acknowledged by energy healers, who say that
assessing and manipulating the components of the aura are an integral part of many healing
practices. As evidence has mounted in recent years that energy healing works, and is even effective
over thousands of miles, yet questions remain: What is the nature of the aura? What is it made of?
What role does it play in long range healing?
Dr. Swanson has recently completed a comprehensive study of subtle energy and the role it plays
in energy medicine. This is summarized in his new book, Life Force, The Scientific Basis, a
comprehensive study of subtle energy. In it, he develops a model based on physics which explains
the nature of the aura. It is based on a form of energy called "torsion," which interacts with particle
spins, and was discovered in Russia in the 1950's. Torsion has undergone extensive verification
and is believed by Russian scientists to be the same thing as subtle energy.
Torsion is produced whenever a particle undergoes a spin flip. When absorbed it causes a spin
change in the absorbing particle. As a result, it is produced whenever electromagnetic energy is
produced. Consequently, the biophoton field inside the body is accompanied by a torsion field
which has similar frequency and structure. One difference is that the biophoton field is kept
primarily inside the body, while the torsion field extends beyond the body. F.-A. Popp has shown
that the biophoton field has phase coherence and other properties needed to create a hologram
inside the body. It serves as a template to guide growth and repair processes within the body.
Outside the body the torsion field has a similar holographic structure, which creates the layers and
chakras described by healers.
According to Russian research, the torsion field has components which travel faster than light as
well as a component which travels backwards in time. This has been verified experimentally in
astronomical measurements using torsion detectors. These factors, together with its coupling to the
biophoton field, make torsion the ideal candidate as the carrier of long distance healing and
consciousness information. It explains how healers are able to affect their clients over thousands of
miles, as well as how QiGong masters are able to affect physical phenomena at long range. It may
also be the underlying "force" which mediates other psychic phenomena, such as ESP, PK and
remote viewing.
A method of focusing called "four dimensional holography" is
proposed to explain how consciousness phenomena operate over
great distances without weakening, and how the effects can be
received either earlier or later than the transmission. It explains
how QiGong healers can project their influence with pinpoint
accuracy and how this force can affect a wide variety of physical
phenomena. This model also has application to other effects related
to non-local consciousness.
Figure 1. Holographic fields of biophotons, inside body, and
torsion field forming aura, outside body.

Some Evidence of Lunar Periodicities in

the Precession of a Standard Foucault
Pendulum
Rene Verreault
University of Quebec at Chicoutimi
Saguenay, Canada
rverreau@uqac.ca
Abstract:
A 17 meter Foucault pendulum has been operated continuously for 12 hours in Saguenay,
Canada, during the full Moon preceding the solar eclipse of June 21, 2001. The motion of
the bob has been recorded on SVHS magnetic tapes from a downward looking CCD
camera fixed near the suspension point. The light from a 50 W spotlight also near the
suspension point was returned into the camera from a system of tiny retroreflecting discs
glued to the bob and a reference alidade lying on the floor. The bob positions could be
determined within 180 =m 30 times per second through processing of the digitized
images.
During the 12-hour experiment, the precession speed varied over a 20% range about the
Foucault value of -11,25 /h, in accordance with the latitude 48,6 N. This corresponds to
a Foucault period of 32,08 h. Part of the precession speed variation can be attributed to
suspension anisotropy, which causes elliptical orbits of the bob and precession
accelerations/decelerations (Airy effect), depending on the instantaneous azimuth. The
symmetry of that phenomenon requires that the precession should vary periodically at
half the Foucault period, hence 16,04 h. Among other influences, gravitational field
anisotropy resulting from the uneven distribution of the immediately surrounding masses
(a cliff opposed to a river bed) is the cause of a tidal torque which accelerates precession
in given quadrants and decelerates it in the other ones. This local tide effect from ground
masses rotating about the pendulum vertical is also characterized by a 16,04 h period.
After subtracting the steady Foucault effect, the data has been spectrally analyzed by
fitting a linear combination of trigonometric functions including a term with period 16.04
h. The residuals are then well described by three components with periods (24,65 0,53)
h, (12,33 0,26) h and (4.44 0,10) h, at the respective amplitudes 2,1 , 2,5 and 0,4.
While this latter period cannot be explained so far, the former components clearly show
lunar periods.
Attempts to explain the observed precession accelerations via a tidal torque originating
directly from the Moon failed by 8 orders of magnitude, even if one takes into account the
rapidly varying Moon-pendulum distance due to Earth rotation. An indirect tidal torque
on the pendulum due to the 5 m high tide in the nearby 500 m wide Saguenay River, 300
m away, was also computed but fell short by at least 3 orders of magnitude. It should be
noted that the normal tide effect on the pendulum as a whole would amount to tilting the
local vertical without affecting precession. Hence, the observed precession accelerations
at Moon periods remain unexplained.

