Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SEMINAR REPORT
On
SUMMER TRAINING
Undergone at
DEPARTMENT
of
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a seminar report on summer training taken at AIRPORT AUTHORITY
OF INDIA (Jaipur Airport) is submitted by ABHA GUPTA, student of 4th year (VII semester)
in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota during
the academic year 2012-2013. The report has been found satisfactory and is approved for
submission.
Assistant Prof. EC
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We cannot achieve anything worthwhile in the field of technical education unless or until the
theoretical education acquired in the classroom is effectively wedded to its practical approach
that is taking place in the modern industries and research institutes. My sincere thanks to
Mr.Kamlesh Kumar, Manager(electronics),our training co-coordinator for providing the proper
guidance and continuous encouragement for making this training successful. I also express my
deep gratitude to Mr. P.S.Verma, Jt.G.M.(Comm.),Airports Authority of India, Jaipur Airport
for providing me this golden opportunity to attend the Industrial training.
It is a matter of great pleasure privilege for me to present this report of 30 days on the
basis of practical knowledge gained by me during practical training at Airport Authority of
India, Jaipur Rajasthan during session 2010-2011.
I attribute heartiest thanks to all CNS faculty members of their ample guidance during my
training period and at last my cordial thanks to my batch mates and friends for their
cooperation.
(ABHA GUPTA)
III
PAGE INDEX
Topic
Page No.
ABSTRACT
1. BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF JAIPUR AIRPORT
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Functions of AAI
1.3
General Information
01
03
2. CNS DEPARTMENT
2.1
2.2
3. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Transmitter
3.3
Channel
3.4
Reciever
3.5
Modulation
3.6
3.5.1
Transmitter Modulation
3.5.2
Space Modulation
Communication System
3.6.1
3.6.2
Walkie-Talkie
3.6.3
3.6.4
Tape Recorder
3.6.5
IV
08
3.7
4. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS....
5.
4.1
Navigation
4.2
ILS
4.3
DME
4.4
DVOR
4.5
SECURITY EQUIPMENTS...
5.1
X-BIS
5.2
5.3
HHMD
5.4
ETD
5.5
FIDS
5.6
PA System
6. IT SECTION...
6.1
Functions of IT Department
6.2
Basics
6.3
Networking
6.4
Network Topologies
16
27
37
7. CONCLUSION
44
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY...
45
TABLE INDEX
Table
Page No.
1.1
Table 2.1
06
1.2
Table 3.1
15
1.3
Table 3.2
15
1.4
Table 4.1
26
VI
FIGURE INDEX
Figure
Page No.
3.1
09
3.2
10
3.3
13
3.4
14
4.1
Emission Pattern
18
4.2
4.3
DME System
4.4
DVOR System
4.5
DVOR antennas
5.1
X-Ray Production
5.2
X-BIS System
5.3
WTMD
5.4
5.5
ETD
5.6
FIDS
6.1
6.2
LAN
6.3
WAN
6.4
Bus Network
6.5
Star Network
6.6
Ring Network
6.7
Mesh Network
VII
VIII
ABSTRACT
Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being
on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports
Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the
responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure
both on the ground and air space in the country.
AAI manages 125 airports, which include 11 International Airport, 08 Customs Airports, 81
Domestic Aairports and 27 Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields. AAI provides air navigation
services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of air space.
PASSENGER FACILITIES
The main functions of AAI inter-alia include construction, modification & management of
passenger terminals, development & management of cargo terminals, development &
maintenance of apron infrastructure including runways, parallel taxiways, apron etc., Provision
of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance which includes provision of DVOR / DME,
ILS, ATC radars, visual aids etc., provision of air traffic services, provision of passenger
facilities and related amenities at its terminals thereby ensuring safe and secure operations of
aircraft, passenger and cargo in the country.
SECURITY
The continuing security environment has brought into focus the need for strengthening security
of vital installations. There was thus an urgent need to revamp the security at airports not only
to thwart any misadventure but also to restore confidence of traveling public in the security of
air travel as a whole, which was shaken after 9/11 tragedy..
