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mass,
volume,
amount,
concentration,
dilution.
mol/L
We can express concentration as mass per volume e.g. 20 grams/ litre. We can
also express concentration in terms of moles per litre. There are three different
ways of writing this, either 0.1 moles/litre or 0.1 molL-1 or 0.1M. The M
stands for molar.
e) Process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution, usually simply by
mixing with more solvent.
You can calculate the concentration of a solution following a dilution by
applying this equation:
MiVi = MfVf
Where M is molarity, V is volume, and the subscripts i and f refer to the initial
and final values.
Atif Shahzad
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Example:
How many millilitres of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300 mL of 1.2 M
NaOH?
Solution:
5.5 M x V1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 L
V1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 L / 5.5 M
V1 = 0.065 L
V1 = 65 mL
So, to prepare the 1.2 M NaOH solution, you pour 65 mL of 5.5 M NaOH into
your container and add water to get 300 mL final volume.
2.
Name and define the correct SI unit for each of the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
amount,
volume,
time,
enzyme activity.
Answer:
a) The SI unit for amount of substance is moles (mol). A mole is defined as the
amount of substance that contains as many elementary particles (atoms, ions,
molecules) as there are in 12g of carbon-12 atoms.
b) The SI unit for volume is cubic metres (m3). It is defined as a volume that is
made by a cube that is 1 meter on each side. It is equal to 1000 (one thousand)
litres.
c) The second is the basic unit of time. The time taken for 9,192,631,770 periods
of vibration of the caesium-133atom to occur.
d) The SI unit is the katal and is used to measure total units of activity in a given
volume of solution.
1 katal = 1 mol s1
Katal, however is an excessively large unit. A more practical and commonly
used value is 1 enzyme unit (U) = 1 mol min1. 1 U corresponds to
16.67 nanokatals.
3. Writing the answers in both decimal form and in standard form:
a) Express 8.4 mmol as (i) mol (ii) nmol and (iii) mol
b) Express 27.6 L as (i) mL and (ii) litres
Answer:
a) 8.4 mmol
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W1149330
Concentration
Volume of stock
standard (mL)
Volume of water
(mL)
Total volume (mL)
0 mmol/L 5 mmol/L 15
mmol/L
20
mmol/L
35
mmol/L
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W1149330
0 mmol/L 5 mmol/L 15
mmol/L
0
0.5
1.5
20
mmol/L
2
35
mmol/L
3.5
4.5
3.5
1.5
What will the final concentration of urea be if 0.05 mL of the stock solution is
mixed with 4.95 mL of water?
Using the equation
MiVi=MfVf
50mmol/L x 0.05mL = Mf x 4.95 mL
Mf= 50mmol/L x 0.05mL/4.95mL
Mf= 0.05mmol/L
Final concentration of urea = 0.05mmol/L
c)
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W1149330
Answer:
Molar Mass of Creatinine= 113.12
Amount (in moles) = Amount (in g) / Molar Mass (g.mol-1)
= 0.2825g / 113.12 g.mol-1
= 0.0025 mol
Concentration (M) = Amount (in mol) / Volume (in L)
= 0.0025mol/1L
Concentration (M) = 0.0025M
Or in millimolar
Concentration (M) = 0.0025M x 10^3mM/M
= 2.5mM
or in micromolar
Concentration (M) = 0.0025M x 10^6M/M
= 2500M or 2.5 x 10^3M
6.
A urine sample that has tested positive for blood using a dipstick
requires red and white blood cell counts to be undertaken. The number
of cells is counted in a three separate haemocytometer grids of
dimensions 1 mm x 0.2 mm x 0.4 mm. Calculate the number of red and
white blood cells per microlitre, per millilitre and per litre of the patient
sample from the following grid counts.
a) Red blood cell counts: 23, 19, 25
b) White blood cell counts: 8, 9, 11
Atif Shahzad
W1149330
Answer:
a) Red Cell Counts
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Or 2.79 x 108L-1
b) White Cell Counts
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
Or 1.16 x 108L-1
7.
GP
Surgery
A
B
C
D
E
F
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Time
10:00
12
0
28
0
5
10
11:30
17
6
14
0
10
12
12:30
26
8
17
44
26
16
13:30
35
5
21
38
30
17
15:00
9
11
24
0
44
13
17:00
0
15
21
0
20
5
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d) Plot a bar chart of the mean number of samples from each GP surgery using
Microsoft Excel.
Atif Shahzad
W1149330
Atif Shahzad
W1149330