UNIT II INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What are basic requirements of fuel injection system of a diesel engine?
Meter the correct quantity of fuel to be injected per cycle as per the load and speed of the
engine
Timing the injection of fuel correctly during the cycle so that maximum power is obtained at
minimum fuel consumption.
It should atomise the fuel in fine particles
The spray pattern should be such that it results into rapid mixing of fuel with air.
To ensure that uniform distribution of fuel throughout the combustion chamber.
2. What are the causes of knock in C.I engines?
The knock in C.I engines occurs if the delay period is longer. Factors which reduce the knock
in CI engines:
Increased intake pressure, temperature and compression ratio temperatures and collisions of
molecules which reduces delay period.
Fuels with low self ignition temperature.
Low speed due to reduced heat losses.
Increased injection pressure.
Decreased injection timing advance.
3. What is the function of camshaft and crankshaft?
Crank is the integral part of the crankshaft. Crankshaft is supported in main bearings and
carries the balancing weights. It also carries the flywheel to even out the fluctuating torque.
The valves are operated by camshaft. It rotates a half the speed of the crankshaft in case of
four stroke engines with the help of timing gears having a tooth ratio of 1:2.
4. What is the function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine?
The function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine is to transmit motion of the cam to
the valve.
5. What is scavenging in IC engine?
The process of pushing out of exhaust gases from the cylinder by admitting the
Fresh charge into the cylinder is known as scavenging.
6. What is the function of idling jet in a carburettor?
The function of idling jet in a carburettor is to supply a mixture at an air fuel ratio
of 10:1 for low speed operation.
7. What are the requirements of a fuel injection system of a diesel engine?
To inject the fuel at correct moment, and quantity at various load conditions
To inject the fuel in a finely atomized condition.
To distribute the fuel uniformly in the combustion chamber. To
control the rate of fuel injection.

8. List the advantages of electronic ignition system over the conventional system.
Less weight.
Compact
Spark timing can be accurately controlled.
Wiring is simple
9. What is the purpose of a thermostat in an engine cooling system?
The purpose of thermostat in cooling system is to control the water flow. It
allows the water circulation only, when the temperature of the radiator is about 75o C.
10. What is meant by ignition lag?
It is the time interval between the instant of spark and the instant when there is a
noticeable rise in pressure due to combustion.
11. Differentiate between brake power and indicated power of an IC engine.
Brake P ower: It is defined as the power developed at output crank shaft of an engine for doing
external work.
Indicated Power: It is the power developed by the engine inside the cylinder due to the fuel
combustion in the combustion chamber.
12. What is Morse test?
Morse test is a performance test conducted on multi cylinder engines to measure the
indicated power without the use of indicator diagram.
13. Which engine will have more cooling requirement two-stroke engine or four-stroke engine?
Why?
Two stroke-engines will have more cooling requirements since power is developed for each
revolution of crank.

So, for each crank revolution, Combustion occurs and more heat will be

generated inside the cylinder.

14. What is the function of the carburettor?
To atomize the fuel and mix it homogeneously with the air.
To run the engine smoothly without hunting of fuel wastage.
To provide rich mixture during starting and idling and also for quick acceleration. To
provide a constant air fuel ratio at various loads.
To start the engine even in cold weather conditions.
15. List the requirements of ignition system.
Ignition should takes place at the end of compression stroke. There should be no missing
cycle due to the spark failure.
Ignition must add sufficient energy for starting and sub staining the charge
burning
Ignition system should supply the minimum required energy within a small
Volume in a very short time.
16. What are the different types of ignition system in S.I. engines?
Battery Ignition system , Magneto ignition system and electronic ignition system.

