Sampling and Discrete Time

Sampling is the acquisition of the values of a continuous-time signal

()

at discrete points in time. x t is a continuous-time signal, x n is a

discrete-time signal.

Discrete-Time Signal
Description

( )

x n = x nTs where Ts is the time between samples

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Sinusoids

Sampling and Discrete Time

The general form of a periodic sinusoid with fundamental

period N 0 is g [ n ] = A cos ( 2 F0 n + ) or A cos ( 0 n + )
Unlike a continuous-time sinusoid, a discrete-time sinusoid is
not necessarily periodic. If a sinusoid has the form
g [ n ] = A cos ( 2 F0 n + ) then F0 must be a ratio of integers

(a rational number) for g [ n ] to be periodic. If F0 is rational in

the form q / N 0 and all common factors in q and N 0
have been cancelled, then the fundamental period of the sinusoid is
N 0 , not N 0 / q (unless q = 1).

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Sinusoids

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Sinusoids
An Aperiodic Sinusoid

Periodic

Periodic

Periodic

Aperiodic

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Sinusoids

Sinusoids
Two sinusoids whose analytical expressions look different,
g1 [ n ] = A cos ( 2 F01n + ) and g 2 [ n ] = A cos ( 2 F02 n + )
may actually be the same. If
F02 = F01 + m, where m is an integer
then (because n is discrete time and therefore an integer),
A cos ( 2 F01n + ) = A cos ( 2 F02 n + )
(Example on next slide)

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Sinusoids

Exponentials

Complex

Real

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The Unit Impulse Function

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The Unit Sequence Function

1 , n = 0
[n] =
0 , n 0

1 , n 0
u[n] =
0 , n < 0

The discrete-time unit impulse (also known as the Kronecker

delta function) is a function in the ordinary sense (in contrast
with the continuous-time unit impulse). It has a sampling property,

A [ n n ] x [ n ] = A x [ n ]
0

n=

but no scaling property. That is,

[ n ] = [ an ] for any non-zero, finite integer a.

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The Signum Function

The Unit Ramp Function

1 , n > 0

sgn n = 0 , n = 0
1 , n < 0

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n
n , n 0
ramp [ n ] =
= n u [ n ] = u [ m 1]
m=
0 , n < 0

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14

Scaling and Shifting Functions

The Periodic Impulse Function

N [n] =

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Let g [ n ] be graphically defined by

[ n mN ]

m=

g[n ] = 0 , n > 15
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Scaling and Shifting Functions

Time shifting

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Scaling and Shifting Functions

n n + n0 , n0 an integer

Time compression
n Kn
K an integer > 1

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Scaling and Shifting Functions

Scaling and Shifting Functions

There is a form of time expansion that is useful. Let

Time expansion

x [ n / m ] , n / m an integer
y[n] =
, otherwise
0
All values of y are defined.

n n / K, K > 1

This type of time expansion

is actually used in some
digital signal processing

For all n such that n / K is an integer, g [ n / K ] is defined.

For all n such that n / K is not an integer, g [ n / K ] is not defined.

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operations.

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Differencing

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Accumulation

g[ n ] =

h[m]

m=

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ge [n] =

g [ n ] + g [ n ]
2

g [ n ] = g [ n ]

go [n] =

22

Products of Even and Odd

Functions

Even and Odd Signals

g [ n ] = g [ n ]

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Two Even Functions

g [ n ] g [ n ]
2

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Products of Even and Odd

Functions

Products of Even and Odd

Functions

An Even Function and an Odd Function

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Two Odd Functions

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Symmetric Finite Summation

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Periodic Functions
A periodic function is one that is invariant to the
change of variable n n + mN where N is a period of the
function and m is any integer.
The minimum positive integer value of N for which
g [ n ] = g [ n + N ] is called the fundamental period N 0 .

n= N

n=1

g [ n ] = g [ 0 ] + 2 g [ n ]

g[n] = 0

n= N

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Periodic Functions

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Signal Energy and Power

The signal energy of a signal x [ n ] is

Ex =

x[n]

n=

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Signal Energy and Power

Signal Energy and Power

Find the signal energy of

x [ n ] = 0 , n > 31

2n
( 5 / 3) , 0 n < 8
x[n] =
, otherwise
0

Ex =

x[n]

n =

2n
4
= ( 5 / 3) = ( 5 / 3)
2

n=0

n=0

, r =1
N

Using r n = 1 r N
, r 1
n=0
1 r
N 1

Ex =

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Signal Energy and Power

4
1 ( 5 / 3)

1 ( 5 / 3)

1.871 10 6

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Signal Energy and Power

Some signals have infinite signal energy. In that case

It is usually more convenient to deal with average signal
power. The average signal power of a signal x [ n ] is
Px = lim

2
1 N 1
x[n]
2N n= N

For a periodic signal x [ n ] the average signal power is

Px =

2
1
x[n]
N n= N

The notation
means the sum over any set of
n= N

consecutive n 's exactly N in length.

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Signal Energy and Power

A signal with finite signal energy is
called an energy signal.
A signal with infinite signal energy and
finite average signal power is called a
power signal.

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