AERODROME FACILITIES
In Airports Authority of India, the basic approach to planning of airport facilities has been
adopted to create capacity ahead of demand in our efforts. Towards implementation of this
strategy, a number of projects for extension and strengthening of runway, taxi track and aprons
at different airports has been taken up.
HRD TRAINING
A large pool of trained and highly skilled manpower is one of the major assets of Airports
Authority of India. AAI has a number of training establishments, viz. NIAMAR in Delhi,
CATC in Allahabad, Fire Training Centres at Delhi & Kolkata for in-house training of its
engineers, Air Traffic Controllers, Rescue & Fire Fighting personnel etc.
IT IMPLEMENTATION
Information Technology holds the key to operational and managerial efficiency, transparency
and employee productivity. AAI website with domain name www.airportsindia.org.in or
www.aai.aero is a popular website giving a host of information about the organization besides
domestic and international flight schedules and such other information of interest to the public
in general and passengers in particular
CHAPTER 1
2
3, 42,237Sq Km
Population:
Jaipur Runway strip 15/33 with one terminal office and two Hanger was constructed by
Maharaja Mansingh II in 1932 named as Sanganer Airport. Dakota Aircraft was used for
domestic and International flight from Jaipur to Karachi/Lahore. New Runway with orientation
09/27 of length 9000 feet has been constructed and de-used Runway 15/33 is being used for
parking the Aircrafts. The salient features of the New Terminal Building (Terminal-2) are: Glass and steel structure with passenger friendly facilities such as:
(a) Most modern security system
(b) Centrally air-conditioning system. Passenger Boarding Bridge (Aerobridges),
(c) Two glass aerobridges with visual docking system.
(d) On Line Baggage conveyer system.
(e) Escalator and Glass Lifts.
(f) Large Duty Free Shoe Area.
(g) Twin-Level connection segregating arrival and Departure area.
(h) Underground pedestrian link to/from car parking area to Concourse.
(i) Peak Pax-500 (250 Departure, 250 Arrival)
The Airlines operating at this airport are: (a) International: Indian , Air Arabia, & Air India
(b) Domestic
All domestic flights are to be operated from new terminal building (T-2) and all
International flights are to be operated from the existing old terminal building (T-1).
1.2
FUNCTIONS OF AAI
To control and manage the entire Indian airspace (excluding the special user
airspace) extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by
ICAO.
Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc
Provision of Communication and Navigational aids viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar,
etc.
1.3
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of Airport
2. Type of Airport
Civil Aerodrome
3. Address
4. Operational Hours
24 hours
6. Region
Northern Region
7. RHQ
New Delhi
CHAPTER 2
CNS DEPARTMENT
2.1 ROLE OF CNS DEPARTMENT
1. To provide uninterrupted services of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)
facilities for the smooth and safe movement of aircraft (over flying, departing & landing) in
accordance with ICAO standards and recommended practices.
2. To maintain Security Equipments namely X-Ray Baggage systems (XBIS), Hand Held
Metal Detectors (HHMD) and Door Frame Metal Detectors (DFMD).
3. To provide and maintain inter-unit communication facility i.e. Electronic Private
Automatic Exchange Board (EPABX)
4. To maintain the Computer systems including peripherals like printers, UPS etc. provided
in various sections connected as standalone as well as on Local Area Network (LAN).
5. To maintain the passenger facilitation systems like Public Address (PA) system, Car
Hailing System and Flight Information Display System (FIDS).
6. To maintain and operate Automatic Message Switching system (AMSS) used for
exchange of messages over Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN).
7. To provide Communication Briefing to pilots by compiling NOTAM received from other
International NOF.
8. To maintain and operate Fax machine.
9. To co-ordinate with telephone service providers for provision and smooth functioning of
auto telephones/ hotlines/ data circuits.
