ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS
MODULE 8

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS
5.0

PAGE

INDICES AND LOGARITHM

5.1 Concept Map
5.2

Indices and laws of Indices

2
3

Exercise 5.2
5.3

Simplify Algebraic Expressions

4-5

Exercise 5.3
5.4

Equation Involving Indices

5-7

Exercise 5.4
5.5

Past Year Questions

5.6

Assessment

9 - 10

Answers

11

CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1

CONCEPTUAL MAP

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Indices

Logarithms

index

base

If N = ax, then loga N = x

Fractional indices

Integer indices

a1/n = ___________

a) an = a x a x a x a x a

am/n = ___________
= ___________

n factors
b) Negative index, a-n = _________
c) Zero index, a0 = __________

Laws of indices
m

a xa

Equations involving indices

= _________

a) If ax = ay, then _________

am an = _________

b) If mx = nx, then ________

(am)n

= _________

5.2

INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

Examples
Find the values of the following.
1. 63
= 216

2. 4-2

1
42

1
16

3. 8 3

= (3

8 )2

Hit the Buttons

= 22
= 4

ab

shift
=

EXERCISE 5.2
a)
1.

Evaluate the following

0.44

2.

3.

4.

1
2

4
Solution

Solution

5.3

2
3

Solution

Solution

27

SIMPLIFY ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

2

x2

x2

Examples

Solution

Simplify
1.
2a2 x 3a3
= (2 x 3) x (a2 x a3)
= 6 x a2 + 3

2.

Sign
Number
Unknown/
base

33n 2 3n 3
= 33n 2 - ( n 3)
= 33n 2 n + 3
= 3 2n + 1

: (+) x (+) = (+)

: 2 x 3
= 6

a2 x a3 = a5

am an = a m n

Use the laws of indices to simplify the

division

EXERCISE 5.3
Simplify the following
1.

(34)2n x 3n

2.

Solution

Solution

3.

4.

8n 1 4 2 n 1

a2 x 2a3 (4a)2
Solution

Solution

5.

31 2n x 34 x 33n + 2

p n 2 p 3 - 2n
p 5 3n

6.

18a 7 b 2
6a 2 b 2

Solution

7.

Solution

3x 3x 1

8.

Solution

5.4

Solution

EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES

Examples
Solve each of the following equations

1.

Steps / Method

33x = 81
33x = 34

Express in the _________________ and

compare the indices

3x = 4
x

2.

_____________________ the indices

4
3

2x . 4x+1
2x . 22 (x+1)

= 64
= 26

x + 2x + 2
3x

=6
=4

3.

2n + 2 - 2n + 12( 2n 1)

Use ______ as the same base throughout

_______________ the indices using the
laws of indices

4
3

8 x 16 x 1 0

2
3 x

24

x 1

Use 2 as the same base throughout

2
3 x

24

x 1

23x 2 4 x4
3x2 = 4x + 4
2
3x - 4x 4 = 0
(3x + 2)(x 2) = 0
2
x=
3

______________________of a quadratic
equation
_________________________________

x=2

EXERCISE 5.4
1.

Solve 8x3 = 27

2.

Solve 8 x =

1
4

Solution

Solution

3.

Solve 2 . 3 = 36

4.

Solution

Solution

5.

x4
x 1
Solve 3 9 27

Solve 4x 2 = 10

6.

Solve 53x
Solution

Solution
5

25x + 1 =

1
125

7.

Solve

27 x 4

1
3

x 3

8.

Solution

5.5

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1.

Solve the equation 2 x 4 2 x 3 1

x 1
Solve 125

25
5 x 3

Solution

(SPM 05)

Solution

2.

Solve the equation 32 4 x 4 8 x 6

(SPM 04)

Solution

5.6

ASSESSMENT

Answer All the questions

Time : 30 minutes
7

1.

Solve the equation 163x = 86x + 1

Solution

2.

Solve the equation 32x =

1
243

Solution

3.

Solve the equation 8x . 2x = 32

Solution

4.

Solve the equation 3 x 9 6 2 x 0

Solution

5.

Solve the equation

8 x2

1
4

1 x

2x

Solution

Solve the equation 52x 52x 1 = 100

6.

Solution

ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1
1.
2.
3.
4

0.0256
2.25
512
2

EXERCISE 2.1
1.
39n
2.
3n+7
3.
4.

1
p 4n
1 3
a
8

5.
6.

2 n 1
2a5

7.

3x

8.

2 n 9

EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES

1.
same base, compare
2.
2, Add
3.
General form, solving by factorization
EXERCISE 3.1
1.
2.
3.

3
2
2
x=
3

x=

x=2

5.

x=6

6.

x = -1

7.

x = -2
9

4.

x = 6.25

8.

x=1

4.

x = 6, -2

5.

x=2

6.

x=

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1.
x = -1
2.
x=3
ASSESSMENT
1.
2.
3.

5
2
1
x=
2
5
x=
4

x=

10

3
2