Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ziegler-natta catalysts are made up of a transition metal salt typically titanium trichloride and a
metal alkyl like triethylaluminum. These react to form the active catalyst : a titanium complex holding an
ethyl group.
Now the alkene ethylene, saya- is introduced. According to the generally accepted
mechanism, the alkene attaches itself to titanium by a (phi) bond : The (phi)could of the alkene overlaps
an empty orbital of the metal. Next, with ethyl and the alkene both held by the metal, the first of many
similar step takes place. The ethylene unit insert itself between metal and the ethyl group. In place of
ethyl there is now a n-buthyl group attached to titanium. The bonding site where ethylene was held is
vacant again, and the catalyst is ready to work again. Another ethylene becomes (phi) bonded to the
metal, and then insert itself between the metal and alkhyl to form, this time, a n- hexyl group. And so
the process continues over and over again, with the alkhyl group growing by two carbons in each cycle.
Finally, perhaps throught the insertion of hydrogen, the long chain separates from the metal and a
molecule of polyethylene has been formed.
The basic similarity of this mechanism to the one for homogeneous hydrogenation (sec.8.5) is
striking. Titanium holds an alkhyl group where rhodium held hydrogen. In both cases there is a vacant
bonding site an empty orbital on the metal, through which the alkene can become (phi)bonded
before it inserts itself into a bond : between titanium and alkhyl, or between rhodium and hydrogen.
Here, as in hydrogenation, the net process is addition: the insertion amounts to the addition of metal
and alkhyl across the double bond.
Polymerization with Ziegler- natta catalysts has two important advantages over free- radikal
polymerization : (a) it gives linear polymer molecules; and (b) it permits stereochemical control.
Polyethylene made by the free radical process has highly branched chains. At the high
temperatures required for this particular polymerization, the growing free radicals not only add to the
double bond of a monomer but also abstract hydrogen from chain already formed. This abstraction
generates a free- radical center from which a branch can now grow.these highly branched polyethylene
molecules fit together poorly and in a random way ; the compound is said to have low crystallinity. It has
a low melting point and is mechanically weak.
In contrast, polyethylene made by the coordination procces is virtually unbranched. These
unbranched molecules fit together well, and the polymer has a high degree of crystallinity. It has a
higher melting point and higher density than the older (low density) polyethylene, and is mechanically
much stronger. (we shall look at the crystallinity of polymers and its effect on their properties in
sec.9.37)
A second, far reaching development in coordination polymerization is stereochemical control.
Prophylene, for example, could polymerize to any of three different arrangements(fig.9.9): isotactic,
with all methyl group on one side of an extended chain; syndiotactic, with methyl groups alternating
regularly from side to side ; and atactic, with methyl groups distributed at random.
kelompok-kelompok metil bolak teratur dari sisi ke sisi, dan ataktik, dengan metil kelompok
didistribusikan secara acak.
bonds, and this becomes difficult because of hindrance to the swinging about of pendant groups.
Polymer, then, form solids made up of regions of crystallinity, called crystallites, embedded in
amorphous material. We speak of the degree of crystallinity of a polymer to mean the extent to which it
is composed of crystallites.
Let us examine the various uses of polymers, and see how these depend on their structuremolecular and intermolecular.
Fibers are long , thin, threadlike bits of material that are characterized by great tensile (pulling)
strength in the direction of the fiber. The natural fibers- cotton, woo, silk- are typical. Fibers are twisted
into threads, which can then be woven into cloth, or embedded in plastic material to impart strength.
The tensile strength can be enormous, some synthetic fibers rivaling- on a weight basis- steel.
The gross characteristics of fibers are reflected on the molecular level- the molecules, too, are
long, thin, and threadlike. Furthermore, and most essential, they like stretched out alongside each
other,lined up in he direction of the fiber. The strength of the fiber resides, ultimately, in the strength of
the chemical bonds of the polymer chains. The lining up is brought about by drawing stretching- the
polymeric material. Once lined up, the molecules stay that way ; the tendency to return to random
looping and coiling is overcome by strong intermolecular attractions. In a fiber , enthalpy wins out over
entropy. This high degree of moleculas orientations is ussualy- althougt not always- accompanied by
appreciable crystallinity.
sulit karena halangan untuk berayun tentang kelompok liontin. Polimer, maka, bentuk padatan terdiri
dari daerah kristalinitas, disebut kristalit, tertanam dalam bahan amorf. Kami berbicara tentang derajat
kristalinitas polimer berarti sejauh mana itu terdiri dari kristalit.
Mari kita periksa berbagai penggunaan polimer, dan melihat bagaimana ini tergantung pada mereka
struktur molekul dan antarmolekul.
Serat yang panjang, tipis, benang bit materi yang ditandai dengan tarik besar (menarik) kekuatan dalam
arah serat. Serat katun alami, woo, sutra khas. Serat yang dipelintir menjadi benang, yang kemudian
dapat ditenun menjadi kain, atau tertanam dalam bahan plastik untuk memberikan kekuatan. Kekuatan
tarik bisa sangat besar, beberapa serat sintetis menyaingi-on berat dasar-baja.
Karakteristik kotor serat tercermin pada tingkat-molekul molekul, juga, panjang, tipis, dan benang.
Selain itu, dan yang paling penting, mereka suka berbaring berdampingan satu sama lain, berbaris dalam
dia arah serat. Kekuatan serat berada, akhirnya, dalam kekuatan ikatan kimia rantai polimer. Lapisan
atas adalah dibawa oleh menggambar - peregangan-bahan polimer. Setelah berbaris, molekul tetap
seperti itu, kecenderungan untuk kembali ke acak perulangan dan melingkar diatasi dengan atraksi
antarmolekul yang kuat. Dalam serat, entalpi menang di atas entropi. Ini tingkat tinggi moleculas
orientasi adalah ussualy-althougt tidak selalu-disertai kristalinitas yang cukup.