SCORE 2003

Short Course On Reliability &

Energy

Power Quality Basics

PQ Basics

O Terms and Definitions

O Causes of Events

O Possible Mitigation

O Questions

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What is Power Quality

O Any power problem manifested in

voltages, current, or frequency
deviations that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipment.

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Power Quality Measurement
150

O Duration (Time) Cycles 100

X (.016 seconds per cycle) 50

Seconds, Minutes, Hours

0

Z -50

O Magnitude (Voltage level) -100

-150

Transient level I.e. = 1000 volts

0

Z
Z RMS - Voltage level i.e. = 120 volts
Z Waveforms
X Distortions

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Magnitude and Duration

200

150
120 Volts RMS
Voltage Level
Magnitude

100
169 volts
50

-50

One Cycle
-100
.01666 seconds
-150
60 cycles/sec = 60 Hz
-200
0

Duration
Time
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Terms and Definitions
O Transient or Surge O Magnitude and Duration
O Sag O Magnitude and Duration
O Swell O Magnitude and Duration
O Interruption O Magnitude and Duration
O Outage O Duration
O Harmonics O Steady State Condition

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 Duration
O Transient or Surge (Impulse) O .00000005 -- .002 sec
O Transient or Surge (Oscillatory) O .000005 -- .050 sec
O Sag O .008 -- 1 min
O Swell O .008 -- 1 min
O Momentary Interruption O .008 -- 3 sec
O Interruption O 3 sec to 1 min
O Outage O Greater than 1 min
O Harmonics O Steady State Condition
O Unbalance O Steady State Condition

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 What is Power Quality & Reliability?
500
Percent of Nominal Voltage

400

Long Term Event

Short Term Event
Transient
Surge
300

200
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment SWELL Region
Overvotlage
100

SAG Region Undervoltage

0 Outage
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Interruptions (<10% of
Nominal)
Time in Seconds
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What is a Transient or Surge?
O A Transient can be classified into two categories,
impulsive and oscillatory Duration < 50 ns to 50 ms
Z .00000005 seconds to .002 seconds
Z .000005 seconds to .050 seconds

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Impulsive
O This is the category that TVSS (Transient
Voltage Surge Suppressor) SPD equipment
is designed to mitigate.

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Sources of Transients

O Lightning
Z Static
Z Arc Welding
O Switching
Z Contactor
Z Relays
Z SCR’s

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 Oscillatory (Low Frequency)

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Capacitor Bank Switch

Substation Bank Line Bank

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 Voltage Sags

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 Momentary Interruptions

Breaker Tripped

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 Outage

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Causes of Sag, Interruptions Outages

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 Simplified Utility System
Transmission @ 115 kV

Transformer
115 kV Substation
Regulator
Distribution @ 23 kV
Feeder Feeder
Breaker Breaker

Fuse Fuse Fuse Fuse

Transformer Transformer Fuse Fuse Transformer Transformer
480 V 480 V 480 V 480 V

23 kV Feeder
23 kV Feeder

23 kV Feeder
23 kV Feeder

Customer Customer Customer Customer

Fuse Fuse Fuse Fuse

Transformer Transformer Fuse Fuse Transformer Transformer
480 V 480 V 480 V 480 V

Customer Customer Customer Customer

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 Example

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 Simplified Utility System
Transmission @ 115 kV

Transformer
115 kV Substation
Regulator
Distribution @ 23 kV
Outage
Sag Feeder
Breaker
Feeder
Breaker

Fuse Fuse Fuse Fuse

Transformer Transformer Fuse Fuse Transformer Transformer
480 V 480 V 480 V 480 V

23 kV Feeder
23 kV Feeder

23 kV Feeder
23 kV Feeder

Customer Customer Customer Customer

Fuse Fuse Fuse Fuse

Transformer Transformer Fuse Fuse Transformer Transformer
480 V 480 V 480 V 480 V

Customer Customer Customer Customer

Momentary Interruption

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Steady State Condition
Waveform Distortion

