FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL
ENGINEERING
LAB MATERIAL

REPORT
Subject Code
Code & Experiment Title
Course Code
Date
Section / Group
Name
Members of Group

Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor
Received Date

BFC 21201
SPAN DEFLECTION (DOUBLE INTERGRATION METHOD)
2 BFF
11/05/2014
5
ASMAHANI BINTI BARJOK
(AF120068)
1.MOHD KHAIRIL AMRI BIN KAMARUZAMAN (AF120162)
2.MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN MANSOR
(AF120058)
3.MUHAMMAD SHAIFUL BIN ABDUL JALAL (AF120088)
4.MUHAMMAD HUSSAINI BIN ZUNAIDI
(AF120106)
EN ASSHAR BIN KASALAM
25 MAY 2014

Comment by examiner

Received

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UTHM

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1.0

OBJECTIVE
Main propose of our experiment is to determine the relationship between span and
deflection.

2.0

INTRODUCTION
A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have
an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases, maximum allowable
deflections are specified by Code of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam,
particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range
of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion result. Thus in determining the deflections of
beam under load, elastic theory is used.

In this experiment double integrations method is used to give the complete

deflected shape of the beam.

3.0

THEORY

L/2-x
A

X
L/2

L/2

Beam with point load at mid span

x-x

d2y

EI

dx
dy
Vx

2
2
2
PLx Px

EI

A
dx

y x -x

EIy

PLx

Px
12

When x o;dy
When x L/2; y

0, A
0;

Ax
0
3
PL

PL
96

32

When x

0; Y

mak
2

B
PL

PL
48
(mid span;c)

48EI
(at support)

PL
16EI
where E can be obtained from the backboard
bd 3
I
12
x

L/2; v mak

b
d

4.0

APPARATUS

Figure 1: Apparatus for Span Deflection Experiment ( Double Integration Method )

Figure 2 : Digital Dial Test Indicator

Figure 3 : Hanger And Masses

Figure 2 : Specimen Beam ( Steel )

5

5.0

PROCEDURE
1. The moveable knife -edge supports had been positioned so that they are 400mm.
2. The chosen beam had placed on the support.
3. The hanger and the digital dial test indicator had placed at mid span. The Digital
Reading had been zeroed.
4. Incremental load had been applied and the deflection recorded for each increment in
the table below.
5. The above step repeated using span of 300mm and 500mm.

6.0

RESULT
Specimen Beam : Steel
Youngs Modulus, E Steel

= 207 GN/m2
= 207 x 109 Nm-2

Second moment of area, I rectangle

b = 18.97 mm
d = 3.15 mm

= bd3
12
=(18.97 x 10-3)(3.15 x 10-3)3
12
= 4.941 x 10-11 mm4

EI for rectangular Steel

= (207 x 109 )( 4.941 x 10-11 )

= 10.25 Nm2
= 10.25 x 106 Nmm2

Experiment 1 : Span = 500mm : 0.5m

No.

Mass*(N)

Deflection (experimental)

Theoretical Def.

(mm)

(Y

Mak)

% Different

1.

0.981

0.26

- 0.249

4.417 %

2.

1.962

0.52

- 0.498

4.417 %

3.

2.943

0.81

0.748

8.289 %

Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm : 0.4m

No.

Mass*(N)

Deflection (experimental)

Theoretical Def.

( Ymax) (mm)

(Ymax) (mm)

% Different

1.

0.981

0.17

- 0.128

32.813 %

2.

1.962

0.29

- 0.255

13.37 %

3.

2.943

0.43

- 0.383

12.272 %

Experiment 3 : Span = 300mm : 0.3m

No.

Mass*(N)

Deflection (experimental)

Theoretical Def.

(mm)

(Y

Mak)

% Different

1.

0.981

0.08

-0.054

44.82 %

2.

1.962

0.14

-0.108

29.62 %

3.

2.943

0.18

-0.162

11.11 %

Ymax

7.0

ANALYSIS

Experiment 1 : Span = 500mm : 0.5m

MASS (N)

DEFLECTION ((Y

Mak)

DIFFERENT (%)
Y

PL

Deflection
max

max

48EI
= - 0.981 (500)3

= 0.249 - 0.26)

48( 10.25 x 106)

100

Ymax
x 100

0.249

0.981
= - 0.249 mm

= 4.417 %

0.249 mm

Ymax

PL

48EI

Y
max
= (0.498 - 0.52)

= - 1.962 (500)3
1.962

Deflection
max

48( 10.25 x 106)

