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ARHAR
 Insect Management
 Disease Management
 Weed Management
 Nematode Management
 Nutrient Disorder Management
 Resistant Varieties Information
 Natural Enemy Information
 IPM Modules
Agronomic Practices
Field Preparation
 Light soils are best suited for arhar cultivation.
 Light soils can be prepared by easily by harrowing it two to three times.
 Remove all stubbles from the field.
 Make the field weed free.
 Ensure that moisture is conserved in the soils especially in the rain fed areas.
 If the field is having weed problem then stale seed bed technique can be used.
 Let a heavy flush of weeds emerge and be destroyed with herbicide before sowing the
crop, without any tillage on it.
 Most of the weeds seeds germinate from the top 5cm of soil surface in about a weeks
time, these weed seedlings can be destroyed either with a contact herbicide or by shallow
type tillage implement like a spike tooth harrow.
 In stale seed bed technique depending upon the availability of time and resources one or
two flushes of weeds can be destroyed before planting of the crop.
Seed & Sowing
 Treat the seed swith 2.5 g thiram + 1 g PCNB per kg of seed.
 After treatment dry the seeds in shade.
 Seed inoculation should always be done after seed treatment.
 Application of rhizobium culture at the rate of 5 to 10 g per kilogram of seed is suitable
for arhar crop.
 After mixing the seeds with rhizobium culture dry the seed in shade and then immediately
use it for sowing.
 Mixing the seed with 5 g of PSB is also found suitable for the arhar crop.
 Rhizobium culture and PSB can also mixed and can used for seed inoculation jointly.
 For this 10 g Rhizobium + 5 g PSB is mixed together and the the seeds are inoculated
with it.
Harvest
 Harvesting should be done, only when more then 90 % of the pods mature.
 On maturity the pods and the grains turn golden brown in colour.
 Manual harvesting is done by cutting with help of sickle.
 The harvested stalks should be stalked by making straight heaps on pucca floor.
 After harvesting the grains are left in the open sun for drying.
Agronomic Practices
Field Preparation
 Light soils are best suited for arhar cultivation.
 Light soils can be prepared by easily by harrowing it two to three times.
 Remove all stubbles from the field.
 Make the field weed free.
 Ensure that moisture is conserved in the soils especially in the rain fed areas.
Seed & Sowing
 Treat the seed swith 2.5 g thiram + 1 g PCNB per kg of seed.
 After treatment dry the seeds in shade.
 Seed inoculation should always be done after seed treatment.
 Application of rhizobium culture at the rate of 5 to 10 g per kilogram of seed is suitable
for arhar crop.
 After mixing the seeds with rhizobium culture dry the seed in shade and then immediately
use it for sowing.
 Mixing the seed with 5 g of PSB is also found suitable for the arhar crop.
 Rhizobium culture and PSB can also mixed and can used for seed inoculation jointly.
 For this 10 g Rhizobium + 5 g PSB is mixed together and the the seeds are inoculated
with it.
Harvest
 Harvesting should be done, only when more then 90 % of the pods mature.
 On maturity the pods and the grains turn golden brown in colour.
 Manual harvesting is done by cutting with help of sickle.
 The harvested stalks should be stalked by making straight heaps on pucca floor.
 After harvesting the grains are left in the open sun for drying.
Defoliators
Gram caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera)
Identification & Monitoring
• Adult is a stout moth with dark yellow-olive forewings and

pale hind wings.
• Eggs are laid single and in all parts of plant and yellowish,
shiny.
• Full grown larva is 40 mm long and hairy and varied in
color.
• Use pheromone traps for monitoring.
• Visual observations at weekly intervals at all stages.
• Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to know the range

of pest incidence
Damage
• Small larvae eat up the green portion of the plant.
• The larger larvae eat up the floral parts, flowers, leaves and pods.
• The larvae eat up the bulged portion of the pods.
• The larvae eats up the floral buds.
• By eating the buds holes are formed, and the larvae proceed by further eating up the grains.
Cultural Control
• Deep summer ploughing.
• Sowing should be done by the end of June to avoid pod borer attack.
• Remove the weeds from the field.
• Intercropping of early maturing pigeon pea with mung bean in alternate and paired row
results in low infestation of pod borer.
• Sow resistant varieties
• The varieties bahar and sharad should be grown in pod borer endemic areas of northern
India.
• Short duration varieties escapes from the attack of pod borer.

Mechanical Control
• The population of pod borer can be regulated by using pheromone traps.

• In cases of heavy infestation, physical shaking of pigeon pea plants to dislodge larvae is
favored.
• Bird perches placed just above the crop canopy will also help to reduce the population of
the pest.
Biological Control
• Conserve predators like spiders and wasp etc.

• Use of NPV at 500 LE with adjuvant like teepol, tinopal and jaggery etc.
• Applying HNPV at a rate of 500 larval equivalents (LE) per ha.
• This application can be repeated at 15-20 days intervals.
• Female moths can be deterred from ovipositing by the spraying of 5% neem kernel
suspension.
Chemical Control
• Any systemic insecticide should be used at 50 % flowering stage and after 10 - 15 days
neem seed kernal extract should be used.
Top
Green pod borer (Etiella zinckenella)
• Adults are small, brown moths with a wing of about 20
mm.
• Eggs are laid in clusters on fully mature pods.
• The young larvae are green, but become pinkish- red as
they get older.
• Larvae feed inside the pod, reaching a maximum length of
15 mm.
• Pupation takes place in the soil.
• Larvae are generally found infesting maturing and dried
pods.
• Populations of this pest build up by the end of the season,

when the temperature is high.
Damage
• The larva feeds on maturing seeds after entering the pods.
• Faucal pellets are seen inside the damaged pods.

Chemical Control
• Apply chemical insecticide only if the pest population crosses ETL.
• Spraying of endosulfan 35 EC 0.07% ( 2ml of 35 EC/lit. of water) or monocrotophos 36SL

0.04% (1 ml of 36 SL /litre of water) or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3.5 ml/lit. of water at 600-
1000 lit. of spray material per ha. with hand sprayer.
Top
Plume moth (Exelastis atomosa)
• Adult is small moth with yellowish brown wings, forewings

are cut into 2 plumes and hind wings into 3.
• The green oval eggs are laid singly on buds and pods.
• Larvae are green or brown, spindle shaped and covered
with spines and hair.
• Peak populations are during Nov to March.
• Caterpillars are more rampant during the post rainy season

than during the rainy season.
Damage
• The larvae bore into the buds, flowers and pods and feed on the developing grains.
• By eating the buds holes are formed, and the larvae proceed by further eating up the grains.
• The larvae excretes inside the damaged grain sand pods and due to this fungus develops in
it.
Cultural Control
• Timely sowing of the crop.
• Adoption of mixed or intercropping with non host plants.
• Maintaining complete field sanitation.
• Do not repeat sowing of pigeon pea crop in same field.

Mechanical Control
• Remove and destroy the damage plant parts.

Biological Control
• Spraying of NPV 625 LE/ha with adjuvants (Tinopol 0.1% + Jaggery 0.5%)
Chemical Control
• Spraying of the suitable insecticides should be done at 50% flowering stage to protect the
crop from the moth and larva.
• Spray endosulphan 35 EC at the rate of 2 l/ha.
OR
• Spray monocrotophos 36 SL at the rate of 1l/ha.

Top
Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa)
• Adult is small black fly and is about 5 mm in length.

• Eggs are laid in the wall of an immature pod.
• Maggot is milky white, legless and about 3 mm in size.
• Five brownish strips runs along the entire mid dorsal line of
the body.
Damage
• The maggot feeds on the developing grain.
• The infested pods do not show external evidence of damage until the fully grown larvae
chew holes in the pod walls.
• These bore the grains and make the tunnel in them.
• This hole provides an emergence "window" through which the adults exit the pod.
• Damaged grains do not mature and due to excreta fungus may develop in the grain.
• The infested grains loose their viability.

Cultural Control
• Sow resistant varieties
• Intercropping with jowar, maize or groundnut etc.
• Crop rotation
Biological Control
• Conserve Ormyrus sp (parasite of pod fly).
Chemical Control
• Spary monocrotophos @ 36 SL @ 1 ml/lit or endosulfan 35 EC 2.0 ml/lit of water at 50 %

flowering stage and after 10 - 15 days neem seed kernal extract should be used.
Top
Spotted pod borer (Maruca testulalis)
• The adult are brown forewings with white club shaped
marking and hind wings are white with irregular blotch.
• The larva is whitish-green.
• The eggs are oval and yellow laid in small batches

commonly on terminals.
Damage
• The larva webs together the leaves, buds and pods and feeds inside these webs.
• The caterpillar also bores into pods and eat up the ripening seeds.
• A crown mass of excrement is seen at the entrance into the larval burrow.
Cultural Control
• Timely sowing should be done preferably up to first quarter of July.
• Excess application of nitrogen should be avoided.
• Water logging should be prevented.