POWER
VHF AM Sets
Transmitters
Receivers
OTE
DT-100
125.25
126.6
OTE
DR-100
125.25
126.6
PAE 5610
PAE BT6M
VHF
AM
DS-Radio
Transreceivers
JORTON
I-COM
DVTR
FIDS
Digital Clock
DSCN
LAN/WAN
EPABX
Marathon
IDDS
SOLARI
Bihar Comm.
VIASAT
Cisco Tele
Coral
Panasonic
125.25
50W
NA
24 Chnl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
161.825Mhz
Mobile Radio (FM)
MOTOROLA For CISF
Communication
VERTEX
166.525Mhz
(BASE STATION)
Standard
For AAI
--
10W
MOTOROLA
SIMCO)
Mobile Radio (FM)
Communication Vertex
(Hand Held Sets) Standard
161.825Mhz
166.525Mhz
KENWOOD
NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
NAME OF THE
MAKE
FREQUENCY
EQUIPMENT
112.9
DVOR (JJP)
GCEL-755
Mhz.
HP DME(JJP)
THALES
1100
(Collocated with
Airsys-435
1163 Mhz
DVOR)
NORMAC109.9
LOCALIZER (IJIP)
7013
Mhz
NORMAC333.8
GLIDE PATH
7033
Mhz
LP
DME
(IJIP
THALES
997
Collocated
with
Airsys -415 1060 Mhz
GP)
Locator Outer
SAC 100
295 Khz
----
POWER
100W
1 KW
5W
100W
50W
SECURITY EQUIPMENTS
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
Departure Lounge
100100V
MAKE
Heimann (Ger)
Heimann (Ger)
Heimann (Ger)
Heimann (Ger)
Smith IONSCAN500DT (Singapore)
METOR-200
DFMD
CEIA
INFINOVA
PHILIPS
BOSCH
CCTV
PA SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Communication is the process of sending, receiving and processing of information by electrical
means. It started with wire telegraphy in 1840 followed by wire telephony and subsequently by
radio/wireless communication. The introduction of satellites and fiber optics has made
communication more widespread and effective with an increasing emphasis on computer based
digital data communication. In Radio communication, for transmission information/message
are first converted into electrical signals then modulated with a carrier signal of high frequency,
amplified up to a required level, converted into electromagnetic waves and radiated in the
space, with the help of antenna. For reception these electromagnetic waves received by the
antenna, converted into electrical signals, amplified, detected and reproduced in the original
form of information/message with the help of speaker.
3.2 TRANSMITTER
Unless the message arriving from the information source is electrical in nature, it will be
unsuitable for immediate transmission. Even then, a lot of work must be done to make such a
message suitable. This may be demonstrated in single-sideband modulation, where it is
necessary to convert the incoming sound signals into electrical variations, to restrict the range
of the audio frequencies and then to compress their amplitude range. All this is done before any
modulation. In wire telephony no processing may be required, but in long-distance
communications, transmitter is required to process, and possibly encode, the incoming
information so as to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent reception.
Eventually, in a transmitter, the information modulates the carrier, i.e., is superimposed
on a high-frequency sine wave. The actual method of modulation varies from one system to
another. Modulation may be high level or low level, (in VHF we use low level modulation) and
the system itself may be amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, pulse modulation or any
variation or combination of these, depending on the requirements. Figure 1.1 shows a lowlevel amplitude-modulated transmitter type.
Antenna
CRYSTAL
OSC & AMP
MODULATOR
& DRIVER PA
AUDIO IN
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
Figure 3.1
RF OUTPUT
POWER AMP
3.3 CHANNEL
The acoustic channel (i.e., shouting!) is not used for long-distance communications and
neither was the visual channel until the advent of the laser. "Communications," in this
context, will be restricted to radio, wire and fiber optic channels. Also, it should be noted that
the term channel is often used to refer to the frequency range allocated to a particular service
or transmission, such as a television channel (the allowable carrier bandwidth with
modulation).