100
x 100

0.498

= - 0.498 mm

= 4.417 %

-0.498mm

PL
max

48EI
= - 2.943 (500)3
2.943

Deflection
max

= (0.748 - 0.81)

48( 10.25 x 106)

0.748

= - 0.748 mm

= 8.289%

-0.748mm

100

Ymax
x 100

Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm : 0.4m

MASS (N)

DEFLECTION ((Y

Mak)

DIFFERENT (%)

= - 0.981 (400)3

= ( 0.128 - 0.17)

48( 10.25 x 106)

x 100

0.128

= - 0.128 mm

= 32.813 %

0.981
-0.128mm

= - 1.962 (400)3

= ( 0.255 - 0.29)

x 100

0.255

48( 10.25 x 106)

= 13.37 %

= - 0.255 mm
1.962

-0.255mm

= - 2.943 (400)3

= ( 0.383 - 0.43)

48( 10.25 x 106)

0.383

= - 0.383 mm

= 12.272 %

2.943

-0.383mm

x 100

Experiment 3 : Span = 300mm : 0.3m

MASS (N)

DEFLECTION ((Y

Mak)

DIFFERENT (%)

= - 0.981 (300)3

= (0.054 - 0.08)

48( 10.25 x 106)

x 100

0.054

= - 0.054 mm

= 44.82 %

0.981
-0.054mm

= - 1.962 (300)3

= (0.108 - 0.14)

48( 10.25 x 106)

x 100

0.108

= - 0.108 mm

= 29.62 %

1.962
-0.108mm

= - 2.943 (300)3

= (0.162 - 0.18)

48( 10.25 x 106)

0.162

= -0.162 mm

= 11.11 %

2.943
-0.162mm

10

x 100

8.0

DISCUSSION
Comment on the different between the theatrical and experimental result.
From experiment 1 and the span is 500mm we get the different between the
theoretical and experiment 1 result for 0.981N=4.417%, 1.962N=4.417% and
2.943N=8.289%. Then, for experiment

2 with the span is

400mm we get for

0.981N=32..813%, 1.962N=13.37% and 2.943N=12.272%.. Finally, for experiment 3

with the span is 300mm we get for 0.981N=44.82%, 1.962N=29.62% and
2.943N=11.11%.
Based on this different show that our experiment is accurate and success for
experiment 1 because our different value is quite small. It can be because we followed the
procedure without any error while doing it. But experiment 2 and 3 not accurate and
both has a big different of theory and experimental. This can be some errors due to
equipment experiment or environmental interference.

9.0

EXTRA QUESTION

9.1

Calculate the deflection when x = L/3 (experiment 1, no 3). Check the result by
placing the digital dial at this position.
P
L/3-x
A

X
L/3

2L/3

MB = 0

MX = 0

= RA (L) - P( 2L/3 )

= RA (L/3 - x ) - Mx-x

:- RA = P(2L/3)

Mx-x = RA (L/3 - RA( x )

= 2P/3(L/3) - 2P/3(x)

= 2P/3

= 2PL/9 - 2Px/3
11

Mx-x = EI d2y = 2PL - 2Px

dx2

Vx-x = EI dy = 2PLx - 2Px2 + A

dx

Mx-x = EI Ymax = 2PLx2 - 2Px3 +Ax + B

18

18

= PLx2 - Px3 +Ax + B

9

X=0,

dy = 0

A=0

dx
X=L/3 ,
Ymax = PL3 - PL3 + B
81

243

B = -2PL3
243EI
= - 2(2.943) (500)3
243( 10.25 x 106)
= - 0.295mm

Experimental Value = 0.65 mm

% diffrent

= ( 0.295 - 0.65)
0.295
= 120.338 %

12

x 100

9.2

Calculate Vmax. in experiment 2, no. 2.

Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm : 0.4m

Specimen Beam : Steel
Vmax = EI dy = PL3 + A
dx

16

Vmax = PL2
16 EI
= 1.962 (400)2
16( 10.25 x 106)
= 1.914 x 10-3 mm

10.0

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that the experimental value and the theoretical value are not
exactly same. We can see that there are small and big different values. It means that, our
experiment (span deflection) is not success. From the result, the value for theoretical
deflection is negative. This is because our experiment is in tension condition.

Besides that, we are able to know how much the span can support the load and
have a maximum deflection level until it reached to failure mood. Although wise, we can
design the safety factor from this action.

13

11.0

REFERENCES

Mechanics of materials / Ferdinand P. Beer, John T. DeWolf

Mechanics of materials / Madhukar Vable
Mechanics of materials / James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno
Mechanics of materials / Ansel C. Ugural

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