Biological Control
• Conserve ants and praying mantids as these are good predators of egg and larva of the pest.
Chemical Control
• Apply chemical insecticide only if the pest population crosses ETL.
• Spraying of 0.07% endosulfan ( 2ml of 35 EC/lit. of water) or 0.04% monocrotophos ( 1

ml of 36 Sl /litre of water) or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 3.5 ml/lit. of water at 600-1000 lit. of
spray material per ha. with hand sprayer.
Top
Sucking pests
Aphids (Aphis craccivora)
• The adults are black and shiny, up to 2 mm long and some
are winged.
• The nymphs are similar to the adults but smaller, grey and
dull.
• Nymphs and adults colonize on young stem, leaves, flowers

and pods.
Damage
• Both adult and nymph suck the sap from young stem, leaves, flowers and pods and excrete
honey dew.
• Under heavy infestation, young leaves of seedlings become twisted, retard the pod
development and grain formation.
• Seedlings may wilt, particularly under moisture-stressed conditions.
• Stunt disease limits plant growth, rendering leaflets small, and reddish brown.
Cultural Control
• Timely sowing of the crop.
• Avoiding excess fertilization.

Biological Control
• In nature these are prayed by cocinellid beetles and chrysoperia. So conserve lady beetles,
green lace wing, diaretiella rapae, menochiles sexamaculatus.
Chemical Control
• Apply insecticides only if the pest population crosses the ETL.

• Spray of methyl dematon 25 EC at the rate of 300 ml/ha, the above spray should be done in
300 litre water/ha.
OR
• Spray phosphomidon 250 l/ha, the above spray should be done in 650 - 700 litre water/ha.
Top
Jassids (Empoasca kerri)
• Adult are small green insects 2.5 mm long, fly when
disturbed.
• Nymphs are yellowish - green, do not have wings.
• Eggs are laid along veins on the underside of leaflets.
Damage
• The adult suck sap from both the upper and lower surface of the leaflets.
• In heavy infestation, leaflets become cup-shaped and have yellow edges and tips.
• In Seedlings, infestation stunted the plant and have red-brown leaflets followed by
defoliation and reduced yield.
Biological Control
• Conserve predators like lady beetles, ants, distina albiada, chrysopa cymbela.
• Conserve egg parasites like gonatocerus spp and oligosita sp.

Chemical Control
• Any systemic insecticide should be used at 50 % flowering stage and after 10 - 15 days
neem seed kernel extract should be used.
Top
Tur Pod bugs (Clavigralla gibbosa)
• Adult of Anoplocnemis are brown or black, large in size.

• Adult of Clavigralla are brownish grey spine.
• Eggs are chocolate brown, bead like, laid on leaves or pods.
• Nymphs are shiny brown seen on developing pods.

Damage
• Both nymphs and adults suck on developing seeds through pod wall.
• The seeds become shriveled with dark parches and lose germination.
Cultural Control
• Medium duration varieties JA-4 or JKM-7 should be cultivated.
Chemical Control
• Spraying of 700 ml trizophos 40 EC.

OR
• Spray endosulfan 35 EC @ 2 ml/lit of water.
• The above spray should be done by hollow cone nozzle and in 600 - 700 litre water/ha
Alternaria blight
Causal Organism
Alternaria sp, Alternaria tenuissima,
Alternaria alternata
Damage
• These cause blighting of leaves and severe

defoliation and drying of infected branches.
• Brown spots on the leaves with concentric rings.
• The lesions appear on all aerial plant parts including
pods.
• Defoliation of leaves and death of tender branches.
Survival & Favourable Conditions

• The fungus sporulates well under warm, humid conditions.
• Late sown crop or post rainy season favours disease development.

Cultural Control
• Use resistant varieties.
• Avoid fields close to perennial pigeon pea.
• Select seed from healthy plant
• Sow early
Chemical Control
• Spray macozeb @ 3g/litre of water.
Top
Bacterial leaf spot and stem canker
Causal Organism
Xanthomonas campestris pv. cajani

Damage
• Necrotic spots on leaves with yellow hallow.

• Defoliation of lower leaves in severe case of
infection.
• Cankerous lesions on stem resulting in their
breakage.
• In severe infestation, the affected branches dry.

• Warm and humid weather favour disease development.
• The pathogen is specific to pigeon pea and is seed borne

Cultural Control
• Select well drained fields.
• Always selects seeds from healthy crops.

Chemical Control
• Spray antibiotics like streptocycline and 250 ppm i.e. 2.5 g/10 lit of water.
Top
Botrytis gray mold
Causal Organism
Botrytis cinerea
Damage
• Dark gray fungal growth on the growing tips,

flowers and pods.
• Infected flowers drop, thus reducing pod set.

• The shed flowers and leaves on the ground are covered with sporulating mycelium of the
fungus.
• It survives on infected debris and is better at 10o C.
• It survives and remain ineffective up to 8 months in soil.

Cultural Control
• Deep summer ploughing.
• Reduce plant density and increase in air passage between the plants.
Biological Control
• Use Trichoderma spp. as bio-control agents.

Chemical Control
• Spray mancozeb @ 3g/litre of water.
Top
Cercospora leaf spot
Causal Organism
Cercospora cajani, Cercospora indica

Damage
• Necrotic spots on all aerial parts mainly on leaves
and leaf spot stems.
• The circular spots on leaves coalesce when the
weather is cool and humid leading to severe
defoliation.
• Severe infection leads to the die back of the tender

branches o the plant.
• Cool temp and humid weather favour the disease
Cultural Control
• Select field away from perennial pigeon peas which are a source of inoculum.
• Always select seeds from healthy plants.

Chemical Control
• Spray maneb @ 3g/litre of water or carbendazim 1 g/litre.
Top
Collar rot
Causal Organism
Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo

Damage
• Usually appears within a month of sowing scattered

over the field.
• Seedlings turn slightly chlorotic before they die.
• Rotting in the collar region covered with white
mycelial growth; this differentiates collar rot from
other seedling diseases caused by Fusarium,
Rhizoctonia, or Pythium.
• Affected seedlings can be easily uprooted, but the

lower part of the root usually remains in soil.

• Temperatures of about 30o C and soil moisture at sowing predispose seedlings to infection.
• This is severe in early-sown (june) than in later- sown crops.
• The pathogen finds an excellent substrate in un decomposed stubble.
Cultural Control
• Deep summer ploughing
• Select well drained fields
• Keep the fields free from un decomposed organic matter.
• Sow when soil moisture is low.
• Select fields where cereal crops have not been grown during the
previous season.
Mechanical Control
• Collect cereal stubbles from the field and destroy them before sowing pigeon pea
Chemical Control
• Seed treatment with Thiram or captan @ 3 g/kg

OR
• Thiram + Carbendazim (2:1) 0.25 %

Top
Fusarium Wilt
Causal Organism
Fusarium udum
Damage
• Yellowing of the leaves followed by partial or

complete premature death of the plant.
• Dark brown to purple band on the main and lateral
branches extending upwards from ground black
streaks under the bark.
• Dark brown to black discoloration of the xylem in

the stem and root regions.

• The fungus survive on infected plant debris in the soil for about 3 years.
• Early sowing, good weed management and good crop growth encourage wilt development.
• Low soil temperature and increasing plant maturity favoured wilt
Cultural Control
• Select a field with no previous record of wilt for at least past 3 years.
• Do summer ploughing.
• Select seed from disease free fields.
• Grow pigeon pea intercropped or mixed with cereal crops like sorghum.
• Rotate pigeon pea with sorghum, tobacco or castor every three years.
• Uproot the wilted plant and use them as firewood or destroy them.
• Solarize the field in summer to help reduce the inoculum.v

Biological Control
• Soil application of 5kg of Trichoderma formulation/ha mixed with FYM can also be used to
combat the disease.
• Seed treatment with 4g Trichoderma viridae formulation + 2 g of vitavax/kg of seed

Mechanical Control
• Soil application of 5kg of Trichoderma formulation/ha mixed with FYM can also be used to
combat the disease.
• Seed treatment with 4g Trichoderma viridae formulation + 2 g of vitavax/kg of seed

Chemical Control
• Seed dressing with carbendazim 50% + thiram 50% @ 3 g/kg of seed.

OR
• Seed treatment with carboxin + thiram (1:2) at the rate of 3g/kg of seed.
Top
Halo blight
Causal Organism
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Damage
• Dark brown angular necrotic spots 1 mm in
diameter surrounded by large chlorotic halos 10
mm in diameter are seen on the soft, young leaves
of older and ratooned plants.
• Persistent rains and cloudy weather result in severe disease development.
Cultural Control
• Always use resistant varieties
Chemical Control
• Spray antibiotics like streptomycine and tetracycline @ 100 micro gms/litre of water.
Top
Phyllosticta leaf spot
Causal Organism
Phyllosticta cajani
Damage
• Round, necrotic spots, up to 10 mm in diameter

appear on the leaves.
• These lesions have wavy dark brown margins with
gray centers.
• In severe infections desiccation and defoliation

occur.

