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Article history:
Received 31 March 2009
Received in revised form
5 September 2009
Accepted 9 September 2009
Available online 9 October 2009
In order to enhance rate of heat transfer to owing air in the duct of a solar air heater, articially
roughened surface of absorber plate is considered to be an effective technique. Investigators reported
various roughness geometries in literature for studying heat transfer and friction characteristics of an
articially roughened duct of solar air heaters. In the present paper an attempt has been made to
categorize and review the reported roughness geometries used for creating articial roughness. Heat
transfer coefcient and friction factor correlations developed by various investigators for roughened
ducts of solar air heaters have also been reported in the present paper.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Solar air heater
Articial roughness
Nusselt number
Friction factor
1. Introduction
Energy in various forms has been playing an increasingly
important role in world wide economic progress and industrialization. The growth of world population coupled with rising material needs has escalated the rate of energy usage. Rapid increase in
energy usage characteristic of the past 50100 years cannot
continue indenitely as nite energy resources of earth are
exhaustible. On the other hand, environment degradation with the
use of fossil fuels is a threat to life on this planet earth. In view of
worlds depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental threats,
development of renewable energy sources has received an impetus.
Of many alternatives, solar energy stands out as brightest long
range resource for meeting continuously increasing demand for
energy. It is considered to be a dominating renewable energy
source due to its large potential. The freely available solar radiation
provides an innite and non-polluting reservoir of fuel.
The simplest method to utilize solar energy for heating applications is to convert it into thermal energy by using solar collectors.
Solar water heaters and solar air heaters are at plate collectors
which are generally used for heating water and air respectively.
Solar air heaters are considered to be compact and less complicated
as compared to solar water heaters. These are also free from
corrosion and freezing problems. Solar air heater can be fabricated
Nomenclature
Ac
B
Cp
d, d0
D, Dh
e
g
h
H
I
k
L
_
m
P
DP
qu
Qu
Ql
Qt
S
To
Ti
Ta
Tpm
Tam
UL
v
w
W
Dimensionless parameters
B/S
relative roughness length
a system. Thermal performance concerns with heat transfer
process within the collector and hydraulic performance concerns
with pressure drop in the duct. A conventional solar air heater
shown in Fig. 1 is considered for brief analysis of thermal and
hydraulic performance in the following sub-sections. Design and
construction detail of such type of a conventional system are
described by Garg and Prakash [1].
d/W
e
e/D, e/Dh
e/H
f
f
FR
g/e
g/P
G
L/e
l/s
Nu
Nus
Nur
Nuav
Nuo
203
p/e
Pr
R
Re
St
St
S/e
W/H
Reynolds number
Stanton number
average Stanton number
relative short way length of mesh
duct aspect ratio
Greek symbols
f
rib chamfer/wedge angle, degree
hth
thermal efciency
heff
effective thermal efciency
m
dynamic viscosity, Ns/m2
r
density of air, kg/m3
a
angle of attack, degree
effective transmittance-absorptance product
(sa)e
be represented in non-dimensional form by using the following
relationship of Nusselt number (Nu) reported by Dufe and Beckman [2].
Nu hL=k
(4)
Qu Ac FR Isae UL Ti Ta
Convection loss
Air out at To
(1)
Absorber plate
or
qu Qu =Ac FR Isae UL Ti Ta
(2)
The rate of useful energy gain by the owing air through duct of
a solar air heater may also be calculated by using the following
equation:
_ p To Ti hAc Tpm Tam
Qu mC
Bottom of
collector
Reflection loss
I ()e
Transparent cover
Conduction loss
Air passage
(3)
Insulation
Air in at Ti
Fig. 1. Conventional solar air heater.
204
qu
T Ta
FR sae UL i
I
I
(5)
The above equation shows that the plot between hth and parameter
(Ti Ta)/I can be approximated by a straight line, of which intercept
and slope are given by the values of FR(sa)e and FRUL respectively.
2.2. Hydraulic performance
Hydraulic performance of a solar air heater concerns with
pressure drop (DP) in the duct. Pressure drop accounts for energy
consumption by fan to propel air through the duct. Pressure drop
can be represented in non-dimensional form by using the following
relationship of friction factor (f), reported by Frank and Mark [3].
DPDh
2rLV 2
Absorber Plate
Air
hth
Wires
Air flow
B
C
(6)
Wires
Absorber Plate
Air
Air
Wires
Absorber plate
P
Fig. 5. Roughened absorber plate with inclined ribs.
P
S
Air
Air
V - Down
205
V - Up
Wires
P
Air
206
Wire pieces
Air
l
Transverse
V-up discrete
Air
Inclined
V-up continuous
= 600
e = 2 mm
V- down continuous
V- down discrete
Fig. 8. Roughened absorber plate with transverse, inclined discrete and continuous ribs.
rib (e) was 1.5 mm and duct aspect ratio was 8. Investigated range
of Reynolds number was 300012,000. Heat transfer coefcient
enhancement over smooth duct was reported to be 1.251.4 times
and maximum thermal efciency of the order of 83.5% was
obtained.