17. What are the advantages of Battery ignition system?

The initial cost is low (except battery).
It provides better spark at low speed of engine during starting and idling.
Maintenance cost is negligible. (expect for battery)
The spark efficiency remains unaffected by advance and retard positions. The
simplicity of the distributor drive.
18. What are the disadvantages of Battery ignition system?
The engine cannot be started if the battery is weak.
The weight of the battery is greater than the magneto.
The wiring involved in the coil ignition is more complicated than magneto. The
sparking voltage drops with increasing speed of the engine.
19. What is the necessity of cooling in IC engine?
To avoid un even expansion of the piston in the cylinder.
To reduce the temperature of piston and cylinder. To avoid the overheating of the cylinder.
To avoid the physical and chemical changes in the lubricating oil which may
cause sticking of piston rings.
20. What are the different types of cooling in IC engines?
Air cooling
Water cooling system
Thermosyphon cooling
Forced circulation cooling
Thermostatic regulator cooling
Evaporative cooling
21. What is the purpose of lubrication in IC engines?
To reduce the friction and wear between the parts having the relative motion.
To cool the surfaces by carrying away heat generated due to friction.
To seal between two moving parts.
To clean the surface by carrying away the carbon particles caused by wear.
To absorb the shock between bearings and other parts and consequently reduce noise.
22. What is flash point?
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the given oil gives sufficient vapour to give a
moment of flash, when a flame is passed across the surface.
23. What is petroil system of lubrication?
A special type of lubrication system used in two stroke engines in which lubricant
(up to 60%) is thoroughly mixed with fuel and supplied to the engine. It is also known as mist
lubrication.
24. What is auto ignition?
A mixture of fuel and air can react spontaneously and produce heat by chemical reaction
without the uses of flame to initiate the combustion, because the temperature is high than selfignition temperature.
25. What is meant by pre- ignition?
At very high temperature carbon deposits formed inside the combustion chamber ignites the
air fuel mixture much before normal ignition occurred by spark plug. This is called pre- ignition.

26. What are the factors affecting ignition lag?

Compression ratio, speed of the engine, Chemical nature of fuel and air fuel ratio, and Initial
pressure and temperature.
27. What is meant by knocking? How it occurs in diesel engines?
If the delay period of C.I. engines is long, more fuel is injected and accumulated in the
chamber. When ignition begins, pulsating pressure rise can be noticed and creates heavy noise.
This is known as knocking.
28. What are the effects of knocking?
The engine parts get overheated which may cause damage to the piston.
It creates heavy vibration of engine and hence louder noise and roughness.
Decrease in power output and efficiency.
More heat is lost to the coolant as the dissipation rate is rapid.
The auto-ignition may over heat the spark plug and hence pre- ignition occurs Carbon deposits.
29. Define specific fuel consumption?
It is the ratio of fuel consumption per unit time of power developed.
30. Explain an experimental method to determine the frictional power of an IC engine.
Retardation test can be carried out to determine the frictional power of an diesel
engine. In this method, the engine is started and made to run at full load conditions at rated
speed. After sometimes, the fuel supply is cut-off and the necessary readings are noted.
Repeat the above procedure for 50% load and calculated the frictional power of an engine
using formulaes.
31. What is the purpose of heat balance sheet in IC engine?
It is the accounts of heat supplied and heat utilized in various ways in the system. The heat
balance is generally done by minute basis or percentage basis.
32. What is the use of helical groove in a fuel injection pump used for C.I engine?
To control the delivery stroke effectively.
To control the amount of fuel supplied to the engine.
33. Explain the location of sparkplug with respect to knocking in SI engines.
In order to reduce the knocking tendency, spark travel distance should be kept as minimum
as possible. Similarly, the distance of the end charge from the sparkplug also should be minimum.
34. What is detonation? List out the effects of detonation?
It is the name given to pinging sound due to gas vibrations caused by abnormal combustion
of end charge of S.I engine due to auto-ignition.
Mechanical failure, local melting of piston and rings, overheating of spark plug, noise and
roughness, power and efficiency and pre-ignition.
35. What is the function of pushrod and rocker arm?
The function of pushrod and rocker arm is to transmit the motion of cam and camshaft
driven by crankshaft to the valve mechanism.
36. State the various stages of combustion in S.I engines?
The combustion takes place in three stages as follows:
Period of ignition lag or preparation phase
Flame propagation phase.

 After burning or flame termination phase.