• Warm, humid climates favour disease development.
Cultural Control
• Always use resistant varieties
Chemical Control
• Spray mancozeb @ 3g/litre of water.
Top
Phytophthora blight
Causal Organism
Phytopthora drechsleri
Damage
• This cause seedling to die suddenly.

• Water soaked, irregular lesions on the leaves often
causing blighting of the leaf/leaflets and younger
plant.
• Brown sunken lesions on the stem and branches
causing girdling and makes the infected stem weak
and leads to breakage and drying of the
plant/branches.
• No symptoms on root system.

• The fungus survives in soil and on infected plant debris.
• Cloudy weather and drizzling rain with temp 25 C favour infection.
• Low -lying areas where water stagnates, close spacing encourage blight build up.
• Warm and humid weather following infection result in rapid disease development.
Cultural Control
• Early or normal sowing
• Maintain well drained field to avoid water stagnation.
• Select the field with no previous record of blight.
• Provide better drainage.
• Practice ridge planting methods.
• Summer solarization and summer ploughing should be done.
• Prepare raised seedbeds and provide good drainage.
• Use wide inter row spacing.

Chemical Control
• Seed dressing with metalaxyl @ 3g/kg of seed.
• Two foliar sprays of metalaxyl at 15 days interval starting from 15 days after germination.
Top
Powdery Mildew
Causal Organism
Oidiopsis taurica
Leveillula taurica
Damage
• White powdery growth of the fungus is seen on all

the aerial parts of the infected plants.
• Severe infection leads to defoliation.
• The disease cause stunting of young plants.

• Cool, humid climate favour fungal infection.
Cultural Control
• Select fileds away from perennial pigeon pea which are a source of inoculum.
• Sow late (after July) in India, to reduce disease incidence.

Chemical Control
• Spray wettable sulphur @ 1g/litre.

OR
• Triademefori 25 @ 0.03%.
OR
• Carbendazim 0.5 g-1.0 g/lit

Top
Rust
Causal Organism
Uredo cajani
Damage
• Dark brown raised pustules full of uredia on the
lower leaf surfaces.
• The infected leaves desiccate, and drop off.
• Extensive defoliation when infections are severe.

• Dense planting, light rain, wind and cloudiness encourage disease development.
• Disease severity increases with the onset of flowering.

Cultural Control
• Use resistant varieties
• Avoid sowing pigeon pea close to bean fields.
• Rotate crops to reduce the chance of pathogen survival.

Chemical Control
• Spray maneb @ 3g/litre of water.
Top
Sterility mosaic
Causal Organism
Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani

Damage
• Bushy and stunted appearance of the infected plants
due to reduction in the size of the leaves and
proliferation of the branches.
• Light and dark green mosaic pattern on the infected
leaves of younger plants.
• Partial or complete sterility of the plant resulting in

low or no flowering and podding.
• Shade and humidity encourage multiplication of the virus.
Cultural Control
• The crop must be sown timely.
• The spacing between the lines should be maintained at 30 to 40 cms.
• Only certified seeds should be used for sowing.
• If the seeds are not treated then seed treatment should be done.
• In endemic areas only tolerant and resistant varieties should be used.
• Weeds plants should be rouged out at their inception.
• Insect, fungal and nematode vectors should be controlled using suitable pesticides.
• Control white fly as it spreads the virus.

Mechanical Control
• Destroy sources of sterility mosaic inoculum
• Uproot infected plants at an early stage of disease development and destroy them
Chemical Control
• Seed dressing with 25% furadan 3G.

OR
• 10 % aldicarb @ 3g/kg of seed.
OR
• Spraying acaricide or insecticide like metasystox or kelthane @ 0.1% to control the mite
vector in the early stages of plant growth.
Top
Yellow mosaic
Causal Organism
Mung bean yellow mosaic virus

Damage
• Green and mosaic mottle symptoms are seen on the
leaves.
• Diseased plants are scattered in the field and

produce fewer pods.
Cultural Control
• Avoid sowing late to reduce disease severity.
• Uproot and burn infected plants if the disease appears on isolated plants in the field.
Chemical Control
• Spray insecticide (metasystox @ 1 g/L to control the white fly
Resistant Varieties of Pigeon pea

Pusa-9 > Jawahar (JKM-7) > Birsa Arhar 1 > Pusa 991 > Gujarat Tur-100 > TS-3 > JKM 189
> ICPL 85003 (Laxmi) > ICPL - 87 (Pragati) > ICPL - 151 (Jagrati) > PUSA - 33 > No.148 >
Jawahar Arhar - 4 > ICPL - 87119 ( Asha) > Gwalior - 3 > MA - 3 (Malviya Vikalp)
Pusa-9
Yield - 22-26 q/ha
Duration - 210-248 days

Silent features
• Tall & bold- seeded, Suitable for pre-rabi.
Reaction to pest and disease
• Resistant to Alternaria & SMD
Jawahar (JKM-7)
Yield - 18-20 q/ha

Silent features
• Indeterminate variety.
• Tolerant to wilt & Phytophthora blight.
Birsa Arhar 1
Yield - 10-15 q/ha

• Wilt Resistant
Pusa 991
Yield - 16-20 q/ha
Duration - 140 days

Silent features
• Tolerant to wilt, Phytophthora blight and SMD
Gujarat Tur-100
Yield - 16-18 q/ha

Silent features
• White, bold- seeded.
• Tolerant to Pod border & Pod fly
TS-3
Yield - 14-16 q/ha

Silent features
• White, bold seeded,
• Resistant to wilt
JKM 189
Yield - 18 q/ha

Silent features
• Medium duration
• Resistant to Fusarium wilt
ICPL 85003 (Laxmi)

Yield - 20 q/ha

Silent features
• Medium duration
• Wilt resistant
ICPL - 87 (Pragati)
Yield - 20 - 25 q/ha
Duration - 135 days

Silent features
• This is an early maturing variety.
• Pods are medium sized with dark red/maroon bands.
• Plants are small.
• Suitable for machine harvesting.

• This variety is tolerant to wilt.
• This variety is resistant to Phoma stem canker, Phyllody, Halo blight and Phyllosticta leaf spot.
ICPL - 151 (Jagrati)

Yield - 20 - 22 q/ha
Duration - 120 - 125 days
Silent features
• Pods are green in colour with violet bands.
• Grains are round, big and dull white in colour.
• Susceptible to high moisture conditions.

• This variety is resistant to sterility mosaic disease and root knot.
PUSA - 33
Yield - 15 q/ha

Silent features
• The plants are medium sized.
• The grains are red coloured.
• Suitable for low rainfall areas.
• Suitable for intercropping and double cropping.
No.148
Yield - 17 q/ha
Duration - 180 days

Silent features
• This is a medium maturing variety.
• The plants are medium sized and dense.
• Grains are brownish red and of medium sized.
• This variety is susceptible to wilt and sterility mosaic disease.
Jawahar Arhar - 4
Yield - 18 q/ha
Duration - 175 days

Silent features
• This is an medium maturing variety.
• The plants are medium tall.
• The grains are brownish red and medium in size.

• The variety is tolerant to wilt disease.
• The variety is tolerant to pod borer insect.
ICPL - 87119 ( Asha)

Yield - 20 q/ha

Silent features
• This is an medium maturing variety.
• The plants are straight, medium tall with dense canopy.
• The stem is green in colour.
• The pods have red/maroon linings.

• This variety is tolerant to wilt and sterility mosaic disease.
Gwalior - 3
Yield - 18 q/ha

Silent features
• This is a late maturing variety.
• The plants are tall.
• The stem is greenish red in colour.
• The grains are medium in size and light brown in colour.
MA - 3 (Malviya Vikalp)
Yield - 22 q/ha
Duration - 250 days

Silent features
• This is a late maturing variety.
• The grains are medium in size and red in colour.