4.1.3. Inclined and V-shaped or staggered ribs
Gupta et al. [37] established optimum design parameters under
actual climatic conditions for roughened solar air heaters for
varying relative roughness height (e/D) and for a relative roughness
pitch (P/e) of 10 at an angle of attack (a) of 60 . Geometry of
roughened absorber plate is shown in Fig. 5. An enhancement of
heat transfer and friction factor was obtained of the order of 1.8 and
2.7 times respectively. Maximum heat transfer coefcient and
friction factor values were obtained at an angle of attack of 60
respectively in the range of investigated parameters.
Muluwork et al. [38,39] compared thermal performance of
roughened absorber plate xed with staggered discrete V-apex (up
and down) as shown in Fig. 6. It is reported that Stanton number
increased with an increase of relative roughness length ratio in the
range of 37. Reported Stanton number for V-down discrete ribs
was higher than the corresponding V-up and transverse discrete
roughened surfaces. Enhancement in Stanton number ratio was
found to be of the order of 1.322.47.
Momin et al. [40] investigated effect of geometrical parameters
on heat transfer and uid ow characteristics of rectangular duct of
solar air heater having V-shaped ribbed roughness on the absorber
plate as shown in Fig. 7. This experimental investigation covered
a Reynolds number range of 250018,000, relative roughness
height (e/D) of 0.020.034 and angle of attack (a) of 3090 for
a xed relative roughness pitch (P/e) of 10. It was reported that Vshape ribs with an angle of attack (a) of 60 enhanced Nusselt
number by 1.14 and 2.30 times and friction factor by 2.30 and 2.83
times over inclined ribs and smooth plate respectively.
Karwa [41] investigated effect of inclined discrete and continuous ribs on thermohydraulic performance of solar air heater for
Reynold number range of 280015,000, relative roughness height
P
d
d
600
d
Air
Continuous rib
d/W = 0.25
d/W = 0.16
d
L
d/W = 0.33
Fig. 9. Roughness geometries in rectangular channel with transverse and V-shaped
broken ribs.
d/W = 0.5
d/W = 0.67
207
P
e
W
60
Air
Rib
L
Fig. 12. Roughness geometry as a combination of inclined and transverse ribs.
Glass Cover
()
Qt
Absorber Plate
Chamfered Rib
Qu
Air
Air
W
L
Back Insulation
Ql
Fig. 15. Integral chamfered rib roughness on absorber plate with xed chamfer angle.
208
e
P
g
Air
e
L
P
Fig. 18. Absorber plate having chamfered rib-grooved articial roughness.
Fig. 16. Absorber plate having transverse wedge shaped rib roughness.
Ribs
Groove
Air
S
L
Fig. 17. Absorber plate having rib-grooved articial roughness.
209
5. Discussion
d
Air
e
Fig. 20. Absorber plate with dimple-shaped geometry.
Table 1
Heat transfer coefcient and friction factor correlations for different roughness geometries used in solar air heater duct.
Roughness
geometry
Author/s
Range
of parameters
Correlations
Heat transfer coefcient
Friction factor
A. WIRES
1. Transverse
Small diameter
protrusion wire
Prasad and
Saini[32]
e/D: 0.0200.033
p/e: 1020
Re 103: 550
St f =2=1
Gupta
et al. [34]
e/D: 0.0180.052
Re: 300018,000
Nu 0:000824e=D0:178 W=H0:284
p
f =2f4:5e 0:28 Pr 0:57
o
0:53
0:95p=e
1:062
Re
e 35
Nu 0:00307e=D0:469 W=H0:245
Re0:812 e 35
Verma and
Prasad [35]
e/D: 0.010.03
p/e: 1040
e: 842
Re: 500020,000
Nur 0:08596p=e0:054
e=D
0:072
0:723
Re
e 24
Nur 0:0245p=e0:016
e=D0:021 Re0:802 e 24
2. V-Shaped/Inclined
Wire Ribs
Inclined wire ribs
e/D: 0.020.053
Re: 500030,000
a: 3090
p/e: 7.510
f 0:06412e=D0:019 W=H0:0237
i
h
Re0:185 exp 0:09931 a=702
V-Shaped staggered
discrete wire ribs
Muluwork
et al. [38,39]
V-shaped continuous
Wire ribs
Momin
et al. [40]
e/D: 0.02
a: 60
B/S: 39
Re: 200015,500
e/D: 0.020.034
p/e: 10
a: 3090
Re: 250018,000
fr 0:7117Re2:991 p=s0:0636
210
Table 1 (continued ).
