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and zero at the horizontal centerline. For small displacements and a flux density which can be assumed to be
inversely proportional to air gap length, unbalanced
vertical force density varies as a cosine squared function
around the periphery.
As an example, say the diameter is 10 m, length 1 m
and unbalanced force density 2 tons/sq.m for a hydroelectric generator, corresponding to about 5% variations in
air gap or 1 mm for a 20 mm gap. Then the total
unbalanced force will be:
2 x 0.5 x 10 x = 31.4 tons
1. Magnetic Forces
The attractive force in the air gap between rotor and
stator is in SI units:
Newton/sq.m = B2/(8.0 10-7)
Newton/sq.m = 397887
which is equal to 40.56 metric tons.
The approximate sinusoidal distribution of flux density
around the circumference gives an average of about half of
this. Flux densities are often slightly less than one tesla,
and average attractive force is roughly for any size
synchronous or induction machine:
2. Off-Center Deflection
Fig. 1
Magnetic attractive force will be increased in the half of
the circumference where the air gap is decreased and vice
versa in the other half. That gives an unbalanced force in
the direction of the deflection. The vertical unbalanced
force density in Fig. 1 is maximum at the top and bottom
Fig. 2
A fictitious applied force with the same distribution as
the magnetic force will give an off-center deflection along
a linear curve. Another way to describe this fictitious force
is as the system stiffness response force. The unbalanced
magnetic force will level off after the deflection gets to a
certain point, mainly because of saturation in the teeth. If
the two curves cross before the air gap collapses, it will be
at the operating point for a permanent deflection. If the
initial slope of the curve for magnetic force is less than that
of the response force, there will be no tendency for the
deflection to develop from an initial centered position of
the rotor.
In a more realistic scenario, dashed lines show the
response force starting at a small initial offset and a
hopefully acceptable off-center deflection.
Fig. 3
When there is a departure from the ideal circular shape
of the stator core, the stiffness offers the least resistance to
a change to an elliptical shape. As soon as there is a slight
tendency for it, changes in attractive forces in the air gap
will magnify this tendency. Fig. 2 is also applicable to
elliptical deformation.
Elliptical deformation can be a problem in low speed
machines with a large number of poles, which require only
a shallow yoke to carry the flux.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4 depicts four parallel circuits in a stator winding,
distributed in four quadrants in a way that follows naturally
for a lap winding. A wave winding requires special connections.
The circuits are permanently in parallel, also in open
circuit conditions. Since the voltage across each of them is
the same, the total flux in each quadrant of the machine is
forced to be the same. If the rotor starts to move in one
direction or the stator starts to flex, circulating currents
begin to flow between the four parallel circuits to maintain
equal fluxes and thereby a more or less uniform force
density around the circumference.
The circulating currents are pure zero powerfactor
magnetizing currents, out of phase with the load currents.
The total absolute values of the currents in the different
circuits will therefore stay about the same.
Decreasing unbalanced magnetic forces this way to for
example 1/3 is as effective as increasing strength and
rigidity of structural components by a factor of three, and
the cost is negligible. How much unbalanced magnetic
forces can be decreased will now be discussed.
6. Improved Compensation
Since the objective is to keep the air gap uniform, there
is no reason why the four circuits in all three phases should
cover the same quadrants.
Break points between circuits can be at:
Phase 1: 0 - 90-180-270 mechanical degrees
Phase 2: 30-120-210-300
Phase 3: 60-150-240-330
In earlier calculations, the compensation of unbalanced
magnetic forces with a normal four quadrant lap or laptype winding was found to be 68.9%, reducing the forces
to about 1/3. The calculation was based on off-center
displacement in a direction at 45 degree angles with the
centers of the circuits.
Fig. 5
By comparing figures 3 and 4 it is evident that only the
improved compensation with the four circuits shifted
between phases will be effective in compensating for
elliptical deformation. The calculations show that the compensation equalizes total fluxes within 30 degree segments,
instead of the 90 degree segments without shift of circuit
positions between phases.
Disregarding leakage flux, the improved compensation
with four circuits was found to be 98% effective. The
fewer the number of circuits, the less effective the
compensation will be, but it will be substantial also with
three and two circuits. With three circuits it will be 96%
effective, with two circuits 91%. However, two circuits can
often be equipped with equalizers, improving the compensation further.
opposite signs. Calculations can be made with the equivalent circuit in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8
Six current sources with pulsed currents as shown in
Fig. 9 represent circulating currents and corresponding
fluxes in the twelve segments.
Fig. 9
The pulses are displaced 30 degrees between the six
current sources. Currents in each of them are calculated so
that the areas covered by them equal areas under corresponding portions of the two pole sine wave. The sum of the
pulsed currents in the resistive branch to the right is fourier
analyzed, and the fundamental two pole sine wave is
found.
Compensation of a sine wave with one per unit
amplitude and segments starting at 0,30,60--- degrees gives
as a result 0.977 per unit. The same compensation is found
for segments starting at 15,45,75--- degrees. This is in
complete agreement with the 0.98 per unit calculated less
accurately earlier.
The equivalent circuit in Fig. 8 is set up and solved very
easily with computer program PECAN (Power Electronic
Circuit Analysis), also described on the authors web site.
Symmetrically pulsed current sources are built-in and
fourier analysis is performed automatically.
This method can also be employed for finding the
degree of compensation for four node (elliptical) deformation, which is of considerable interest. The same four
circuit winding gives a compensation 0.912 per unit, again
independent of where the circuits are located with respect
to the sine wave, which now has four poles. With 0.85 per
unit due to leakage flux, the total compensation is 0.775
per unit, leaving 22.5% uncompensated.
The four circuit winding with fluxes equalized within
30 degree segments is also effective in compensating for
shorter wavelength deformations. Disregarding leakage
flux, the compensation is 0.811 per unit for six nodes,
0.684 for 8 nodes.