M4 DCMachines

Unit1

Dr.Prabodh Bajpai
AssociateProfessor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur

M4 DCMachines
M4
DC Machines
U1
U1 ConstructionalfeaturesofDCmachines
Constructional features of DC machines
ConstructionalFeatures
D.CmachineArmatureWinding
D C machine Armature Winding
Lapwinding
Wavewinding
W
i di

U1 ConstructionalfeaturesofDC
machines

DCmachines
Firstrotatingelectricalmachinesintroducedtodrive
locomotivesin1839
Electromechanicalenergyconversiondevice
Operateasgeneratorconvertingmechanicalenergyfrom
primemovertoelectricalenergy
i
l
i l
Alsooperateasmotorconvertingelectricalenergyinto
mechanical energy of rotation
mechanicalenergyofrotation

Variouscombinationoffieldwindingprovidewide
rangeofoutputVIandspeedtorquecharacteristics
g
p
p
q
Easyspeedcontrol,simplerandflexibledrivesystem
makeswideuseinIndustry,electrictraction,cranes

ConstructionofDCMachines
Statorconstituteoffieldpoles,yokeandfield
winding
Rotorconstituteofarmaturecoreandarmature
winding
indin
Commutatorsegmentsattachedtotheshaftof
therotor
Apairofsuitablyplacedstationary carbon
brushestouchingthecommutatorsegments

Stator
Statorhasprojectedpoleswithcoilswoundoverit.
Thefieldwindingarewoundaroundpolecoresuch
thattheysetupalternatenorthandsouthpoles.
Poleshoeiscurvedandwiderthatpolecoreinorder
tospreadthefluxmoreuniformlyintheairgap.
Fieldwindingconsistoffewturnsforseriesfieldand
largeno.ofturnsforshuntfield
Fieldcoilactaselectromagnetsthatproducefluxin
theairgapneededtogenerateaninducedemf
h i
d d
i d d
f
Yokeispartofframeandprovidereturnpathforflux
f
fromonepoletoanother.
l t
th

Rotor
Doublelayerlaporwavewindingsaregenerallyused
forarmature.
Allthearmaturecoilsareconnectedinseriesforming
aclosedarmaturecircuit.
Asthecoilsaredistributed,theresultantvoltage
actingintheclosedpathiszerotherebyensuringno
circulatingcurrentinthearmature.
i l ti
t i th
t
Thejunctionsoftwoconsecutivecoilsareterminated
on to the commutator segments
ontothecommutatorsegments.
Stationarycarbonbrushesareplacedphysicallyunder
the center of the stator poles touching the rotating
thecenterofthestatorpolestouchingtherotating
commutatorsegments.

DCMachines
Therotorhasaringshapedlaminatedironcorewithslots.
Thecommutatorconsistsofinsulatedcoppersegments
mounted on an insulated tube
mountedonaninsulatedtube.
Twobrushesarepressedtothecommutatortopermitcurrent
flow.
Thebrushesareplacedintheneutralzone,wherethe
magneticfieldisclosetozero,toreducearcing.
Thecommutator
The commutator switchesthecurrentfromonerotorcoiltothe
switches the current from one rotor coil to the
adjacentcoil,
Theswitchingrequirestheinterruptionofthecoilcurrent.
Thesuddeninterruptionofaninductivecurrentgenerateshigh
h
dd i
i
f i d i
hi h
voltages.
Thehighvoltageproducesflashoverandarcingbetweenthe
g
g p
g
commutatorsegmentandthebrush.
8

DCMachineConstruction

SectionaldiagramofaDCmachine

10

11

12

HowaD.Cvoltageisobtainedacrossbrushes
Thegeneratedvoltageinacoilwhenrotated
relative to a magnetic field, is inherently
relativetoamagneticfield,isinherently
alternating innature.
ToconvertthisA.C.voltageintoD.C.,anumber
hi
l
i
b
commutatorsegmentsattachedtotheshaft
andapairofsuitablyplacedstationarycarbon
d
i f i bl l d
i
b
brushes touchingthecommutatorsegments.
Theyarecalledmechanicalrectifierdueto
necessary rectification from A.C to D.C.
necessaryrectificationfromA.CtoD.C.