It is inevitable that the signal will deteriorate during the process of transmission and
reception as a result of some distortion in the system, or because of the introduc tion of noise,
which is unwanted energy, usually of random character, present in a transmission system,
due to a variety of causes. Since noise will be received together with the signal, it places a
limitation on the transmission system as a whole. When noise is severe, it may mask a given
signal so much that the signal becomes unintelligible and therefore useless. Noise may
interfere with signal at any point in a communications system, but it will have its greatest
effect when the signal is weakest. This means that noise in the channel or at the input to the
receiver is the most noticeable.
3.4 RECEIVER
There are a great variety of receivers in communications systems, since the exact form of a
particular receiver is influenced by a great many requirements. Among the more important
requirements are the modulation system used, the operating frequency and its range and the
type of display required, which in turn depends on the destination of the intelligence received.
Most receivers do conform broadly to the super heterodyne type, as does the simple receiver
whose block diagram is shown in Figure.
Antenna
RF Stage
MIXE
R
Local
Oscillator
Intermediate
Frequency
Amplifier
Demodulator
10
Audio Voltage
and Power
amplifiers
Speaker
Figure 3.2
Receivers run the whole range of complexity from a very simple crystal receiver, with
headphones, to a far more complex radar receiver, with its involved antenna arrangements and
visual display system, which will be expanded upon in Chapter 6. Whatever the receiver, its
most important function is demodulation (and sometimes also decoding). Both these processes
are the reverse of the corresponding transmitter modulation processes.
As stated initially, the purpose of a receiver and the form of its output influence its
construction as much as the type of modulation system used. The output of a receiver may be
fed to a loudspeaker, video display unit, teletypewriter, various radar displays, television
picture tube, pen recorder or computer: In each instance different arrangements must be made,
each affecting the receiver design. Note that the transmitter and receiver must be in agreement
with the modulation and coding methods used (and also timing or synchronization in some
systems).
3.5 MODULATION
3.5.1 TRANSMITTER (OR EQUIPMENT) MODULATION.
Transmitter modulation is one in which, the carrier and total sideband components are
combined in a fixed phase relationship in the equipment (say transmitter) and the combined
wave follow a common RF path from the transmitting antenna through space to the receiver
ensuring no introduction of phase difference between the carrier and the TSB on its way. It is
obvious that the mixing (multiplication) of the carrier and the modulating signal has to be taken
11
place to produce the TSB within the equipment only, before combining (adding) it with carrier
within or outside the equipment.
12
13
controls the complex flow of speech data between air traffic controllers on ground and aircraft.
The system has been designed using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
digital circuits and is very easy to operate.
The VCCS is based on a modular architecture. The heart of the system is a Central
Switching Unit (CSU) in which the data inputs from various controller workstations are
separately processed. A multi-bus data link connects the CSU with each controller workstation.
14
15
3.7
FREQUENCY
COMMUNICATION
BANDS
AND
ITS
USES
IN
FREQUENCY BAND
USES
CHAPTER 4
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
4.1 NAVIGATION
16
Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from
one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by
navigators to perform navigation tasks. The word navigate is derived from the Latin "navigate",
which is the command "sail". Radio Navigation is based on the use of Radio Transmitter, Radio
Receiver and propagation of electromagnetic waves to find navigational parameter such as
direction, distance, position of the aircraft etc. According to service range the radio navigational
aids are broadly classified into three categories 1. Long Range.
2. Medium Range.
3. Short range.
1. Long Range navigational aids
Operate in very low frequency and low frequency, i.e. 10KHz, 50-100KHz and 100200KHz respectively.
17
VHF, ILS, DME, VOR and RADAR are some widely used short-range aids.
4.2 ILS
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that
provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a
combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe
landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced
visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
Instrument approach procedure charts (or approach plates) are published for each ILS
approach, providing pilots with the needed information to fly an ILS approach during
instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, including the radio frequencies used by the ILS
components or navaids and the minimum visibility requirements prescribed for the specific
approach.
Radio-navigation aids must keep a certain degree of accuracy (set by international
standards of CAST/ICAO); to assure this is the case, flight inspection organizations
periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify
ILS precision.
