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ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a novel of large electric drives and utility applications require advanced power electronics converter to
meet the high power demands. A multilevel inverter not only achieves high power ratings, but also improves the performance of
the whole system in terms of harmonics, and stresses in the bearings of a motor. Referring to the literature reviews, the
cascaded multilevel inverter (CMI) with separated DC sources is clearly the most feasible topology for use as a power inverter
for medium & high power applications due to their modularization and extensibility. Multicarrier based level shifting pulse
width modulation identified as the most promising technique to pursue for both technical and practical reasons. The thesis
examined & compared the harmonic analysis of 11-level cascaded multilevel inverter with R and RL load through simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Many current and future designs will incorporate the use of induction motors as the primary source for traction in
electric vehicles. Designs for heavy duty trucks and many military vehicles that have large electric drives will require
advanced power electronic inverters to meet the high power demands (>250 KW). Development of electric drive trains
for these large vehicles will result in increased fuel efficiency, lower emissions, and likely better vehicle performance
(acceleration and braking). Multilevel inverters are uniquely suited for these applications because of the high VA
ratings possible with these inverters. The multilevel voltage source inverters unique structure allows them to reach high
voltages and power levels without the use of transformer. They are specially suited to high voltage vehicle drives where
low output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are needed. The general
function of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a desired voltage from several levels of dc voltages. For this reason,
multilevel inverters can easily provide the high power required of a large EV or HEV drive.
1.1 Concept of Multilevel Inverter
The concept of multilevel converters has been introduced since 1975. The term multilevel began with the three-level
converter. Subsequently, several multilevel converter topologies have been developed. However, the elementary concept
of a multilevel converter to achieve higher power is to use a series of power semiconductor switches with several lower
voltage dc sources to perform the power conversion by synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform. Capacitors, batteries,
and renewable energy voltage sources can be used as the multiple dc voltage sources. The commutation of the power
switches aggregate these multiple dc sources in order to achieve high voltage at the output; however, the rated voltage
of the power semiconductor switches depends only upon the rating of the dc voltage sources to which they are
connected.
1.2 Types of Multilevel Inverter
The general structure of the multilevel inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc
voltage. As the number of levels increases, the synthesized output waveform has more steps, which produce staircase
wave that approaches a desired waveform. Also, as more steps are added to the waveform, the harmonic distortion of
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the output wave distortion of the output wave decrease. As the number of levels increases, the voltage that can be
spanned by summing multiple voltages.
The multilevel inverters can be classified into three types
Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter
Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
3. MODULATION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Definition of Modulation
Mainly the power electronic converters are operated in the switched mode which means the switches within the
converter are always in either one of the two states - turned off (no current flows), or turned on (saturated with only a
small voltage drop across the switch). Any operation in the linear region, other than for the unavoidable transition from
conducting to non-conducting, incurs an undesirable loss of efficiency and an unbearable rise in switch power
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dissipation. To control the flow of power in the converter, the switches alternate between these two states (i.e. on and
off). This happens rapidly enough that the inductors and capacitors at the input and output nodes of the converter
average or filter the switched signal. The switched component is attenuated and the desired DC or low frequency AC
component is retained. This process is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), since the desired average value is
controlled by modulating the width of the pulses.
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Figure 3.3 11-level PWM schema using 10 triangular carriers disposed to carry out PD-PWM
As seen from Figure 3.3, the figure illustrates the switching pattern produced by the carrier-based PWM scheme. In the
PWM scheme there are two triangles, the upper triangle ranges from 1 to 0 and the lower triangle ranges from 0 to 1.
In the similar way for an N level inverter, the (N-1) triangles are used and each has a peak-to-peak value of 2/ (N-1).
Hence the upper most triangle magnitude varies from 1 to (1-2/ (N-1)), second carrier waveform from (1-4/ (N-1)), and
the bottom most triangle varies from (2-2/ (N-1)) to 1 It is clear from the figure that during the positive cycle of the
modulation signal, when the modulation is greater than Triangle 1 and Triangle 2, then S1ap and S2ap are turned on
and also during the positive cycle S2ap is completely turned on. When S1ap and S2ap are turned on, the converter
switches to the + Vdc/ 2.When S1an and S2ap are on, the converter switches to zero and hence during the positive
cycle S2ap is completely turned on and S1ap and S1an will be turning on and off and hence the converter switches
from + Vdc/ 2 to 0.During the negative half cycle of the modulation signal the converter switches from 0 to - Vdc/ 2.
The phase voltage equations for star-connected, balanced three-phase loads expressed in terms of the existence
functions and input nodal voltage V30 = Vdc/ 2 , V20 = 0 , V10 = -Vdc/ 2.
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5 SIMULATION RESULTS
5.1single Phase 11-Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter With Normal Pwm Method.
5.1.1 Simulation Model:
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Figure 5.3 Switching pattern for one leg of 3-phase cascaded multilevel inverter
In fig 5.3, Each H-bridge unit generates a quasi-square waveform by phase shifting is positive and negative phase legs
switching timings. Note that each switching device always conducts for 180, regardless of pulse width of the quasisquare waveform.
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5.2 Three Phase 11 Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Using Pulse Generator
5.2.1Simulation Model
Figure 5.4 Simulation of three phase 11 level cascaded multilevel inverter using pulse generator.