Actionofcommutatorsegmentsandbrushes
Asimpled.cmachineworkingasgeneratorwith
armatureoccupyingvariouspositions.
py g
p
Armaturehasgotasinglerectangularcoilwithsides1
and2whoseterminalsfirmlyjoinedtocommutator
segmentsC1andC2respectively.
Commutatorsegmentsmadeofcopperareinsulatedby
micainsulationandrotatealongwiththearmature.
Magnitudeandpolarityofthevoltagesinarmature
conductorsindifferentpositionmaybedifferent
Brushesaresuitablyplacedforobtainingmaximum
voltage,themagnitudeofthevoltageacrossthe
l
h
i d f h
l
h
brusheswillremainconstant

Actionofcommutatorsegmentsandbrushes
B1andB2arestationarycarbonbrushesplacedoverthe
rotatingcommutatorinsuchawaythattheyalways
g
y
y
y
makeelectricalcontactwiththecommutatorsegments.
,
Itisfromthetwobrushes,twoterminalsaretakenout
andcalledthearmatureterminals.
Brushesarekeptinbrushholderswithaspring
arrangement.
Springtensionissooptimallyadjustedthatbrushes
makegoodcontactwithC1andC2andatthesametime
allowstherotortomovefreely.
FixedbrushesB1andB2makeperiodicallycontactwith
bothC1andC2asrotorrotates.

Actionofcommutatorsegmentsandbrushes
Letthearmaturebedrivenataconstantangularspeed
ofintheccwdirection.
Inposition(i),t=0,
planeofthecoilisverticali.e.,alongthereferenceline
NoinducedvoltageacrossB1andB2asnofluxdensity
componentisperpendiculartothetangentialvelocityof
conductors 1 and 2
conductors1and2.

Inposition(ii),t=45,
conductor
conductor2isunderNpole,polarityoftheinducedvoltagein
2 is under N pole polarity of the induced voltage in
itwillbe.Similarlyconductor1beingunderSpole,polarity
oftheinducedvoltageinitwillbe.
ThereforeacrossB1andB2wewillgetavoltagewithB1being
+veandB2beingve.

Actionofcommutatorsegmentsandbrushes
Inposition(iii)&(iv),Thepolarityofthevoltagein
conductors2and1doesnotchangebecause2remains
underNpoleand1remainsunderSpole.
Inposition(v)to(viii),conductor2comesunderSpole
andconductor1underNpole.
Thereforepolarityofvoltageinconductor1iswhile
polarityofvoltageinconductor2is .
B1nowmakescontactwithC1andB2makescontact
withC2.
i h C2
ThuspolarityofB1remains+veasbeforeandthatofB2
remainsveunaltered.
i
lt d

Actionofcommutatorsegmentsandbrushes
PolarityofvoltageacrossC1andC2willperiodically
reverse VC1C2willbealternatinginnature.
reverse.V
will be alternating in nature
PolarityofvoltageacrossB1andB2willnotchangewith
time. Here , B1 always +ve and B2 always ve.Thus
time.Here,B1always+veandB2always
ve. Thus
VB1B2alwaysremainsunidirectional.
Brushesarenotassociatedwithafixedconductorbut
theymakecontactwithdifferentconductorswhenthey
comeatsomefixedpositioninspace.
ValueofBisnotconstantunderapole,itis sinusoidally
distributedthereforemagnitudeofVC1C2 andVB1B2does
notremainconstant,sincee=Blv