18
19
20
Its
21
22
4.3 DME
Distance measuring equipment (DME) provides pilots with a slant range measurement of
distance to the runway in nautical miles. DMEs are augmenting or replacing markers in many
installations. The DME provides more accurate and continuous monitoring of correct progress
on the ILS glide slope to the pilot, and does not require an installation outside the airport
boundary. When used in conjunction with an ILS, the DME is often sited midway between the
reciprocal runway thresholds with the internal delay modified so that one unit can provide
distance information to either runway threshold.
4.3.1 OPERATION
The operating principle of DME system is based on the RADAR principle means the time
required for a radio pulse signal to travel to a given point and return. DME is Secondary
RADAR with the location of the Transponder and Interrogator reversed.
The airborne transmitter repeatedly initiates a process of sending out very short, very
widely spaced interrogation pulses. These are picked up by the ground transponder receiver
whose output triggers the associated transmitter into sending out reply pulses on a different
channel. The airborne receiver receives these replies. Timing circuit automatically measures the
round-trip travel time, or interval between interrogation and reply pulses, and converts this time
into electrical signal, which operate the distance indicator.
23
Distance calculation- A radio pulse takes around 12.36 microseconds to travel one
nautical mile to and from, this is also referred to as a RADAR-Mile. The time difference
between interrogation and reply minus the 50 microsecond ground transponder delay is
measured by the interrogator's timing circuitry and translated into a distance measurement in
nautical miles which is then displayed in the cockpit.
DME frequency range Allotted: 960MHz to 1215MHz.
Critically used: 962 MHz to 1213MHz.
The variation in time spacing of the pulse pairs of the aircraft interrogation is termed as
Pulse Jittering. Thus the variation in time spacing of the pulse pair is unique to each aircraft,
and permits the aircraft to select the replies to its particular interrogations.
24
4.4 DVOR
The Doppler Very high frequency Omni Range is a ground based, radio aircraft navigation aid,
transmitting an Omni-directional signal that enables and to determine its bearing relative to the
location of the beacon.
4.4.1 BASICS
4.4.2 ANTENNA
Antenna used for DVOR is called modified Alford slot antenna.
An antenna system,
comprising a ring of 48 sideband antennas and a central carrier antenna, mounted on a suitable
ground plane. The counter poise is uses as a ground plain. It works as a perfect conductor.
Diameter is set at a distance of 44.0 feet or13.4 meter. This arrangement produces peak
frequency deviation. DVOR is phase sensitive equipment thus it uses the Horizontal
Polarization, as to minimize the effect of noise.
4.4.2.1 OPERATION
Amplitude Modulating the carrier frequency signal by a 30Hz-modulating signal produces the
DVOR reference signal. The modulating carrier is radiated from the central Omni-directional
25
antenna. The phase of 30Hz AM is therefore constant irrespective of direction, hence termed
30Hz reference.
The DVOR variable signal is produced by the space modulation of carrier signal by the
amplitude of the frequency modulated sideband signals. The sideband signals (fc+9960Hz) and
(fc-9960Hz) are radiated diametrically in a ring of antennas and are commutated around the
ring at a 30Hz rate.
The distant observer therefore, sees a Doppler frequency shift of these sideband
frequencies varying at 30 Hz with a maximum deviation determined by the diameter of the
ring. The Doppler VOR beacons also transmit VOICE and CODE identification information to
the aircraft. This information amplitude modulates the RF carrier and is radiated Omni
directionally from the central antenna, along with the 30 Hz AM reference signal. In the aircraft
receiver the complex VHF signal is first envelope detected to obtain the 30 Hz AM signal and
the 9960 Hz sub carrier. The sub carrier contains the variable signal. This signal is fed to two
sets of filters to separate the 30Hz and 9960Hz sub carrier. One of the filter produces a 30Hz
output the Reference signal whereas the other produces the 30Hz Variable signal. The 9960 Hz
sub carrier is FM demodulated to obtain the FM variable signal. The relative phase difference
between the two 30 Hz is then measured. The bearing information is converted into a visual
indication for the pilot.