• The variety is partly resistant to wilt.
• The variety is resistant to sterility mosaic.
• The variety is tolerant to pod fly.
MOONG
Agronomic Practices
Field Preparation
 1 ploughing and 1 harrowing, level the field with patta or leveller and remove weeds.
 Care should be taken to do ploughing once in every two to three years.
 In termite endemic areas, apply lindane 1.5% kg/ha before last harrowing.
Seed & Sowing
 Treat seed with 1 g Carbendazim + 2g of Thiram or 3 gms of thiram fungicide per
kilogram of seed.
 Treat the seed with 5 g Rhizobium culture per kg seed.
 After treatment, keep it in shadow and sow thereafter immediately.
Harvest
 When pods turn black and are matured then harvesting should be done.
 To avoid shattering losses it is advised to harvest the crop in early hours.
 Over maturity of the crop will lead to shattering losses at the time of harvest
Defoliators
Blister beetle (Mylabris pustula)
• Polyphagous beetles feeding on crops with yellow or pink
flowers. Found throughout the country.
• Adults are medium sized beetles with black head, thorax
and abdomen.
• Elytra are black in colour with a round orange spot and two
transverse wavy orange bands across the wings.
• Eggs are usually laid in the soil.
Damage
• Adults feed on flowers of green gram and affect pod set.
• When distributed the beetles exude an acrid yellow fluid which is called cantharidin and
causes blisters on tender skin.
Cultural Control
• Adults can not be easily killed with the insecticides.
• Avoid excess application of nitrogen.
• Use of pheromone and light traps at night to control and prevent adult beetles from
reproducing.
Chemical Control
• Manual collection or collection with insect net and killing of adults in kerosenized water
appears to be the only possible solution.
Top
• The adult is a medium sized light pale brownish yellow

stout moth; fore wings are olive green to pale brown with a
dark brown
circular spot in the centre; hind wings are pale smoky white
with a broad blackish outer margin.
• The larva is about 3.5 cm long, variable in colour, but

usually greenish brown, sparsely hairy and with dark
yellow stripes.
Damage
• The young larva feeds on leaves by scraping green tissue for short time and then bores into
the pods and feeds on the seeds with its head thrust inside and most part of the body
outside.
Cultural Control
• Deep summer ploughing should be practiced so that the larvae /pupae are exposed to the
sun and are preyed upon by predators.
• The crop should be sown timely, sowing should be completed up to 1st week of July.
• Intercropping and mixed cropping should be practiced.
• Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided.

Mechanical Control
• Light traps should be used at night and adult insect should be collected in the morning and
should be killed.
• 5 to 8 pheromone traps/ha should be used and trapped adult insects should be taken out and
killed, this effectively reduces the reproduction rate and controls the insect population.
Biological Control
• Conserve parasites of gram caterpillar like Trichogramma sp., chelonus sp., Apanteles sp.,
Bracon and Campoletis chloride, goniozus sp.
• Bt and NP Virus are good parasitoids

Chemical Control
• Quinalphos 25 EC @1000 ml OR Endosulfan 35EC 800 ml OR Deltamethrin 2.8 EC

@750 ml/ha dissolved in 600-750 litres of water and spray.
• If needed, repeat spray after 15 days.

Top
• Adult moth is medium sized with dark brown forewings
which have a prominent white line along the anterior
margin.
• Hind wings are whitish in colour.
• Full grown larva is about 2 cm long, brownish green with

black warts.
Damage
• The larva webs the leaves together, sometimes flowers and pods may be webbed together.
• Young caterpillar enters the bud, flower or the pod.
• Within the pod it feeds on the seeds.
• The entrance hole is plugged with excreta.
• The larva may bore into the tender stem as well.

Cultural Control
• Sow resistant varieties like J-1, LM 11, PS 26 and P 336.
• Deep ploughing.
• Early sowing.
• Proper seed rate, fertiliser management to have a desirable crop stand.
• Intercultural and hand weeding to keep the crop weed free initially for 4-6 weeks.
Biological Control
• Conserve ants (camponotus) and praying mantids as these are good predators of egg and
larva of the pest.
Chemical Control
• Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @ 1000 ml/ha and disslove in 600-

750 litres of water per hectare.
Top
Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
• Highly polyphagous and cosmopolitan in nature.
• Though tobacco and tomato are major hosts, it has been
recorded on many crop plants.
• Moths are stout, dark brown with greyish-brown forewings
patterned with wavy white markings.
• Hind wings are opaque or semi-hyaline white with dark
brown marginal line.
• Eggs are dirty white, round, laid in masses, covered with
anal tuft of hair.
•Caterpillars are 40-50 mm long, pale brown with a greenish

to violet tinge, posses a sub-marginal series of narrow
yellow spots having black lunules above them, and lateral
series of purplish-black spots.
Damage
• Freshly hatched caterpillars feed gregariously by scraping the chlorophyll, later disperse,
feed voraciously at night on the foliage.
Mechanical Control
• Look for the plants infested with 1st/2nd instar larvae of Hairy Caterpillar, collect (for
hairy caterpillar) and destroy them. (Hairy Caterpillar has definite egg laying pattern in
masses. 1st/2nd instar larvae remain restricted to leaves of plants where eggs have been
laid.
• Collection and destruction of egg masses and freshly hatched larvae along with
skeletonised leaves.
• Install light traps.

Biological Control
• Conserve Bracon hebator, Chelomus blackburni, NPV, Tetrastichus sp.
Chemical Control
• Spraying neem to prevent egg laying and placement of poison bait with monocrotophos for
grown up larvae are recommended to reduce the incidence of pest.
Top
Sucking Pest
Aphids (Aphis craccivora)
• The adults are black and shiny, up to 2 mm long and some
are winged.
• Nymphs are covered with waxy coating that makes them
grey and dull.
• Nymphs and adults colonise on young stem, leaves, flowers
and pods.
• Visit regularly and observe for the insect at borders in early

stages.
Damage
• Attacks a large number of pulses and leguminous crops.
• Nymphs and adults are seen in large number on young plants, leaf lets, stem and pods.
• Young leaves of seedlings become twisted on aphid attack.
• Excretion of honey dew attracts sooty mold.

Cultural Control
• Early sowing.
• Clean cultivation.
• Avoid excess use of nitrogen and water.

Biological Control
• In nature these are prayed by cocinellid beetles and chrysoperia. So conserve lady beetles,
green lace wing, diaretiella rapae, menochiles sexamaculatus.
Chemical Control
• Spray Phosphomidon @250 ml dissolved in 600- 700 litre water for one hectare.
OR
• Methyl Demeton 25 EC 500 ml in 600 litre water /ha and spray.
• If required second spray after 15 days.

Top
• Adults are green, small in size, wings folded in a roof-like
manner over body.
• Nymphs resemble the adults (except for wings) and move
diagonally or side ways on disturbance.
• Monitor the field regularly for the insect incidence.
Damage
• The nymphs and adults suck sap from the under surface of the leaves.
• Attacked leaf lets become cup shaped and yellow at the edges.
• Heavy attack results in reddish-brown leaf lets with subsequent defoliation.

Cultural Control
• Early and or timely sowing of the crop.

Mechanical Control
• Spray phosphomidon@ 250 ml in 600-700 litre water/ha.

OR
• Spray Methyl demetone 25 EC in 500 ml in600-700 litre water/ha.

Biological Control

Chemical Control

OR

Top
Pod sucking bugs (Anoplocnemis phasiana)
• Pod bugs are serious pest.
• Adults of Anoplocnnemis are brown or black, with rounded
shoulders.
• Clavigralla spp. are brownish-grey in colour with spine-like

projections on shoulders.
Damage
• Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the developing seeds through the pod wall.
• Pods show yellow patches on feeding sites, seeds become shriveled and lose germination
ability.
Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing.
• Ensure good crop stand.
• Crop rotation.
• Early sowing.
• The above practices are effective in reducing insect infestation.

Chemical Control
• Monocrotophos 36 SL 400 ml
OR
• Endosulfan 35 EC 800 ml
OR
• Dimethioate 30 EC 400 ml dissolved in 600-800 litres of water and spray.

Top
Thrips (Taeniothrips spp.)
• Adults are minute with highly fringed wings.
• Monitor plant health at different stages.
Damage
• Thrips feed on tender leaves, flowers and pods, as a result the plant remains stunted.
• The pod formation is prevented and the development of pods is arrested.
• It also acts as vector of leaf curl disease.
• It may occur at the early stages of the crop growth.

Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing, early planting and optimum fertiliser application are helpful in
establishing good crop stand.
Biological Control
• Use by control agent Chyrsoperla @ 20000/ha .
Chemical Control
• Spray 35 EC Endosulfan 1-1.2 litres dissolved in 600-700 litres of water/ha.

OR
• Methyl Demeton 25 EC 500 ml in 600-700 litres of water per hectare.

Top
White fly (Bemisia tabaci)
• Adults are small, moth-like with white, waxy powdered
wings.
• The short stalked eggs are attached to the under surface of
the leaves.
• Routinely check all parts of all fields for whiteflies using
adult and nymph scouting methods.
• When populations exceed the thresholds, treat them where
needed.
• Be especially alert for rapid whitefly buildup when nearby

host crops are in decline.
Damage
• Attack is in early stages of plant growth.
• First, instars nymph crawl on leaf lets, and keep sucking sap.
• Nymphs and adults suck sap usually from under surface of leaves, excrete honey dew.
• The whitefly is a potent vector of yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and most of the crop loss is
due to YMV since even a small population can transmit the disease.
• In case of severe infection of YMV very few pods are produced.
• The pod size is reduced, grains shriveled and reduced in size.
• The YMV cause losses in yield up to 70% in green gram.

Cultural Control
• Sow resistant varieties.
Biological Control
• Conserve Chrysopa spp, Brumus spp (predators) as it predated upon immature stages of the
pest.
• Conserve Eretomocerus masii, Geocoris tricolor (parasites).