VC1C2

VB1B2

Armaturewindingterminology
Acoilhastwocoilsidesoccupyingtwodistinctspecified
slotsandspacingbetweenthemisCoilspan,definedas
rationofSandP
Doublelayerwindinghousetwocoilsidesineachslot
belongingtotwodifferentcoils
Foradoublelayerwindingtotalnumberofcoilsmustbe
equaltothetotalnumberofslots.
Coilsidesofacoilarenumbereddependingontheslot
numbersinwhichtheseareplaced
b i hi h h
l d
NumberofcommutatorsegmentsmustbeequaltoS,
(
(numberofslots)
b
f l t)

Armaturewindingterminology
Separationofcoilsidesofacoilintermsofnumberof
commutatorsegmentsiscommutatorpitch,y
g
p , yc.

2S 1
Forlapwindingyc =1andforwavewinding yc
P

Completewindingsdiagramshows
Positionsofcoilsidesinslots,
interconnectionofthecoilsthroughcommutatorsegments
usingappropriatenumberingofslots,
coilsidesand
coil sides and
commutatorsegments

Armaturewindingtypes
PracticalD.C.machinearmaturehavelargenumberof
slotshousingmanycoilsalongwithalargenumberof
commutatorsegments.
t t
t
Eachcoilendsareterminatedontwocommutator
segments.
segments
Armaturewindingsmaybeofdifferenttypes(lap/wave)
when
whenendsofacoilareterminatedontwoconsecutive
ends of a coil are terminated on two consecutive
segments,lapconnectedarmaturewindingisobtained.
whenendsofacoilareterminatedonsegmentsapartby
g
p
y
approx.twopolepitch,awaveconnectedwindingresults.

Numberofparallelpathsinarmature,
a=PforLAPwinding.
a=2forWAVEwinding

LaptypeArmaturewinding
Secondcoil2 6'isinthelapofthefirstcoil1 5',hence
thewindingiscalledlapwinding.
Windingproceedingfromlefttoright(assumingyc =+1)
calledprogressivesimplexlapwinding.
p g
p
p
g
For yc =1,windingwouldproceededfromrighttoleft
giving rise to a retrogressive lap winding
givingrisetoaretrogressivelapwinding
Awindingtablehaveinformationofnumberofcoilsides
of a coil and the number of commutator segments
ofacoilandthenumberofcommutatorsegments
wherethefreeendsofthecoilsideswillbeterminated
Numberofbrushesmustbeequaltonumberofpoles.

The spatial
p
distance between two coil sides of a coil should be
one pole pitch apart
For a P polar machine number of parallel paths a, will be
equal to the number poles P.

WavetypeArmaturewinding
Inthiswindingcoilsidesofacoilisnotterminatedin
adjacentcommutatorsegments,i.e.,yc 1.
Instead yc isselectedcloselyequaltotwopolepitchin
termsofcommutatorsegments.Mathematicallyyc
2S/P
Windingprogresseslikeawave,hencecalledwave
gp g
,
winding
Number
Numberofslots,shouldbesuchthat2(S
of slots should be such that 2(S 1)shouldbe
1) should be
multipleofP.Itwillbeprogressivewavewindingif+ve
signistakenandretrogressivewavewindingifvesign
g
g
g
g

Simplex wave winding

For a P polar simplex wave winding, between any two

consecutive commutator segments P/2 coils will be present

ComparisonofLapandwavewinding
Foragivencurrentdensityandconductorcrosssection
TotalarmaturecurrentobtainedinlapwindingisP/2times
th t bt i d i
thatobtainedinwavewinding
i di

Forgivennumberofarmatureconductors
No.ofconductorsconnectedinseriesperpathinwave
windingisP/2timesthatinlapwinding
Sooutputvoltageobtainedbetweenpositiveandnegative
So output voltage obtained between positive and negative
brushesinwavewindingisP/2timesthatinlapwinding

Lap
Lapwindingisusedinlowvoltageandheavycurrent
winding is used in low voltage and heavy current
machines