26
ILS COMPONENT
Provided by Localizer
Provided by DME
27
CHAPTER 5
SECURITY EQUIPMENTS
5.1. X-BIS
The luggage carried by the passengers is checked by using the X-Ray Baggage Inspection
System.
28
29
5.1.3 SPECIFICATIONS
Tunnel Dimensions
620(w)*418(h)[mm]
615(w)*410(h)[mm]
Conveyor Speed
0.2m/sec.
160kg.
5.1.4 OPERATION
When the start key is pressed from the keyboard then the command goes to the microprocessor,
then to the interface board. The interface board starts the motor hence conveyor belt starts
running. But at this time X-Rays doesnt generate. The X-BIS contain the emergency stop
switches from the safety point of view. When baggage is run on the conveyor belt and passes
through the light barriers then interruption occurs. The microprocessor reads the interrupt
through interface board. Microprocessor again gives the command to the X-Ray generator to
generate X-Rays through the interface board. X-Rays falls on the baggage some absorb and rest
passes through it. The X-Rays now converts into the voltage by a transducer. Now a VGA
(Voltage Graphic Adopter) converts the input voltage signal into the output graphic image on
the monitor. At the monitor slice-by-slice screening is achieved.
30
Orange color
2. Inorganic
Green
3. Metal
Blue
5.2 WTMD
The metal objects which passengers a carrying with them is detected during passenger
screening by Walk Through Metal Detector. The system is used for weapons detection as well
as passenger screening.
Main components are1. Transmitter panel (TX)
2. Receiver panel (RX)
3. Cross piece.
4. Remote control unit.
5.
Electronics unit
31
32
takes more than a few microseconds longer than normal, there is probably a metal object
interfering with it.
The sampling circuit sends the tiny, weak signals that it monitors to a device call an
integrator. The integrator reads the signals from the sampling circuit, amplifying and
converting them to direct current (DC).The DC's voltage is connected to an audio circuit, where
it is changed into a tone that the metal detector uses to indicate that a target object has been
found. If an item is found, you are asked to remove any metal objects from your person and
step through again. If the metal detector continues to indicate the presence of metal, the
attendant uses a handheld detector, based on the same PI technology, to isolate the cause.
Many of the newer metal detectors on the market are multi-zone. This means that they
have multiple transmit and receive coils, each one at a different height. Basically, it's like
having several metal detectors in a single unit.
METOR 200
33
Transmitter pulses cause decaying eddy currents in metal objects inside the sensing
area of the WTMD.
The signal induced to the receiver by the eddy currents is sampled and processed in the
electronics unit.
Moving metal objects are detected when the signal exceeds the alarm threshold.
METOR 200 is a multi-channel metal detector with eight overlapping detection zones.
The zones create a sequential pulsating magnetic field within the detection area of the WTMD.
With overlapping construction, sensitivity differences are minimised when metal objects
of different shape pass through the WTMD in various orientations
Metal objects at different heights are detected separately by the individual
detection
34
5.3 HHMD
5.3.1 OPERATION
The coil is part of the oscillating circuit which operation frequency is 23.5 kHz. When a
metal object is inside the sensing area of the coil, it will effect to amplitude of the
oscillating signal. After a while the integrating control will set the amplitude a constant
value.
Output of oscillator is rectified and it is connected through the filter section to
comparator. When the signal is lower than the adjusted reference level (sensitivity setting)
comparator generates alarm signal. It activates the alarm oscillator and the audible alarm /
the red alarm light.
Battery voltage is controlled with a low voltage circuit and constant alarm is activated
when the battery voltage is under 7V.
The connector in the rear of the unit operates as headphone and charger
connections. The charger idle voltage is between 14 and 24 VDC. During charging
operation the green light is plinking and with full battery it lights constantly.
