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24
tumbas masculinas. Confirman esto los atributos que determinan las tumbas
femeninas y que no aparecen en estas sepulturas.
Las formas habituales de ajuar que representan las sepulturas masculinas en
la cultura de Wielbark contienen una nica fbula y una hebilla de cinturn. Este
modelo es el ms comn en las series presentadas anteriormente.
Es interesante decir que estas sepulturas masculinas representan todas las
formas funerarias conocidas en la cultura de Wielbark.
Tambin se piensa que algunos tipos de atributos masculinos como tijeras,
piedras para hacer fuego, cuernos para beber, hachas y puntas de flecha, son
tambin determinantes de personas de una especial clase social de carcter
religioso52.Sin embargo, en las sepulturas donde se han encontrado pinzas y
espuelas representan a un nivel social alto.
Resumiendo nuestro anlisis, debemos decir que sobre [a cultura de Wielbark
falta una monografade una gran necrpolis como las de Odry, Cecele, Pruszcz 10,
Grzybnica, Niedanowo u otras muchas excavaciones existentes. Por eso no
podemos hablar de la situacin de las sepulturas masculinas dentro de la necrpolis. Futuras investigaciones se deberan centrar en el tema de nuevos mtodos
arqueolgicosque nos permitan conocer las sepulturas masculinas basndonos en
otra interpretacin de la cultura material. De todos modos este mtodo debera
tener en cuenta los rituales caractersticos de la poblacin y los cambios de estilo
en las diferentes fases cronolgicas.
S que este estudio puede prestar lagunas e interpretaciones discutibles, pero
pienso que puede contribuir a una mejor reconstruccion del proceso histrico.
SUMMARY
Archaeological indicators of male graves in the Wielbark culture
The widespread burial rite of the Wielbark culture, according to which weapons
and tools were excluded from grave goods, and the resultin (<femate,,character of
the graves have undoubtedlycontributed to the launching of rather unlikely theories
on this subjet. There were theories about the female character of Wielbark
cemeteries or about the existence of different cemeteries for men and women used
in Masovia has been
by the same group, even the existence of an <<Amazons'State~~
suggested. These views, usually based on slender evidence, did not reflect the
character of the culture yet they have played an important role in the shaping of its
picture. Therefore it seems advisable to consider the problem of male graves on the
basis of al1 available archaeologial sources and anthropological analyses as well.
The studies conducted so far show that male graves have yielded spurs, tweezers,
awls, punches, drinkin horns, characteristic types of knives, stone for tire striking,
hones, arrowheads, bow-shapedshears and axes. Yet the analysed materials have
52 A. Kietlirska, Struktura spoleczna ludnoici kultury przeworskiej, ((materialy Starozytne,), 1963, t.
IX, pg. 188-195.
249
failed to reveal the presence of al1 the objects mentioned above. This concerns
mainly awls, hones and knives. The other objets though accounting for only a low
percentage in the Wielbark material, certainly can be regarded as indicators of male
graves.
Three series of graves have been analysed. Series 1 (plate 1) includes graves
furnished with bow-shaped shears, stones for fire striking mounts of drinking horns,
arrowheads and axes. The series can be assigned to phase C2 of the Early Roman
period. Among 14 graves 9 contained a buckle and a brooch each, yet none has
yielded spindle-whorls, beads, S-shaped clasps or a pair of bracelets.
All the objects found together in these graves can be regarded as male, with the
set of a buckle and brooch as the recurren1pattern.
The second series, including 18 graves (plate II) is characterised by the presence
of tweezers. Three graves in this series contained female remains (Lubowidz grave
268, Maciejewo grave 1, and Brulino-Kostki grave 25), these exemptions are
probably the result of some unknown custom. the graves with tweezers can be
assigned to phase B2lC1-C1a and to the Migration period. The dominant finding
(female graves excluded) was a buckle revealed in 13 graves (out of 18). Brooches
and spurs were found in 1O graves and needles in 9. As in the earlier series, the set
composed of a buckle and brooch was the most frequent.
The third series is characterised by the occurrence of spurs found in as many as
66 graves, of which 42 are inhumations and 24 cremations. Graves with spurs are
commonly regarded as burials of equestrian warriors, .e. people of high social
standing. In the group of inhumations' buckles were found 32 graves, brooches in
23, strap-ends in 17, combs in 12, needles in 10, tweezers in 9. A brooch and a
buckle occured in 20 graves. The inhumation graves can be assigned to phase B1
and B2lCI-C2. No graves of phase B2 have been revealed in this group. A few
graves contained 2 brooches each, accompanied by single bracelets may have
served as military badges and should be linked with the idea of <(armilla))derived
frorn the Roman Empire. As concerns the cremation graves (plate IV) it is highly
probable that some grave goods were destroyed during cremation. This is indicated
by the fact that out of 24 graves as many as 17 had only one spur while in the
inhumation graves they were always found in pairs. Buckles were found in 11graves
and brooches in 7 (out of 24), the proportion being thus much lower here than in the
inhumations. The series of cremation graves coincides in date with the inhumations.
Of considerable interes in the discovery of the burial of an equestrian warrior in stone
circle Vlll at Odry. The burial poses a new problem associated with the function of
the circles. The analysis of al1 the graves with spurs indicates that the prevailing
furniture consisted of a brooch are male. The supposition that such grave goods as
spindle whorls, S-shaped clasps, beads or a pair of bracelets occurs in female
graves only has been confirmed.
FIGURA 2. Odry, sep. 110; 1 -pinza de br., 2 -fbula de br., 3 -hebilla de br., 4 -aguja de br., 5 -peine de
hueso, 6 -espuelas de br.
FIGURA 3. Pruszcz, sep. 534a; 1 -espuelas br., 2 -hebilla de br., 3 -remate de cinturn de br., 4 -piezas
de cinturn de br., 5 -fbula de plata, 6 -fr. de peine de hueso.
FIGURA 4. Nowy Lowicz, tum 63, sep. 2; 1 -espuelas de br., (a, byc, d) -ceramica, 3 -remate de cinturn
de br., 5 -fbula (Scheibenfibeln).
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