ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

ANOVA is a technique that will enable us to test for the significance of the difference among more
than 2 sample means.
Assumptions in ANOVA:

Each of the samples is drawn from a normal population.

The variances for the population from which samples have been drawn are equal.
The variation of each value around its own grand mean should be independent for each
value.

Basic steps in ANOVA:

Determine one estimate of the population variance from the variance among the sample means.
Determine a 2nd estimate of the population variance from the variance within the sample.
Compare these two estimates if they are approximately equal in value, accept the null
hypothesis.

Aim of the Design of Experiments:

A statistical experiment in any field is performed to verify a particular hypothesis. For example, an
agricultural experiment may be performed to verify the claim that particular manure has got the effect
of increasing the yield of paddy. Here the quantity of the manure used and the amount of yield are the
two variables involved directly. They are called Experimental Variables.
Apart from these two, there are other variables such as fertility of the soil , the quantity of seed used
and the amount of rainfall, which also affect the yield of paddy. Such variables are called Extraneous
variables.
The main aim of the design of experiments is to control the extraneous variables and hence to
minimize the experimental error so that the results of the experiments could be attributed only to the
experimental variables.
Basic Principle of Experimental Design:
Randomization, Replication, Local control
1. Randomization: It is not possible to eliminate completely the contribution of extraneous
variable to the value of the response variable, we try to control it by randomization.
The group of experimental units( plots of same size) in which the measure is used is called the
Experimental group and the other group of plots in which the manure is not used and which will
provide a basis of comparison is called Control group.
We select the plots for the experimental and control group in a random manner, which provides
the most sufficient way of eliminating any unknown basis in the experiment.

2. Replication:
It means Repetition. It is essential to carry out more than one test on each manure in order to
estimate the amount of the experimental error and hence to get some idea of the precision of
the estimates of the manure effects.
3. Local control:
To provide adequate control of extraneous variables, another essential principle used in the
experimental design is the local control. This includes techniques such as grouping, blocking
and balancing of the experimental units used in the experimental design.
By grouping, we mean combining sets of homogeneous plots into groups, so that different
manures may be used in different groups. The number of plots in different groups need not be
the same.
By blocking, we mean assigning the same number of plots in different blocks. The plots in the
same block may be assumed to be relatively homogeneous. We can use as many fertilizers as
the number of plots in a block in a random way.
By balancing, we do the adjusting of grouping procedures and blocking procedures and assign
fertilizers ao that a balanced configuration is obtained.
Basic Designs of Experiments:
1. Completely Randomised Design :(C.R.D)- (One factor classification)
Let us suppose that, to compare h treatments and there are n plots are available for the
experiment. Let the ith treatment be repeated ni times, so that n1 + n2 + + nh = N
The plots to which the different treatments are to be given are found by the following
randomisation principle. The plots are numbered from 1 to N serially. N-identical cards are
taken, numbered from 1 to N and shuffled thoroughly. Randomly draw n 1 cards and the
numbers in these n1 cards give the numbers of the plots to which the first treatment is to be
given and so on. This design is called CRD, it is used when the plots are homogeneous
2. Randomised Block Design :(R.B.D) (Two factor classification)
Let us consider an agricultural experiment using which we wish to test the effect of k
fertilizing treatments on the yield of a crop. We assume that, we know some information about
the soil fertility of the plots. Then we divide the plots into h blocks according to the soil
fertility, each block containing k plots. Thus the plots in each block will be of homogeneous
as far as possible.
Within each block, the k treatments are given to the k plots in a perfectly random manner,
such that each treatment occurs only once in any block. But the same k treatments are
repeated from block to block.
Null hypothesis: Rows and columns are homogeneous
3. Latin Square Design: (LSD) (Three factor classification)

We consider an agricultural experiment, in which n 2 plots are taken and arranged in the form
of an n x n square, such that the plots in each row will be homogeneous as far as possible with
respect to one factor of classification say (soil fertility) and plots in each column will be
homogeneous as as far as possible with respect to another factor of classification say (seed quality)
The n treatments are given to these plots such that each treatment occurs only once in each row
and only once in each column.
The various possible arrangements obtained in this manner are known as Latin squares of order
n. Here rows, columns and letters stand for the three factors say fertility, seed quality and treatment
respectively.
Null hypothesis: Rows, columns and letters are homogeneous.
Comparison of RBD & LSD:
1. The number of replications of each treatment is equal to the number of treatments in LSD,
whereas there is no such restrictions on treatments and replication in RBD.
2. LSD can be performed on a square field, while RBD can be performed either on a square field
or a rectangular field.
3. LSD is known to be suitable for the case when the number of treatments is between 5 and 12,
whereas RBD can be used for any number of treatments.
4. The main advantage of LSD is that it controls the effect of two extraneous variables, whereas
RBD controls the effect of only one extraneous variable. Hence the experimental error is
reduced to a larger extent in LSD than in RBD.