Formulas wind power technology

The wind and the turbine:

Kinetic energy of the wind;

Ew,k = 0,5 ma vw2

[J]

ma = Air mass
vw = Wind velocity

[kg]
[m/s]

ma = a A vw

[kg/s]

(1)

Air massflow in the wind;

(2)

A = Area
[m2]
a = Air density = 1,23 at 10 C, 1 bar [kg/m3]
Air density in relation to air temperature and pressure;

a = ( 1,293 / ( 1 + ( 0,00367 t ))) ( pa / 1 013 ) [kg/m3]

(3)

[ C]
[mBar]

t = Air temperature
pa = Air pressure

Connection between air pressure and height over the sea (Approximal formula);

pa(h) = 1 013 0,120 h

[mBar]

h = Height over the sea

[m]

(4)

Altitude depency of the wind;

vhub / vo = ( hhub / ho )

(5)

vhub = Wind velocity at hub height

vo = Wind velocity at a reference height
hhub = Hub height
ho = Reference height
= Experimental heightcoefficiant
Open Water;
Open fields;
Forestland;
Approximate mean value;

= 0,12
= 0,15
= 0,20
= 0,14

(0)
(2)
(4)
(1)

[m/s]
[m/s]
[m]
[m]

Formulas wind power technology

Annual mean windvelocity;

vw,m = 0,90 As

[m/s]

(6)

[p.u.]

(7)

Weibull distributional frequency function;

f(v) = ( c / As ) ( v / As )( 1 / c ) e-( v / As )^c

c = Form parameter ( 2,0 )
As = Scalefactor
Cubefactor;

k3 1,9
Tip speed ratio;

= vtip / vo

(8)

vtip = U = Tip speed of rotorblade = R [m/s]

vo = Undisturbed wind velocity
[m/s]

Aerodynamics;
Pressure;

p = F / A = a vw2

[kg/ms2]

[Pa]

(9)

Bernoullis equation;

p1 + 0,5 v12 + g h1 = p2 + 0,5 v22 + g h2

(10)

g = Gravitational acceleration

[m/s2]

p = p2 p1

[Pa]

Pressure difference;
(11)

Formulas wind power technology

Power;
Power coefficiant;

Cp = Pr / Pw

(12)

Cp,m = Pr,m / Pw,m

(13)

Mean power coefficiant;

Momentary windpower;

Pw = 0,5 m vw2 = 0,5 a A vw3

[W]

(14)

Pw,m = 0,5 a A vw,m3 k3

[W]

(15)

[W]

(16)

[W]

(17)

[m2kg/s2] * [rad/sek] [W]

(18)

Pel,m = Pw,m tot = ( Pr,m / Cp,m ) tot [W]

(19)

Annual mean windpower;

Momentary power of windturbine rotor;

Pr = 0,5 a A vw3 Cp
Annual mean windturbine rotorpower, I;

Pr,m = 0,5 a A vw3 Cp,m k3

Annual mean windturbine rotorpower, II (Mechanical);

Pr,m = Q
Annual mean electric generator power;

Electrical generator power (active);

Pel = 3 U I cos

[W]

Rate power of windturbine;

Pn

[W]

(20)

Formulas wind power technology

Efficiency rates;
Wind turbine efficiency;

turb = Cp / Cp,max

(21)

Maximum power efficiency of wind turbine (Betz Law);

Cp,max = 0,593 = Pr,max / Pw

Total efficiency rate;

tot = Cp gear gen

(22)

Total efficiency rate, II (Mechanical efficiency);

tot,II = turb gear gen

(23)

Energy and operating hours;

Hours of operation;

ho = 8 760 h hs

[h]

hs = Hours of stop

[h]

(24)

Hours of operation at rate power;

hn = Cf ho = Eel,year / Pn

[h]

(25)

[J]

(26)

Energy / Work;

E=P t=Fx

[Ws] [Nm]

Annual energy yield of the wind (per kilowatthour);

Ew,year = Pw,m ho (1/1000)

[kWh / year] (27)

Annual energy yield of windturbine (per kilowatthour);

Eel,year = Pel,m ho (1/1000)

[kWh / year] (28)

Formulas wind power technology

Keyfigures;
Capacity factor;

Cf = Eel,year / ( ho Pn ) = Pel,m / Pn

(29)

Energy yield per rotorarea;

[kWh/m2]

(30)

[/(year-kWh)]

(31)

Av = ( ho hs ) / ho

[%]

(32)

Ca = a Ci

[/year]

(33)

EA = Eel,year / A
Cost efficiency;

Ceff = Ci / Eel,year
Availability;

Economics;
Annual cost of investment;

a = Annuity, yearly instalment on a loan

Ci = Cost of investment
Method of annuity;

a = (( r / 100 ) qn ) / ( qn -1 )

(34)

q = 1 + ( r / 100 )
r = Interest rate ( in percent )
n = Years of offwriting
Method of Now-value;

Nv = capf Ca

[]

(35)

Capialization factor;

capf = ( qn 1 ) / (( r / 100 ) qn )

(36)