37. State the various stages of combustion in C.I engines?
Ignition delay period consisting of physical and chemical delay periods.
Period of uncontrolled combustion.
Period of controlled combustion.
Period of after burning.
38. Why S.I engines are never overloaded?.Whereas, it is better to run the diesel engines at high
loads?
At high loads the ignition lag in S.I engines tend to reduce thus the tendency to detonate
increases. Whereas high loads in diesel engines reduces the delay period hence reduces the
tendency to knock in the engine.
40. What is supercharging?
The process of increasing the density of inlet charge to increase the power output of the
engine is called supercharging. The device used for increasing the pressure of air above
atmospheric pressure is called supercharger.
41. Why S.I engines are not supercharged?
Supercharging increases the peak pressures and temperatures. It reduces the ignition lag
hence the tendency for the engine to detonate increases. For this reasons S.I engines are not
supercharged.
42. Explain turbocharger?
Turbochargers are devices used to supply air under pressure to C.I engines. It uses the
exhaust gases of the engine to run a turbine coupled to a compressor. The output of turbine is used
by compressor to compress the surrounding air and supplied to engine.
43. Write the advantages of supercharging?
Increased power output, reduce weight to power ratio, reduce the bulk of engine for
locomotive and marine applications, to overcome loss of power at high altitudes.
44. What are the limitations of supercharging?
Increased weight, detonation in S.I engines, increased frictional losses, increased bearing
friction losses and the load on the bearing, melting piston top and preignition and overheating of
exhaust valves.
45. What is firing order?
The order in which various cylinder of a multicylinder engine are supplied spark is called
firing order.
46. What is the firing order for four cylinder engine?
1-3-4-2 or 1-2-4-3.
47. What is the function of spark plug?
It is to receive high voltage ignition current from secondary coil of ignition system and to
supply spark to combustion chamber of the engine which jumps across its electrode.
48. What are the two types of spark plug?
Hot plug, cold plugs are suitable for high speed engines.

49. What is M.P.F.I?

Multi point fuel injection system for S.I engines involves the injection of fuel under low
pressure into each cylinder by separate injectors.
Its main components are computer (ECU), sensors and solenoid injector.
50. Why testing of engine is necessary?
To get the specified information which cannot be possibly determined by calculation.
To justify the rating of the engine and the guaranteed specific fuel consumption.
To verify and conform the validity of engine data used in designing the engine.
51. What are the methods to determine frictional power of the engine?
By measurement of indicated and brake power, willans line method, Morse test and
motoring test.
52. Name the tests to be performed to determine the actual performance of the engine?
Indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency, fuel-air ratio, specific fuel
consumption, thermal efficiency and heat balance sheet.
53. Define IMEP?
It represents that constant pressure which acted over the full length of the stroke would
produce the same amount of work done by the piston as is actually produced by the engine cylinder
during a cycle.
54. Define mechanical efficiency?
It is the ratio of brake power to the indicated power.
55. What is volumetric efficiency?
It is the ratio of mass of actual charge induced to the mass of charge corresponding to swept
volume at atmospheric pressure and temperature.
56. What is heat balance sheet?
It represents the account of energy supplied in fuel and its corresponding expenditure. It is
drawn either on kJ/min basis or on percentage basis.
57. What is air swirl?
For proper mixing of fuel and air in the combustion chamber the various methods of air
movement are called air swirl.
58. What is stoichiometric fuel-air ratio?
A mixture that contains just enough air for complete combustion of all the fuel in the
mixture is called a chemically correct or stoichiometric fuel-air ratio.
59. What is rich mixture and lean mixture?
A mixture having more fuel than that in a chemically correct mixture is termed as rich
mixture and a mixture that contains less fuel (or excess air) is called a lean mixture.
60. What is equivalence ratio?
The ratio of actual fuel-air ratio to stoichiometric fuel-air ratio and is denoted by .

= 1means stoichiometric mixture (chemically correct).

< 1 means lean mixture.
> 1 means rich mixture.
61. Write the classification of injection systems?

1. Air injection system

2. Solid injection system

Individual pump and nozzle system

Unit injector system

Common rail system

Distributor system

62.whatis homogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous mixture is thus formed outside the engine cylinder and the combustion is
initiated inside the cylinder at a particular instant towards the end of compression stroke. The
flame front spreads over a combustible mixture with a certain velocity. In a Homogeneous gas
mixture the fuel and oxygen molecules are more or less uniformly distributed.
63. What is heterogeneous mixture?
In a heterogeneous gas mixture the rate of combustion is determined by the velocity of
mutual diffusion of fuel vapours and air and the rate of chemical reaction is of minor importance.
64. What are the types of lubrication system?
1. Mist lubrication system.
2. Wet sump lubrication system.
The splash system.
The splash and pressure system.
The pressure feed system.
3. Dry sump lubrication system.
65. What is crankcase ventilation?
During compression and expansion stroke s the gas inside the cylinder gets past the piston
rings and enters the crankcase which is called blow-by.
it contains water vapour and sulphuric acid if either the oil or the fuel contains appreciable
amount of sulphur. They might cause corrosion of steel parts in the crankcase.
This may also promote sludge formation in the lubricating oil. When the amount of water
vapour condensed becomes considerable in cold weather this may freeze and may cause damage
to the lubricating oil pump. This removal of the blow by can be achieved effectively by passing a
constant stream of fresh air through the crankcase known as crankcase ventilation.