Chemical Control
• Spray Endosulfan 35 EC 1.0 -1.25 litres per hectare after dissolving in 600-800 litres
water.
OR
• Quinalphos 25 EC 1.5 litres/ha after dissolving in 600-800 litres water.
• In areas, where heavy incidence of YMV is a regular feature, seed treatment with
imadacloprid may be done.
• Spraying with deltramethrin 2.8 EC 400ml/ha or 25 EC of Cypermethrin 200 ml/ha or 35

EC endosulfan 2.5l/ha in 600 - 650 litres of water/ha.
Alternaria leaf spot
Causal Organism
Alternaria alternaria A. tenuissima
Damage
• The disease occurs rarely on green gram and can be

seen in all the seasons.
• Initially, small, circular brown spots appear on the
leaf surface.
• Gradually, the spots become dark brown with
concentric circles.
• As the severity increases, the spots enlarge and the
concentric rings become clearly visible.
• Affected portions in the leaf get separated and fall

down resulting in shot holes.

• The pathogen survives through spores (conidia) or mycelium in diseased plant debris or
weed host.
• Moist ( more than 70% relative humidity) and warm weather (12-25 C temp) and
intermittent rains are favours disease development.
Cultural Control
• Field sanitation
Chemical Control
• Seed treatment with Thiram 2.5 g/kg seed.

• Spray the crop with Mancozeb 75 % WP at the rate 2 gm per litre.
• If the infection persists then repeat the spray after 15 days interval.
OR
• Three or four spray of carbendazim 7-7.5 g/litre or Mancozeb
(Dithane M 45) 75% WP.
OR
• Zineb at 2 g/litre per ha just at the appearance of the disease.

Top
Anthracnose
Causal Organism
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, C. capsisi

Damage
• The fungus attacks all aerial part parts and at any
stage of plant growth.
• Symptoms are circular, black, sunken spots with
dark center and bright red orange margins on leaves
and pods.
• In severe infections, the affected parts wither off.
• Seedlings get blighted due to infection soon after

seed germination.

• The pathogens survive on seed and plant debris
• Disease spreads in the field through air-borne conidia.
• The disease is more sever in cool and wet seasons.

Cultural Control
• Hot water treatment at 54 degree centigrade for 10 min.
• Use disease free seed.
• Follow crop rotation

Chemical Control
• Spray mancozeb 0.3% or carbendazim 0.5/Litre.
Top
Bacterial Leaf Blight
Causal Organism
Xanthomonas phaseoli
Damage
• It is characterized by many brown, dry and raised
spots on the leaf surface.
• When the disease is severe several such spots
coalesce, the leaves become yellow and fall off
prematurely.
• The lower surface of the leaf appears red in colour
due to the formation of raised spots.
• The stem and pods also get infected.
• The bacterium is seed-borne and through vines grow perennially.
• Rain splashes play an important role in the development and spreading of the disease.
Cultural Control
• Grow tolerant varieties of the disease.
• Use disease free seed

Mechanical Control
• Destruction of debris and stubbles.

Chemical Control
• Soaking the seed in 500 ppm Streptocycline solution for 30 min. before sowing followed by
two sprays of Streptocycline combined with 3 g of Copper Oxychloride per litre at an
interval of 12 days is recommended.
Top
Causal Organism
Cercospora canescens
Damage
• This is an important disease of green gram and is

usually occurs in a severe form, causing heavy
losses in yield.
• Spots produced are small, numerous in number with
pale brown centre and reddish brown margin.
Similar spots also occur on branches and pods.
• Under favourable environmental conditions, severe

leaf spotting and defoliation occurs at the time of
flowering and pod formation.

• The fungus is seed-borne and also survives on plant debris in the soil.
• High humidity favours disease development.

Cultural Control
• Cultivate resistant varieties.
• Intercrop the moong with tall growing cereals and millets.
• Follow clean cultivation.
• Maintain low crop population density and wide row planting.

Biological Control
• The crude extracts of cassava, spiny amaranth, poinsettia, ipil-ipil, alascuatro, tagetes,
garlic, mayana and zinger are applied for controlling the disease effectively.
Mechanical Control
• Mulching reduces the disease incidence resulting in increase yield.

Chemical Control
• Cercospora leaf spot was effectively controlled by only a spray of Carbendazim (0.05%) at
30 days after sowing.
Top
Corynespora Leaf Spot
Causal Organism
Corynespora cassiicola
Damage
• By this disease yields decrease drastically.

• Symptoms of this disease develop on leaves when
the crop reaches flowering stage.
• Lesions begin as dark reddish brown circular spot
usually on the upper surface of the leaf and they
expand to become larger spots.
• In advanced stages the spots coalesce to form

patches. Shot-holing and severe defoliation is a
marked symptom in advanced stages of infection.

• The fungus is seed-borne and can survive on host debris for two years.
Cultural Control
• Use tolerant varieties LBG 167.
Chemical Control
• Corynespora leaf spot was effectively controlled by only a spray of
Top
Leaf Curl
Causal Organism
Leaf Curl Virus

Damage
• An important and potential killer of green gram
plants, more severe in Kharif season.
• The earliest symptoms appear on youngest leaves as
chlorosis around some lateral veins and its branches
near the margin.
• The leaves show curling of margin downwards.
• Some of the leaves show twisting.
• The veins show reddish brown discolouration on the
under surface which also extends to the petiole.
• Plants showing symptoms within 5 weeks after
sowing invariably remain stunted and majority of
these die due to top necrosis within a week or two.
• Plants infected in late stages of growth do not show

severe curling and twisting of the leaves but show
conspicuous venial chlorosis any where on the leaf
lamina.
• The disease develops in the fields mainly through seed or rubbing of diseased leaves with
the healthy ones.
Cultural Control
• Timely sowing.
• Complete field and crop sanitation.
• Take control measures for thrips.

Chemical Control
• The virus is transmitted by thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and hence can be managed by
controlling thrips by spraying 1 g Acephate or 2 ml Dimethoate per litre.
Top
Leaf Web Blight
Causal Organism
Rhizotonia solani
Damage
• Symptoms appear on leaves initially as small,

water-soaked, light green lesions of various shapes.
• Spots that are formed on older leaves gradually
increase in number and size attaining reddish brown
colour and spread to young leaves also.
• Numerous white sclerotia are formed in the pink
coloured web formed by the fungul mycelium.
• Affected leaves shed and drop. As a result of

shortening of the branches, yields are drastically
reduced.

• The pathogen is soil-borne and initial inoculum comes from soil during the rains.
• The disease also spread from diseased plants to healthy by contact.
• Moist weather and high temperatures favours the spread of the disease.
Cultural Control
• Adjust sowing time in such a way that it should not be timed with main rainfall
• Keep the crop weed free.
• Good soil drainage and thin plant density reduces the incidence of disease.
Mechanical Control
• Destroy diseased plant debris.

Biological Control
• Use Trichoderma viride as biocontrol agent.

Chemical Control
• Spray Mancozeb/ Copper Oxychloride at 3 g per litre or Carbendazim/ Thiophanate-methyl

at 1 g per litre is recommended at the time of podding when the disease disappears on the
crop.
Top
Macrophomina Blight
Causal Organism
Macrophomina phaseolina
Damage
• In rice fallows, symptoms appear on 4 weeks old
green gram crop as raised white cankers at the base
of the stem.
• These enlarge gradually and turn as raised brown
streaks spreading upwards.
• Plants are stunted and leaves are dark green,
mottled and reduced in size.
• Normal leaves on the affected plants drop suddenly
and dry.
• Flowering and podding are greatly reduced.
• When the affected plants are split/open vertically

from the collar downwards, reddish discolouration
of the internal tissues is clearly visible while the
internal root tissues appear white.
• The pathogen can survive through seed, soil, diseased plant parts and host plants.
• The severity of the disease increases with the increase in temperatures.
• Fungus survives in upper layers of the soil and enters plant through stem.
Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing in summer.
• Soil solarization.
• Soil amendment with farm yard manure is helpful in reducing the incidence of the disease
Mechanical Control
• Destroy the diseased plant debris by burning of burying in the soil.

Chemical Control
• Seed treatment with carbendazim + Thiram 1:2.
Top
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus
Causal Organism
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus

Damage
• The disease is prevalent on green gram.
• Initially mild scattered yellow spots appear on
young leaves. Spots gradually increase in size and
ultimately some leaves turn completely yellow.
• Infected leaves also show necrotic symptoms.
• Diseased plants are stunted, mature late and produce
very few flowers and pods.
• Pods of infected plants are reduced in size and turn

yellow in colour.

• The disease is transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia, tabaci.
Cultural Control
• Grow resistant varieties to yellow mosaic.
• HUM 8, HUM 9, PDM 84-139, Pusa Bold 1, Pusa Bold 2 and K1284 varieties are resistant
to yellow mosaic virus.
• If the seeds are not treated than seed treatment should be done.
• In endemic areas, only tolerant and resistant varieties should be used.