Roughness
geometry
Author/s
Range
of parameters
Correlations
Heat transfer coefcient
Friction factor
Inclined discrete
and continuous
wire ribs
Karwa [41]
e/Dh: 0.04670.05
p/e: 10
a: 6090
B/S: 3
W/H: 7.197.75
p/e: 4813.3
e/H: 0.15, 0.25
a: 45, 60 & 90
e: 3 mm, 5 mm
0:4
Nuo 0:023Re0:8
o Pr
Transverse continuous,
Transverse broken
and V-shaped
broken wire ribs
Tanda [42]
Karmare and
Tikekar [43]
Gap in an inclined
continuous
wire ribs
Aharwal
et al. [44]
Arc shaped
wire ribs
Saini and
Saini [46]
B. WIRE MESH
Expanded
metal mesh
Saini and
Saini [53]
C. MACHINED RIBS
Chamfered ribs
Karwa et al.
[48,49]
e/Dh: 0.0350.044
p/e: 12.536
l/s: 1.721
Re: 400017,000
p/e: 10
e & b: 2 mm
e/Dh: 0.0377
W/H: 5.87
Re: 300018,000
d/W: 0.1670.5
(4 steps)
a: 60
g/e: 0.52 (4 steps)
Re: 200017000
p/e: 10
W/H: 12
e/D: 0.02130.0422
a/90: 0.3330.666
e0:075
fo 0:046Re0:2
o
f 15:55 Re0:26
e=Dh 0:94 l=s0:27 p=e0:51
Nu=Nus 2:59
f =fs 2:87
Nu 0:001047Re1:3186
e=D0:3772 a=900:1198
Re: 190013000
e/D: 0.0120.0390
L/e: 2571.87
S/e: 15.6246.87
Re: 300020000
e/D: 0.0140.0320
p/e: 4.58.5
f: 15,0, 5, 10,
15 & 18
W/H: 4.8, 6.1, 7.8,
9.66, 12.0
i
h
exp 0:824flnl=10eg2
For 7 e < 20
G 32:26 e0:006 W=H0:5 p=e2:56
h
i 0:08
exp 0:7343flnp=eg2 e
For 20 e 60 R 1:325e0:0078
i
h
W=H0:4 p=e2:695 exp 0:762flnp=eg2
For 20 e 60
Wedge
shaped ribs
Bhagoria
et al. [50]
e/D: 0.0150.033
p/e:
60.17f1.0264<
p/e < 12.12
f: 8, 10, 12, 15
Re: 300018,000
Rib-Groove
combination
Jaurkar
et al. [51]
e/D: 0.01810.0363
p/e: 4.510 exp[1.513
{ln(g/p)2}
0.8662{ln(g/p)3}]
Re: 300021,000
g/p: 0.30.7
fr 0:001227Re0:199 e=D0:585
h
i
p=e7:19 exp 1:854flnp=eg2
o
n
oi
h
n
g=p0:645 exp 1:513 lng=p2 0:8662 lng=p3
211
Table 1 (continued ).
Roughness
geometry
Author/s
Range
of parameters
Correlations
Heat transfer coefcient
Friction factor
Chamfered
rib-groove
combination
Layek
et al. [52]
Re: 300021,000
e/Dh: 0.0220.04
P/e: 4.510
g/P: 0.30.6
f: 530
Nu 0:00225Re0:92 e=D0:52
1:72
p=e
g=p
1:21 1:34
h
n
oi
exp 0:22ln f2
h
h
n
oi
exp 0:68ln g=p2
n
oi
exp 0:46ln p=e2
h
n
oi
exp 0:74ln g=p2
D. DIMPLED RIBS
Dimpled ribs
Saini and
Verma [55]
Re: 200012000
e/D: 0.0180.037
P/e: 812
fe 0:0642Re0:423 p=e0:465
i
h
exp0:054flogp=eg2 e=D0:0214
i
h
exp0:840floge=Dg2
e=D0:033
i
h
exp1:30floge=Dg2
concerned, heat transfer enhancement is more than rst two articial roughness categories, but increase in friction loss is found
more than heat transfer enhancement. In dimpled/protrusion rib
geometry it is observed that friction penalty is less as compare to
heat transfer enhancement. Very little work is reported in literature
to use this roughness geometry for solar air heaters.
It has also been observed that generation of articial roughness on
absorber plate is a tedious task and may not be economically feasible
for large scale production of solar air heaters for various applications.
A suitable geometry of roughness element therefore needs to be
selected, which besides being easily available should be easy to x or
fabricate on the absorber plate and also gives substantial enhancement in heat transfer coefcient at low friction penalty.
6. Conclusion
In the present paper an attempt has been made to report heat
transfer and friction characteristics of articially roughened duct of
solar air heaters. Methodology of articial roughness and experimental studies carried out by various investigators have been discussed and reported in detail. It is observed that articial roughness
is a good technique to improve thermal performance of solar air
heaters. Heat transfer coefcient and friction factor correlations
reported in literature are presented in tabular form. Information
provided in the present paper may be useful to the beginners in this
area of research (Table 1).
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