O Harmonics
O Interharmonics

O Voltage Balance

O Overvoltage

O Undervoltage

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 Wave Distortion

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 Harmonics

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Voltage or Current Unbalance

Maximum Deviation from Average Voltage

X 100 (for Percent)
Average Voltage

Measured Voltages
243 Volts RMS
EXAMPLE 241 Volts RMS 239 Average Volts
233 Volts RMS

6
X 100 = 2.5% Voltage Unbalance
239

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 Customized Solutions
500
Percent of Nominal Voltage

400

Long Term Event

Short Term Event
Transient
Surge
300

200 Voltage Tolerance Envelope

Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment
SWELL Region
Overvoltage
100

Undervoltage
SAG Region

0 Interruptions Outage
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time in Seconds
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 Customized Solutions
500
Percent of Nominal Voltage

400

Long Term Event

Short Term Event
Transient
Surge
300
TVSS or SPD
Line Reactors
200 Isolation Transformers
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment
SWELL Region
Overvoltage
100

Undervoltage
SAG Region

0 Interruptions Outage
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time in Seconds
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 Customized Solutions
500
Percent of Nominal Voltage

400

Long Term Event

Short Term Event
Transient
Surge
300
TVSS or SPD
Line Reactors
200 Isolation Transformers
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment
Power Conditioner
SWELL Region
Overvoltage
100 or CVT
Undervoltage
SAG Region

0 Interruptions Outage
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time in Seconds
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 Customized Solutions
500
Percent of Nominal Voltage

400

Long Term Event

Short Term Event
Transient
Surge
300
TVSS or SPD
Line Reactors
200 Isolation Transformers
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment
Power
SWELLConditioner
Region
UPS
Overvoltage
100 or CVT &
SAG Region Genset
Undervoltage

0 UPS
Interruptions Outage
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Time in Seconds
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 IEEE 1159-1995
Recommended Practice For Monitoring Electric Power Quality
Table 2 Categories and typical characteristics of power system
electromagnetic phenomena
Categories Typical Spectral Typical Duration Typical Voltage
Content Magnitude
1.0 Transient
1.1 Impulsive
1.1.1 Nanosecond 5 n s rise < 50 n s
1.1.2 Microsecond 1 u s rise 50 n s - 1 m s
1.1.3 Millisecond 0.1 m s rise >1 m s
1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency < 5 k Hz 0.3 - 50 m s 0 - 4 pu
1.2.2 Medium frequency 5 - 500 k Hz 20 u s 0 - 8 pu
1.2.3 High frequency 0.5 - 5 M Hz 5 us 0 - 4 pu
2.0 Short duration variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.1 Sag 0.5 - 30 cycles 0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.1.2 Swell 0.5 - 30 cycles 1.1 - 1.8 pu
2.2 Momentary
2.2.1 Interruption 0.5 cycles - 3 s < 0.1 pu
2.2.2 Sag 30 cycles - 3 s 0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.2.2 Swell 30 cycles - 3 s 1.1 - 1.4 pu
2.3 Temporary
2.3.1 Interruption 3 s - 1 min < 0.1 pu
2.3.2 Sag 3 s - 1 min 0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.3.3 Swell 3 s - 1 min 1.1 - 1.2 pu
3.0 Long duration variation
3.1 Interruption, sustained > 1 min 0.0 pu
3.2 Undervoltage > 1 min 0.8 - 0.9 pu
3.3 Overvoltage > 1 min 1.1 - 1.2 pu
4.0 Voltage imbalance steady state 0.5 - 2%
5.0 Waveform distortion
5.1 DC offset steady state 0 - 0.1%
5.2 Harmonics 0 - 100th H steady state 0 - 20%
5.3 Interharmonics 0 - 6 k Hz steady state 0 - 2%
5.4 Notching steady state
5.5 Noise broad-band steady state 0 - 1%
6.0 Voltage fluctuations < 25 Hz intermittent 0.1 - 7%
7.0 Power frequency variations < 10 s

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 PQ Events

Questions?

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