Mechanical Control
• Rogue out MYMV infected plants early in the season to eliminate the source of inoculum.
Chemical Control
• Apply 10% phorate granules at the rate of 1kg/ha in the soil before sowing.
Top
Powdery Mildew
Causal Organism
Erysiphe polygoni DC
Damage
• Powdery mildew is one of the widespread diseases
of several legumes in green gram.
• White powdery patches appear on leaves and other
green parts which later become dull coloured. These
patches gradually increase in size and become
circular covering the lower
surface also.
• When the infection is severe, both the surfaces of
the leaves are completely covered by whitish
powdery growth. Severely affected parts get
shriveled and distorted.
• In severe infections, foliage becomes yellow

causing premature defoliation. The disease also
creates forced maturity of the infected plants which
results in heavy yield losses.
• The pathogen has a wide host range and survives in oidial form on various hosts in off-
season.
• Secondary spread is through air-borne oidia produced in the season.

Cultural Control
• The seeds must be sown early in the month of June to avoid early incidence of the disease
on the crop.
Chemical Control
• Powdery mildew could be controlled by spraying Carbendazim (0.05%) and Penconalzole

(0.05%)
• Two spray of Carbendazim or Thiophanate Methyl 1 g ml or Tridemorph 1 ml per litre, one

dose immediately after the disease appearance and the second dose 15 days later effectively
manage
the disease
Top
Root Rot and Leaf Blight
Causal Organism
Rhizoctonia solani
Damage
• The pathogens cause seed decay, root rot, damping-
off, seedling blight, stem canker and leaf blight in
green gram.
• The disease occurs commonly at podding stage.
• In the initial stages, the fungus causes seed rot,
seedling blight and root rot symptoms.
• The affected leaves turn yellow in colour and brown
irregular lesions appear on leaves.
• On coalescence of such lesions, big blotches are
formed and the affected leaves start drying
prematurely.
• Roots and basal portion of the stem become black in
colour and the bark peels off easily.
• The affected plants dry up gradually.
• When the tap root of the affected plant is split open,

reddening of internal tissues is visible.
• The pathogen is soil-borne.
Cultural Control
• Grow resistant varieties.
• Avoid moisture stress in the soil especially at podding stage.

Biological Control
• Seed treatment with 4g Trichoderma viride formulation

Chemical Control
• Seed treatment is effective is reducing the disease incidences.
• Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim (2:1) 0.25% seed reduces the disease.
Top
Rust
Causal Organism
Uromyces phaseoli
Damage
• The disease appears as circular reddish brown
pustules which appear more commonly on the
underside of the leaves, less abundant on pods and
sparingly on stems.
• When leaves are severely infected, both the surfaces
are fully covered by rust pustules.
• Shriveling followed by defoliation resulting in yield

losses.
Cultural Control
• Use tolerant varieties

Chemical Control
• Spray Mancozeb 3g to control of the disease.
Top
Seed and Seedling Rot
Causal Organism
Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina

Pythium aphanidermatum, Sclerotium rolfsii
Damage
• Several fungi growing on the seed coat of green
gram cause rotting of the seeds resulting in failure
of germination.
• Leaves of affected seedlings dry and die suddenly.
• Basal portion of the stem weakens and appears
brown in colour.
• Dried seedlings are seen sparsely here and there in

the field within 3 weeks after sowing.

• The pathogens are soil-borne.
Cultural Control
• Green gram cultivars, PS 16 and Pusa Bisaki are tolerant.
• Seed treatment is advised.

Biological Control

Chemical Control
• Seed treatment with 3g Thiram per kilogram of seed can reduce the disease incidence.
Blister beetle (Mylabris pustula)

• Polyphagous beetles feeding on crops with yellow or pink
flowers. Found throughout the country.
• Adults are medium sized beetles with black head, thorax
and abdomen.
• Elytra are black in colour with a round orange spot and two
transverse wavy orange bands across the wings.
• Eggs are usually laid in the soil.
Damage
• Adults feed on flowers of green gram and affect pod set.
• When distributed the beetles exude an acrid yellow fluid which is called cantharidin and
causes blisters on tender skin.
Cultural Control
• Adults can not be easily killed with the insecticides.
• Avoid excess application of nitrogen.
• Use of pheromone and light traps at night to control and prevent adult beetles from
reproducing.
Chemical Control
• Manual collection or collection with insect net and killing of adults in kerosenized water
appears to be the only possible solution.
Top
• The adult is a medium sized light pale brownish yellow

stout moth; fore wings are olive green to pale brown with a
dark brown
circular spot in the centre; hind wings are pale smoky white
with a broad blackish outer margin.
• The larva is about 3.5 cm long, variable in colour, but

usually greenish brown, sparsely hairy and with dark
yellow stripes.
Damage
• The young larva feeds on leaves by scraping green tissue for short time and then bores into
the pods and feeds on the seeds with its head thrust inside and most part of the body
outside.
Cultural Control
• Deep summer ploughing should be practiced so that the larvae /pupae are exposed to the
sun and are preyed upon by predators.
• The crop should be sown timely, sowing should be completed up to 1st week of July.
• Intercropping and mixed cropping should be practiced.
• Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided.

Mechanical Control
• Light traps should be used at night and adult insect should be collected in the morning and
should be killed.
• 5 to 8 pheromone traps/ha should be used and trapped adult insects should be taken out and
killed, this effectively reduces the reproduction rate and controls the insect population.
Biological Control
• Conserve parasites of gram caterpillar like Trichogramma sp., chelonus sp., Apanteles sp.,
Bracon and Campoletis chloride, goniozus sp.
• Bt and NP Virus are good parasitoids

Chemical Control
• Quinalphos 25 EC @1000 ml OR Endosulfan 35EC 800 ml OR Deltamethrin 2.8 EC

@750 ml/ha dissolved in 600-750 litres of water and spray.

Top
• Adult moth is medium sized with dark brown forewings
which have a prominent white line along the anterior
margin.
• Hind wings are whitish in colour.
• Full grown larva is about 2 cm long, brownish green with

black warts.
Damage
• The larva webs the leaves together, sometimes flowers and pods may be webbed together.
• Young caterpillar enters the bud, flower or the pod.
• Within the pod it feeds on the seeds.
• The entrance hole is plugged with excreta.
• The larva may bore into the tender stem as well.

Cultural Control
• Sow resistant varieties like J-1, LM 11, PS 26 and P 336.
• Deep ploughing.
• Early sowing.
• Proper seed rate, fertiliser management to have a desirable crop stand.
• Intercultural and hand weeding to keep the crop weed free initially for 4-6 weeks.
Biological Control
• Conserve ants (camponotus) and praying mantids as these are good predators of egg and
larva of the pest.
Chemical Control
• Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 1500 ml or Endosulfan 35 EC @ 1000 ml/ha and disslove in 600-

750 litres of water per hectare.
Top
Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
• Highly polyphagous and cosmopolitan in nature.
• Though tobacco and tomato are major hosts, it has been
recorded on many crop plants.
• Moths are stout, dark brown with greyish-brown forewings
patterned with wavy white markings.
• Hind wings are opaque or semi-hyaline white with dark
brown marginal line.
• Eggs are dirty white, round, laid in masses, covered with
anal tuft of hair.
•Caterpillars are 40-50 mm long, pale brown with a greenish

to violet tinge, posses a sub-marginal series of narrow
yellow spots having black lunules above them, and lateral
series of purplish-black spots.
Damage
• Freshly hatched caterpillars feed gregariously by scraping the chlorophyll, later disperse,
feed voraciously at night on the foliage.
Mechanical Control
• Look for the plants infested with 1st/2nd instar larvae of Hairy Caterpillar, collect (for
hairy caterpillar) and destroy them. (Hairy Caterpillar has definite egg laying pattern in
masses. 1st/2nd instar larvae remain restricted to leaves of plants where eggs have been
laid.
• Collection and destruction of egg masses and freshly hatched larvae along with
skeletonised leaves.
• Install light traps.

Biological Control
• Conserve Bracon hebator, Chelomus blackburni, NPV, Tetrastichus sp.
Chemical Control
• Spraying neem to prevent egg laying and placement of poison bait with monocrotophos for
grown up larvae are recommended to reduce the incidence of pest.
Top
Sucking Pest
• Adults are green, small in size, wings folded in a roof-like
manner over body.
• Nymphs resemble the adults (except for wings) and move
diagonally or side ways on disturbance.
• Monitor the field regularly for the insect incidence.
Damage
• The nymphs and adults suck sap from the under surface of the leaves.
• Attacked leaf lets become cup shaped and yellow at the edges.
• Heavy attack results in reddish-brown leaf lets with subsequent defoliation.

Cultural Control
• Early and or timely sowing of the crop.