Fig 5.4 Three leg 11 level cascaded inverter. Each H-bridge cell needs IGBTs switches. The pulse generator is given to
cascaded multilevel inverter. The 11-level inverter is connected to get the output
5.2.2 Three Phase Voltage Output Waveform.
Figure 5.5 Output voltage waveform of 3-phase 11-level cascaded multilevel inverter
The figure 5.5 shows the three phase 11 level output of cascaded multilevel inverter. Here the three phase output was
phase shifted by 120 degrees.
5.2.3 Fft Analysis Of Cmli Using Pulse Generator:
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On subatituting the values of voltages and considering the value of n as 20, the equation changes to
Figure 5.9 Output voltage waveform of 3-phase 11-level cascaded multilevel inverter
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5.3.4 FFT Analysis Of CMLI Using Level Shifting Multicarrier PWM Method:
Figure 5.11 Output voltage waveform of 3-phase 11-level cascaded multilevel inverter with RL load
5.12 Simulation Of Three Phase Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Using Level Shifting Pwm With Motor Load:
5.5 Three Phase 11 Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Using Level Shifting Multicarrier Pwm With Induction
Motor Load:
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Figure 5.13 Simulation of single phase cascaded multilevel inverter using level shifting PWM
5.5.1 Output Voltage Waveform
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Figure 5.16 Stator and rotor Current of the motor with load variations
5.5.4 Torque Waveform
6.Conclusion
IGBT based cascaded multilevel inverter fed induction motor modeled and simulated using the block of Simulink. It is
able to maintain constant speed by maintaining constant voltage the simulation agree with the analytical prediction.
The multilevel inverter fed induction motor is successfully simulated in MATLAB. The software system used in present
work as obvious advantage using three phase supply. This drive can be used for variable speed applications like
electrical vehicles, robotics etc., the proposed techniques was experimented using MATLAB Simulink software and
result are verified. And also current, voltage, speed and torque waveform are plotted and also reduces harmonics and
produce almost sinusoidal waveform.
REFERENCES
[1] C C Chan, The State of the Art of Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles, proceeding of IEEE, 2007.
[2] M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, Ali Emadi, Modern electric,Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles, Fundamentals theory
and design 2nd edition, CRC Press , 2009.
[3] Yasmeena, Dr.G.Tulasi Ram Das, Cascaded multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and
Applications.
[4] S. Ali Khajehoddin, Praveen Jain and AlirezaBakhshai, Cascaded Multilevel Converters and Their Applications
in Photovoltaic Systems
[5] Bum-SeokSuh, Yo-Han Lee,Don-Seok Hyun and Thomas A.Lipo, A New Multilevel Inverter Topology with a
Hybrid Approach
[6] F. Khoucha, A. Ales, A. Khoudiri, K. Marouani, M.E.H. Benbouzid and A. Kheloui, A 7-Level Single DC Source
Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters Control Using Hybrid Modulation.
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[7] Zainal Salam1 and JunaidiAziz,Derivation , Switching angles of the Cascaded Multilevel voltage Source inverter
Subjected to a new Pulse width Modulation Scheme.
[8] Madhav D. Manjrekar, Peter K. Steimer and Thomas A. Lipo, Hybrid Multilevel Power Conversion System: A
Competitive Solution for High-Power Applications
[9] Madhav D. Manjrekar and Thomas A. Lipo, A hybrid multilevel inverter topology for drive applications.
[10] K. Sudheer Kumar, E. Mohan, CH. Rajesh Kumar, K. Lakshmi Ganesh, New Multilevel Inverter Topology with
Reduced Switching Devices for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
AUTHOR
K.B.Bhaskar received the BE degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Anna university,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in 2008 and ME degree in power electronics and drives from Anna
university, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in 2011. He is currently working towards the Ph.D in Multilevel
inverter in Bharath University, Chennai, India. Interested area power electronics and drives ,machine
design,and intelligent control
Dr.T.S.Sivakumaran was born in Panruti,India, on December 18, 1969. He has obtained B.E
(Electrical and Electronics) and M.Tech (Power Electronics) in 1998 and 2002 respectively from
Annamalai University and VIT University and then Ph.D in Power Electronics & Intrumentation from
Annamalai University, Chidambaram in 2009. He is currently Dean in Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Arunai College of Engineering, Tiruvannamalai, India. He is presently
guiding twelve Ph.D scholars and so far guided eighty M.E students. His research papers (20) have been presented at
IEEE / International Conferences in Hong Kong, India, Singapore, SriLanka, and Malaysia. He has two and eight
publications respectively in national and International journals. He is currently working in the area of alternate
topology for Matrix converter, Luo converters, soft switching PWM schemes and power electronics application towards
power systems. His areas of interest are: modeling, simulation and implementation of intelligent control strategies for
power electronic converters. He is a life member of Institution of Engineers (India), senior member of IEEE and Indian
Society for Technical Education
M.Devi received the Bachelor degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Mailam
Engineering College and Master degree in Power Electronics and Drives in Adhiparasakthi Engineering
College affiliated to Anna University. She is currently Assistant Professor in Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Arunai College of Engineering, Tiruvannamalai, India. Her areas of
interest are: modeling, simulation and implementation of intelligent control strategies for power
electronic converters.
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