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2. Fundamentos
CONTENIDO
2.1.
Geo-Minero-Metalurgia
y
su
importancia
Hidrometalurgia. Mineraloga y Metalurgia.
en
Geo-Minero-Metalurgia y su
importancia en Hidrometalurgia.
Mineraloga y Metalurgia.
Mineral:
a)A solid naturally-occurring compound having
a definite chemical composition.
b) Inorganic substance that are extracted from
the earth for use by man.
c) A naturally occurring inorganic element or
compound having an orderly internal structure
and characteristic chemical composition,
crystal form, and physical properties.
Mineral classification
Nonmetallic processing has some commonalities
with metal processing, but lots of differences
Examples of minerals
Impact of mineralogy
We mine rocks but
we concentrate
minerals.
Gangue minerals
also important
Understanding
mineralogy allows
design of processes
Important for
feasibility studies
Impact of Metallurgy
Processing
Recovery
Recovery : Potential for loss every step of the way, in each
circuit!
Tonnage vs. Recovery: A processing circuit pushed beyond its
capacity will induce recovery loss
Mining Economics
Typical product grade vs. recovery
curve for a Cu sulphide flotation mill
Operation Economics
Relation between cost and particle size
Operation Economics
Typical mining project annual cash flow pattern
R = revenue, C = costs, T = taxes, A = annual
loan payment (principal + interest), F = cash
flow and K= capital costs.
Cost = K tx
Where:
K = a constant specific to the particular cost
t = production rate in tonnes per day
x = an exponent
Capital costs typical range: 0.5 to 0.7
0.6 is a reasonable first estimate
If a cost is known accurately, this relationship can be used to factor the cost up or
down for differing production rates, within reasonable limits:
Cost at t1 = C1 = K t1x
Cost at t2 = C2 = K t2x
Then:
C1 / C2 = (K t1x) / (K t2x)
= t1x / t2x (because K is common it can be eliminated)
= (t1 / t2)x
Simplified:
C1 / C2 = (t1 / t2)x
Then:
C2 = C1 (t2 / t1)x
For a capital cost or annual operating cost, if C1 and t1 are known, and x can be
estimated from experience then C2 can be estimated for a given t2.
Example:
For capital cost at 20,000 t/d is $30 million, then at 25,000 t/d can be estimated at:
C2 = $30000000 (25000 / 20000)0.6
= $30000000 (1.1433)
= $34,298,000
For operating cost of $10.00/tonne, and an exponent of -.2 the unit cost at the
higher tonnage will be:
C2 = $10.00 (25000 / 20000)-0.2
= $10.00 (0.9564) = $9.56
NPV Curve
Operation
Crushing
5 - 20
Grinding
25 - 75
Flotation
25 -45
Dewatering and
drying
10 -20
Other operations
5 - 10
Caso de estudio
Muestra
Au
Ag
Pb
Cu
Zn
Fe
CuO
ZnO
PbO
ppm
ppm
0.28
255
4.33
0.04
2.96
7.27
0.0
0.0
1.96
LEY
Zn
Tamao
MnimoMximo
Tamao
Promedio
Tamao
MnimoMximo
Tamao
Promedi
o
Esfalerita Liberada
50.0
1.48
10 -- 200
72.8
---
---
1.19
0.03
30
30
100
100
10.71
0.317
12 -- 180
70
20 --- 80
55.7
2.38
0.07
30 --- 180
105
60 -- 120
90.0
4.76
0.140
30 -- 200
105
40 -- 100
70.0
5.95
0.176
40 --- 160
104
12 -- 20
18
4.76
0.140
16 -- 20
18
70--- 180
125.0
15.0
0.457
30 -- 160
104
Forma de Aro
----
100%
2.96 %
ESPECIE MINERAL
Esfalerita
Asociada
Arsenopirita
Mxima recuperacin
Costos
Utilidad