Mechanical Control

OR

Biological Control

Chemical Control

OR

Top
Pod sucking bugs (Anoplocnemis phasiana)
• Pod bugs are serious pest.
• Adults of Anoplocnnemis are brown or black, with rounded
shoulders.
• Clavigralla spp. are brownish-grey in colour with spine-like

projections on shoulders.
Damage
• Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the developing seeds through the pod wall.
• Pods show yellow patches on feeding sites, seeds become shriveled and lose germination
ability.
Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing.
• Ensure good crop stand.
• Crop rotation.
• Early sowing.
• The above practices are effective in reducing insect infestation.

Chemical Control
• Monocrotophos 36 SL 400 ml
OR
• Endosulfan 35 EC 800 ml
OR
• Dimethioate 30 EC 400 ml dissolved in 600-800 litres of water and spray.

Top
Thrips (Taeniothrips spp.)
• Adults are minute with highly fringed wings.
• Monitor plant health at different stages.

Damage
• Thrips feed on tender leaves, flowers and pods, as a result the plant remains stunted.
• The pod formation is prevented and the development of pods is arrested.
• It also acts as vector of leaf curl disease.
• It may occur at the early stages of the crop growth.

Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing, early planting and optimum fertiliser application are helpful in
establishing good crop stand.
Biological Control
• Use by control agent Chyrsoperla @ 20000/ha .
Chemical Control
• Spray 35 EC Endosulfan 1-1.2 litres dissolved in 600-700 litres of water/ha.

OR
• Methyl Demeton 25 EC 500 ml in 600-700 litres of water per hectare.

Top
White fly (Bemisia tabaci)
• Adults are small, moth-like with white, waxy powdered

wings.
• The short stalked eggs are attached to the under surface of
the leaves.
• Routinely check all parts of all fields for whiteflies using
adult and nymph scouting methods.
• When populations exceed the thresholds, treat them where
needed.
• Be especially alert for rapid whitefly buildup when nearby

host crops are in decline.
Damage
• Attack is in early stages of plant growth.
• First, instars nymph crawl on leaf lets, and keep sucking sap.
• Nymphs and adults suck sap usually from under surface of leaves, excrete honey dew.
• The whitefly is a potent vector of yellow mosaic virus (YMV) and most of the crop loss is
due to YMV since even a small population can transmit the disease.
• In case of severe infection of YMV very few pods are produced.
• The pod size is reduced, grains shriveled and reduced in size.
• The YMV cause losses in yield up to 70% in green gram.

Cultural Control
• Sow resistant varieties.
Biological Control
• Conserve Chrysopa spp, Brumus spp (predators) as it predated upon immature stages of the
pest.
• Conserve Eretomocerus masii, Geocoris tricolor (parasites).

Chemical Control
• Spray Endosulfan 35 EC 1.0 -1.25 litres per hectare after dissolving in 600-800 litres
water.
OR
• Quinalphos 25 EC 1.5 litres/ha after dissolving in 600-800 litres water.
• In areas, where heavy incidence of YMV is a regular feature, seed treatment with
imadacloprid may be done.
• Spraying with deltramethrin 2.8 EC 400ml/ha or 25 EC of Cypermethrin 200 ml/ha or 35

EC endosulfan 2.5l/ha in 600 - 650 litres of water/ha.
Urd
 Insect Management
 Disease Management
 Weed Management
 Nematode Management
 Nutrient Disorder Management
 Resistant Varieties Information
 Natural Enemy Information
 IPM Modules
Agronomic Practices
Field Preparation
 Light soils are suitable for Urd cultivation.
 Immediately after first rains, one ploughing and two harrowing are recommended.
 Destroy weeds and other foreign materials from the field and adjoining areas.
 Soils having 7-8 pH are suitable.
 Acidic and alkaline soils are not suitable for this crop
 Drainage canals should be made to remove excess water from the field.
Seed & Sowing
 Treat the seed with 3 gm thiram + 1 gm carbendazim per kg of seed.
 For the above use old earthen pot or tripal.

Harvest
 Harvesting should be done after crop is matured and most of the pods turn black.
 Harvesting should be done in the early hours to minimize shattering losses.
 Over maturity may result in shattering losses.
Anthracnose
Causal Organism
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, C. capsisi

Damage
• The fungus attacks all aerial part parts and at any
stage of plant growth.
• Symptoms are circular, black, sunken spots with
dark center and bright red orange margins on leaves
and pods.
• In severe infections, the affected parts wither off.
• Seedlings get blighted due to infection soon after

seed germination.
• The pathogens survive on seed and plant debris
• Disease spreads in the field through air-borne conidia.
• The disease is more sever in cool and wet seasons.

Cultural Control
• Hot water treatment at 54 degree centigrade for 10 min.

Chemical Control
• Spray mancozeb 0.3% or carbendazim 0.5/Litre.
Top
Bacterial Leaf Blight
Causal Organism
Xanthomonas phaseoli
Damage
• It is characterized by many brown, dry and raised

spots on the leaf surface.
• When the disease is severe several such spots
coalesce, the leaves become yellow and fall off
prematurely.
• The lower surface of the leaf appears red in colour
due to the formation of raised spots.
• The stem and pods also get infected.

• The bacterium is seed-borne and through vines grow perennially.
• Rain splashes play an important role in the development and spreading of the disease.
Cultural Control
• Grow tolerant varieties of the disease.
• Use disease free seed

Mechanical Control
• Destruction of debris and stubbles.

Chemical Control
• Soaking the seed in 500 ppm Streptocycline solution for 30 min. before sowing followed by
two sprays of Streptocycline combined with 3 g of Copper Oxychloride per litre at an
interval of 12 days is recommended.
Top
Causal Organism
Cercospora canescens
Damage
• Spots produced are small, numerous in number with

pale brown centre and reddish brown margin.
Similar spots also occur on branches and pods.
• Under favourable environmental conditions, severe

leaf spotting and defoliation occurs at the time of
flowering and pod formation.

• The fungus is seed-borne and also survives on plant debris in the soil.
• High humidity favours disease development.

Cultural Control
• Intercrop the moong with tall growing cereals and millets.
• Follow clean cultivation.
• Maintain low crop population density and wide row planting.

Biological Control
• The crude extracts of cassava, spiny amaranth, poinsettia, ipil-ipil, alascuatro, tagetes,
garlic, mayana and zinger are applied for controlling the disease effectively.
Mechanical Control
• Mulching reduces the disease incidence resulting in increase yield.

Chemical Control
• Cercospora leaf spot was effectively controlled by only a spray of Carbendazim (0.05%) at
30 days after sowing.
Top
Corynespora Leaf Spot
Causal Organism
Corynespora cassiicola
Damage
• By this disease yields decrease drastically.

• Symptoms of this disease develop on leaves when
the crop reaches flowering stage.
• Lesions begin as dark reddish brown circular spot
usually on the upper surface of the leaf and they
expand to become larger spots.
• In advanced stages the spots coalesce to form

patches. Shot-holing and severe defoliation is a
marked symptom in advanced stages of infection.

• The fungus is seed-borne and can survive on host debris for two years.
Cultural Control
• Use tolerant varieties LBG 167.
Chemical Control
• Corynespora leaf spot was effectively controlled by only a spray of
Top
Leaf Curl
Causal Organism
Leaf Curl Virus

Damage
• An important and potential killer of green gram
plants, more severe in Kharif season.
• The earliest symptoms appear on youngest leaves as
chlorosis around some lateral veins and its branches
near the margin.
• The leaves show curling of margin downwards.
• Some of the leaves show twisting.
• The veins show reddish brown discolouration on
the under surface which also extends to the petiole.
• Plants showing symptoms within 5 weeks after
sowing invariably remain stunted and majority of
these die due to top necrosis within a week or two.
• Plants infected in late stages of growth do not show

severe curling and twisting of the leaves but show
conspicuous venial chlorosis any where on the leaf
lamina.
• The disease develops in the fields mainly through seed or rubbing of diseased leaves with
the healthy ones.
Cultural Control
• Timely sowing.
• Complete field and crop sanitation.
• Take control measures for thrips.

Chemical Control
• The virus is transmitted by thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and hence can be managed by
controlling thrips by spraying 1 g Acephate or 2 ml Dimethoate per litre.
Top
Leaf Crinkle Virus
Causal Organism
Rhizotonia solani
Damage
• The disease usually attacks black gram in all

seasons.
• Characterized by enlargement of leaves followed by
crinckled surface of leaf lamina.
• The crinckling is more pronounced on younger
leaves.
• Flowering is delayed by 8-10 days.
• Inflorescence turns bushy in appearance.
• Pod setting is curtailed which decreases the yield

drastically.

• The virus is seed transmitted. Whiteflies, aphids and epilachna beetles also transmit the
disease.
Cultural Control
• The viral diseases can be controlled by applying following measures.
• Grow resistant varieties like ADT-3.
• Removal and quick burning of the infected plant.