A Radical Change of Pace

Daniel S. Ward
Abstract:
By means of an extension to Classical Mechanics and Electromagnetics -- not
unlike the changes due to Special Relativitys modification of Newtonian
mechanics, or Nassim Harameins addition of torsion and Coriolis forces to
Einsteins field equations -- it is possible to postulate an advanced propulsion
system requiring no propellant mass, as well as, potentially, an over-unity
energy system which requires no fuel. Classical mechanical and electrical
systems appear to be enhanced by taking into account a higher order differential
term... even to the extent of this extension of the physics impacting the Second
Law of Thermodynamics.
By adding a single linear term to the traditional equations, we are able to account
for extreme and/or sudden changes in the rate of acceleration in either a particle
or an electric charge (or a larger collection of the same), as well as taking
advantage of a time constant related to the apparent size of the system in
question. The larger the time constant and/or the greater the rate of change of
acceleration -- i.e. the more the radical the change of pace -- the greater the
effect. The addition of this single linear term was first introduced by William O.
Davis and elaborated upon by G. Harry Stine, and effectively transformed the
mathematical descriptions from second order differential equations into third
order differential equations. Arthur Young has, seperately, referred to this third
order differential term as control, thereby implying a possible link to
consciousness. The presentation will describe additional mathematics and
physical results.
The mathmatical equations and solutions can be shown, for example, to be
relevant to various specialized areas of physical research, including:
Sonoluminesence, Special Relativity, and Machs Principle... as well as being
applicable to advanced propulsion systems, resonance systems, connective
physics, and a host of other physical, albeit some relatively mundane,
phenomena. The latter includes aspects of: Karate, tornadoes, hammering,
homeopathy, chiropractic, and head banging. Specific discussions on several of
these enhancements are included in the presentation.
About the Author: Daniel S. Ward is currently Chief Scientist of Halexandria
Foundation, former Associate Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering at
Colorado State University, and Chief Executive Officer of Quantum Genesis,
LLC. Dr. Wards interests include nuclear physics, cosmology and solar system
physics, as well as geometrical forces, ancient history, and various extensions of
evolutionary theory.

Does the Sixth Sense Come from a

Sixth Dimension?
Pharis E. Williams
Abstract:
The question posed in the title introduces the concept of a connection between an attribute of life
and the mathematical logic of geometry. To pursue an answer to such a question presupposes such
a connection. The line of reasoning herein begins with the most unlikely starting point of classical
thermodynamics. It is during the teaching of thermodynamics that the expression of the first law,
which involves five differential variables, that the instructor must address the procedure for
obtaining five equations in five unknowns in order to determine a solution to the first law. The
classical approach is to assume that mass density is a function of space and time. The alternate
approach of assuming that mass density is fundamentally independent of space and time has been
shown to produce all of the currently accepted physical theories as subsets of the description of
physics in the five dimensions of space-time-mass through various restrictions starting by requiring
conservation of mass.
The four dimensions of space-time have been used by Weyl to derive the Maxwell
electromagnetism from a gauge function. This shows the inductive coupling between the electric
and magnetic fields that allows the electric production of magnetic fields. The assumption that
mass is independent of space and time has been shown to produce a gauge function in five
dimensions of space-time-mass that demands Einstein's general theory is a four dimensional subset
imposed by conservation of mass. The five dimensions of space-time-mass introduce an inductive
coupling between the electromagnetic and the gravitational fields.
The mathematical logic of deriving the electromagnetic gauge fields, forces, and waves
of the four dimensional space-time may be used in deriving the electromagnetogravitic gauge
fields, forces and waves of the five dimensions of space-time-mass. The same mathematical logic
may be used to address the question, "Is there something about man that is independent of space,
time and mass?" When the same mathematical logic is used in the assumed six dimensional
manifold the results include inductively coupled fields, forces and waves. These fields, forces and
waves predict that this something about man, whether it is the soul, mind, or consciousness, can
interact with things around man in a predictable manner. If this new dimension is taken to be the
mind, these predictions include mind over field, mind over matter, mental telepathy, remote
viewing, and other phenomena currently placed in the psi or paranormal realm.
There has been a lot of anecdotal, if not stronger, evidence for each of these predictions.
Comparison of the predictions with this evidence raises several questions. First, can phenomena
associated with living aspects of mankind, such as the mind, soul, or consciousness, be accessible
through mathematical logic? Can the inductive coupling between mental fields and waves and
electromagnetic fields and waves be used to explore the predictions? Can man use his mind to alter
local magnetic fields? Can man use his mind to move material objects? Can man conduct mind to
mind communication (telepathy) through these six dimensional mental waves? Can man use his
mind to receive waves reflected from remote objects (remote viewing)? Can man's weight be
shown to decrease at the time of death due to the energy of consciousness leaving the body? If
these questions may be answered in the affirmative does that mean man's sixth sense comes from a
sixth dimension?

References: Williams, P.E., "Mechanical Entropy and its Implications," Entropy

2001, 3, 76-115. http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/list01.htm#new

Mach's Principle and the Propulsion

Problem
James F. Woodward
California State University Fullerton
Fullerton, California 92834
jwoodward@fullerton.edu
Abstract:
How one views the propulsion problem depends on how ambitious one is.
The least ambitious version deals with the problem that serious deep space
travel is all but made impossible by the requirement that one take along
ridiculous amounts of propellant to get anywhere interesting in a
reasonable amount of time. This version of the problem can be stated as:
Is there a way to accelerate an object without expelling material
propellant? The more ambitious version of the problem addresses the
issue of whether it is possible to make practicable wormholes. These have
been known since the work of Morris and Thorne in 1988 to require a
Jupiter mass of negative restmass material confined in the throat of the
wormhole. Mach's principle leads to the prediction of transient effects
that can be used to address both versions of the propulsion problem.
These effects and their implications are briefly reviewed. An experiment
designed to test for the presence of Mach effects that may be applicable to
the less ambitious version of the propulsion problem is then described.
The effect in question is a mass fluctuation that results when an object is
accelerated while its internal energy is changing. It consists of
accelerating a capacitor with a piezoelectric actuator as the capacitor is
driven with an alternating voltage to produce the changing internal energy
needed.