35
5.4 ETD
An Explosive Trace Detector is used to detect the explosives and narcotics. It consists normally
a vacuum tube. The operator on swap takes a sample from the luggage. In the ETD machine
the sample is melted and then vaporized, by applying high voltage. Thus there is displacement
occurs in the atomic weight of the substance. By the LUT (Look Up Table) the displacement
can be measured, and thus substance can be detected. The screen of ETD shows the information
about the sample with necessary graph etc.
36
5.5 FIDS
A Flight Information Display system (FIDS) is a computer system used in airports to display
flight information to passengers, in which a computer system controls mechanical or electronic
display boards or TV screens in order to display arrivals and departures flight information in
real-time. The displays are located inside or around an airport terminal. A virtual version of a
FIDS can also be found on most airport websites and teletext systems. In large airports, there
are different sets of FIDS for each terminal or even each major airline. FID systems are used to
assist passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the flight.
Each line on an FIDS indicates a different flight number accompanied by:
the expected arrival or departure time and/or the updated time (reflecting any delays)
the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline handling the check-in
be represented by a
series
37
of
different
LH474 and AC9099), although one single aircraft operates that route at that given time. Lines
may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.
5.6 PA SYSTEM
It is called Public Address System. At the Airport it is use to address the passengers.
Information about the arrival and departure of flights, security checking etc is announced by
this system. Here three or more power amplifiers are used in series to amplify the audio power
from where the audio output is announced in different sections through loudspeakers.
CHAPTER 6
IT SECTION
38
IT or the information technology is used basically for transmitting and receiving the
information from one place to another place, fast and in an efficient way.
Planning & implementation of suitable information security & protection system with
FIREWALL to ensure safety & security of Database & prevention of unauthorized
access to AAI server.
Planning & implementation of AAI Internet. LAN /WAN planning connecting all AAI
establishment throughout the country on AAI Internet.
Development & hosting of AAI website & website management. Use of Web based
Information Technology as strategic business tool to improve the business process &
efficiency of the Organization.
Internet & E-mail services to all the executives of AAI & sections on need basis,
initially using dial-up & subsequently using Leased Line & AAI Proxy Server.
6.2 BASICS
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6.2.1 Hub
The term is familiar to frequent fliers who travel through airport "hubs" to make connecting
flights from one point to another. In data communications, a hub is a place of convergence
where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other
directions.
4.2.2 SWITCH
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of
multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended
destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are
used to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two
or more parties.
4.2.3 ROUTER
In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases,
software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be
forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides
which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of
the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network meets
another), including each point-of-presence on the Internet. A router is often included as part of
a network switch.
6.3 NETWORKING
Today when we speak of networks, we are generally referring to three primary categories: local
area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. In which category a
network falls is determined by its size. its ownership, the distance it covers, and its physical
architecture (see Figure below).
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video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or
even the whole world.
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A star network is a local area network (LAN) in which all nodes (workstations or other devices)
are directly connected to a common central computer. Every workstation is indirectly
connected to every other through the central computer. In some star networks, the central
computer can also operate as a workstation.
6.4.4 MESH:
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A mesh network is a local area network (LAN) that employs one of two connection
arrangements, full mesh topology or partial mesh topology. In the full mesh topology, each
node (workstation or other device) is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial
mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but some of the nodes are connected
only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
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The first phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful. It provided me an
opportunity to learn about Security Equipments, VHF transmitters, VHF receivers, ATC Tower,
ILS, DVOR, DME.
At airport various units are linked and the way working of whole unit is controlled make
the student realize that engineering is not just learning the structured description and working
of various systems but the greater part is of planning proper management.
It also provides opportunities to learn about how accuracy is required in the Navigation
and Communication purposes. Learning of Security systems was also a great experience.
Training is not carried out into its tree sprit. It is recommended that there should be some
project specially meant for students where presence of authorities should be ensured. There
should be strict monitoring of the performance of students and system of grading be improved
on the basis of work done.
It has allowed an opportunity to get an exposure of the practical implementation to
theoretical fundamentals.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] www.airportsindia.org.in
[2] www.aai.aero.org
[3] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAI
[4] Manuals provided by Airport officials
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