Chemical Control
• Seed-borne infection can be eliminated by hot water treatment of seed at 55 deg C for 30
minutes
• Spraying insecticides 3 weeks after sowing to control sucking pests can help checking the
spread of the disease.
Top
Macrophomina Blight
Causal Organism
Damage
• In pre-emergence stage, the fungus causes seed rot
and rotting of germinating seedlings.
• In post-emergence stage, seedlings get blighted due
to soil or seed borne infection.
• Decay of secondary roots and shredding of the
cortex region of the tap root are symptoms.
• Small, circular, brown spots appear on the
cotyledons or on young leaves.
• At podding stage, some of the veins in the leaf
develop copper colour.
• As the severity increases, drooping of leaves occurs

due to weakening and breakage of the veins. Such
leaves droop, dry and shed.
• The pathogen can survive through seed, soil, diseased plant parts and host plants.
• The severity of the disease increases with the increase in temperatures.
Cultural Control
• Deep ploughing.
• Crop rotation with non pulse crop.

Mechanical Control
• Destroy the diseased plant debris by burning of burying in the soil.

Chemical Control
Top
Powdery Mildew
Causal Organism
Erysiphe polygoni DC
Damage
• White powdery patches appear on leaves and other
green parts which later become dull coloured. These
patches gradually increase in size and become
circular covering the lower
surface also.
• When the infection is severe, both the surfaces of
the leaves are completely covered by whitish
powdery growth. Severely affected parts get
shriveled and distorted.
• In severe infections, foliage becomes yellow

causing premature defoliation. The disease also
creates forced maturity of the infected plants which
results in heavy yield losses.

• The pathogen has a wide host range and survives in oidial form on various hosts in off-
season.
• Secondary spread is through air-borne oidia produced in the season.

Cultural Control
• The seeds must be sown early in the month of June to avoid early incidence of the disease
on the crop.
Chemical Control
• Powdery mildew could be controlled by spraying Carbendazim (0.05%) and Penconalzole

(0.05%)
• Two spray of Carbendazim or Thiophanate Methyl 1 g ml or Tridemorph 1 ml per litre, one

dose immediately after the disease appearance and the second dose 15 days later effectively
manage
the disease
Top
Root Rot and Leaf Blight
Causal Organism
Rhizoctonia solani
Damage
• The pathogens cause seed decay, root rot, damping-
off, seedling blight, stem canker and leaf blight in
green gram.
• The disease occurs commonly at podding stage.
• In the initial stages, the fungus causes seed rot,
seedling blight and root rot symptoms.
• The affected leaves turn yellow in colour and brown
irregular lesions appear on leaves.
• On coalescence of such lesions, big blotches are
formed and the affected leaves start drying
prematurely.
• Roots and basal portion of the stem become black
in colour and the bark peels off easily.
• The affected plants dry up gradually.
• When the tap root of the affected plant is split open,

reddening of internal tissues is visible.

• The pathogen is soil-borne.
Cultural Control
• Grow resistant varieties.
• Avoid moisture stress in the soil especially at podding stage.

Biological Control

Chemical Control
• Seed treatment is effective is reducing the disease incidences.
• Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim (2:1) 0.25% seed reduces the disease.
Top
Rust
Causal Organism
Uromyces phaseoli
Damage
• The disease appears as circular reddish brown pustules which appear more commonly on
the underside of the leaves, less abundant on pods and sparingly on stems.
• When leaves are severely infected, both the surfaces are fully covered by rust pustules.
• Shriveling followed by defoliation resulting in yield losses.

Cultural Control
• Use tolerant varieties

Chemical Control
• Spray Mancozeb 3g to control of the disease.
Top
Seed and Seedling Rot
Causal Organism
Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina

Pythium aphanidermatum, Sclerotium rolfsii
Damage
• Several fungi growing on the seed coat of green

gram cause rotting of the seeds resulting in failure
of germination.
• Leaves of affected seedlings dry and die suddenly.
• Basal portion of the stem weakens and appears
brown in colour.
• Dried seedlings are seen sparsely here and there in

the field within 3 weeks after sowing.

• The pathogens are soil-borne.
Cultural Control
• Green gram cultivars, PS 16 and Pusa Bisaki are tolerant.
• Seed treatment is advised.

Biological Control

Chemical Control
• Seed treatment with 3g Thiram per kilogram of seed can reduce the disease incidence.
Top
Stem canker
Causal Organism
Damage
• In rice fallows, symptoms appear on 4 weeks old
black gram crop as raised white cankers at the base
of the stem.
• These enlarge gradually and turn as raised brown
streaks spreading upwards.
• Plants are stunted and leaves dark green, mottled
and reduced in size.
• Normal leaves on the affected plants drop suddenly
and dry.
• Flowering and podding is greatly reduced.
• When the affected plants are split open vertically

from the collar downwards reddish discolouration
of the internal tissues is clearly visible while the
internal root tissues appear white.
Cultural Control
• Use tolerant varieties.
• Field and crop sanitation.
• Summer ploughing.
• Crop rotation.
Chemical Control
Top
Yellow Mosaic Virus
Causal Organism
Yellow Mosaic Virus

Damage
• The disease is prevalent on black gram.

• Initially mild scattered yellow spots appear on young leaves.
• The next trifoliate leaves emerging from the growing apex show irregular yellow and green
patches alternating with each other.
• Spots gradually increase in size and ultimately some leaves turn completely yellow.
• Infected leaves also show necrotic symptoms.
• Diseased plants are stunted, mature late and produce very few flowers and pods.
• Pods of infected plants are reduced in size and turn yellow in colour.
• The disease is transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia, tabaci.
Cultural Control
• Use reistant/ tolerant varieties.
• The viral diseases can be controlled by applying following measures.

Biological Control
• Conserve Paecilomyces farinosus fungus, a parasite of whitefly.

Chemical Control
• Apply 10% phorate granules at the rate of 1kg/ha in the soil before sowing.
OR
• Control white fly using insecticides.

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ARHAR

• Adult is a stout moth with dark yellow-olive forewings and

• Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to know the range

• Short duration varieties escapes from the attack of pod borer.

• The population of pod borer can be regulated by using pheromone traps.

• Conserve predators like spiders and wasp etc.

• Populations of this pest build up by the end of the season,

• Faucal pellets are seen inside the damaged pods.

• Apply chemical insecticide only if the pest population crosses ETL.

• Spraying of endosulfan 35 EC 0.07% ( 2ml of 35 EC/lit. of water) or monocrotophos 36SL

• Adult is small moth with yellowish brown wings, forewings

• Caterpillars are more rampant during the post rainy season

• Do not repeat sowing of pigeon pea crop in same field.

• Remove and destroy the damage plant parts.

• Spray monocrotophos 36 SL at the rate of 1l/ha.

• Adult is small black fly and is about 5 mm in length.

• The infested grains loose their viability.

• Conserve Ormyrus sp (parasite of pod fly).

• Spary monocrotophos @ 36 SL @ 1 ml/lit or endosulfan 35 EC 2.0 ml/lit of water at 50 %

• The eggs are oval and yellow laid in small batches

• Water logging should be prevented.

• Apply chemical insecticide only if the pest population crosses ETL.

• Spraying of 0.07% endosulfan ( 2ml of 35 EC/lit. of water) or 0.04% monocrotophos ( 1

• Nymphs and adults colonize on young stem, leaves, flowers

• Avoiding excess fertilization.

• Apply insecticides only if the pest population crosses the ETL.

• Eggs are laid along veins on the underside of leaflets.

• Conserve egg parasites like gonatocerus spp and oligosita sp.

• Adult of Anoplocnemis are brown or black, large in size.

• Nymphs are shiny brown seen on developing pods.

• Spraying of 700 ml trizophos 40 EC.

• These cause blighting of leaves and severe

• Defoliation of leaves and death of tender branches.

Survival & Favourable Conditions

• Late sown crop or post rainy season favours disease development.

• Spray macozeb @ 3g/litre of water.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. cajani

• Necrotic spots on leaves with yellow hallow.

• In severe infestation, the affected branches dry.

Survival & Favourable Conditions

• The pathogen is specific to pigeon pea and is seed borne

• Always selects seeds from healthy crops.

• Dark gray fungal growth on the growing tips,

• Infected flowers drop, thus reducing pod set.

Survival & Favourable Conditions

• It survives and remain ineffective up to 8 months in soil.

• Use Trichoderma spp. as bio-control agents.

• Spray mancozeb @ 3g/litre of water.

Cercospora cajani, Cercospora indica

• Severe infection leads to the die back of the tender

• Always select seeds from healthy plants.

• Spray maneb @ 3g/litre of water or carbendazim 1 g/litre.

Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo

• Usually appears within a month of sowing scattered

• Affected seedlings can be easily uprooted, but the

Survival & Favourable Conditions

• Seed treatment with Thiram or captan @ 3 g/kg

• Thiram + Carbendazim (2:1) 0.25 %

• Yellowing of the leaves followed by partial or

• Dark brown to black discoloration of the xylem in

Survival & Favourable Conditions

• Solarize the field in summer to help reduce the inoculum.v

• Seed treatment with 4g Trichoderma viridae formulation + 2 g of vitavax/kg of seed