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1. Introduction
Philosophical tendencies and personality types have potential
importance for questions in the area of moral development. But before
raising questions about either philosophical tendencies or
personality
types, we want to explore whether there is any statistical
correlation
between the two. That is the task of this paper.
2. Philosophical Tendencies
Before we state our hypotheses, we must define terms. We speak,
first
of all, of philosophical tendencies. By these we mean the world-views
of
Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism. It is not our
claim
that these are the only world-views that exist, but that these four
views
are paradigmatic of the basic ways in which people interpret the
world.
The Idealist believes that reality is basically spirit or idea,
that
knowledge is gained through the mind, and that value is measured by
conformity to ideals. Thus, the Idealist seeks always to treat people
as
means, never as ends; to treat others as one would wish to be treated
other philosophical tendencies. Those who end up low on one may end
up low
on any or all others. Any combination of high and low philosophical
tendency scores is possible.
One could pick a person's highest philosophy score and claim that
it
is the person's "philosophical type." Or one could create additional
types
like "absolutist" and "relativist" by adding together a person's
Idealist
and Realist scores and the person's Pragmatist and Existentialist
scores.
Unfortunately, people don't always answer forced choice questions
in
the same way that they answer combinations of unforced questions.
Thus,
combining these tendencies may not reveal the respondent's
"philosophical
type." We will examine a person's philosophical type later, as a way
of
interpreting some results, but this will be an oversimplification of
the
way it was measured.
6. Measurement Methods of the Tendencies and Types
An inventory of 40 Likert-scale items, the Ross-Barger Philosophy
Inventory, (Ross & Barger, 1990) was used to measure philosophical
tendencies. Groups of ten items surveyed tendencies toward each of
the
four philosophies of Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, and
Existentialism.
Sample items from this inventory are the following: "Knowledge is
found by considering the practical consequences of ideas" and
"Reality
originates in the material and physical world."
An inventory of 36 forced-choice items, the Keirsey Character
Sorter,
(Keirsey, 1997) was used to measure personality types. Each of the
four
responses to the first 16 items were to be ranked according to the
respondent's preference. A sample of this type of item follows: "I
respect myself more for: - being autonomous and independent; - doing
good
deeds; - having good intentions; - being bold and adventurous." These
initial items were followed by a set of 20 binary-choice items. A
sample
of this type of item follows: "Do you think of yourself as: - a
private
person; - an outgoing person." There were no noticeable overlaps in
content in these inventories.
7. Reliability of Scales
It is not known whether reliability measures exist for the
Keirsey Character Sorter. Previous research has been done with the
N
20
10
13
7
50
%
40%
20%
26%
14%
100%
Philosophic tendencies
Philosophic Tendency
Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Existentialism
Mean
33.0
30.9
35.0
36.5
Std. Dev.
6.3
5.2
4.2
4.7
Minimum
18
22
23
26
Maximum
47
49
45
46
the most in their idealism scores, then their realism scores (std.
dev.
and range). They varied least in their existentialism and
pragmatism
scores.
Respondents were more likely to agree with any statement than
disagree with it. (Means are all greater than 30.)
9. Correlation of Philosophic Scales, Personality Types
9.1. Correlation of personality types in these data
Four dichotomous variables were created, indicating Keirsey
personality type: Variable NT = 1 if Keirsey Type is NT, otherwise
= 0;
Variable NF = 1 if Keirsey Type is NF, otherwise = 0; Variable SJ
= 1
if Keirsey Type is SJ, otherwise = 0; Variable SP = 1 if Keirsey
Type
is 1, otherwise = 0. Note that these variables are not
mathematically
independent: if we know the value of three of these variables, we
know
the value of the fourth.
9.1.2. Correlations
NF
NT
SJ
SP
N=50
NF
NT
-.41**
-.48**
-.33*
-.30*
-.20
** = p<.01
SJ
-.24
* = p<.05
the way correlations are computed. (Some people with NT=0 have
NF=1,
but more people have NT=0 and NF=0.)
9.2. Correlation of philosophic tendencies in these data
In the philosophy scales, a high score indicates greater
tendency to
agree with ideas of that philosophy. Since this was not a forced
Existentialism
Idealism
Pragmatism
-.01
-.02
.64**
** = p<.01
-.05
.22
-.05
* = p<.05
No
10).
with
** = p<.01
NT
-.18
.36*
.22
.12
SJ
.16
.11
.08
-.01
SP
-.13
.08
.17
-.04
* = p<.05
have
have
individuals.
act
and react, what they like and dislike, what they find good and
bad.
Philosophers think in much the same way about an individual's
philosophy. How one views the world and how one relates to the
world should influence how people act and react, what they
believe,
and what they find good and bad.
Are an individual's personality and philosophy simply two
names for
the same thing? Or, if not the same thing, is one dependent on
the
other? If we know someone's personality, do we know that person's
he
closely
is
be
References
Keirsey, D.M. (1997). The Keirsey Character Sorter.
(Online: http://keirsey.com/cgi-bin/keirsey/kcs.cgi).
Ross, C., & Barger, R.N. (1990). The Ross-Barger Philosophy
Inventory.
(Online: http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/ross-barger).