1.

Ans.
A=
1+ i 1
2- i 3

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A' =
1-i 2+i
1
3
Adjoint
= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i
1.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 + 0.0000i

Conjugate of 1-i =1+i

(1+i)A* =
0.0000 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 1.0000i
1.0000 + 1.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i

CO

(1-i)A=
2.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 - 1.0000i
1.0000 - 3.0000i 3.0000 - 3.0000i
((1-i)A)*=

0.0000 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 1.0000i

1.0000 + 1.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i
We have just verifed that
(cA)*=conj(c) A*
Next wed show Adjoint of Adjoint of A is A
Adjoint of A
Adjoint
= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i
1.0000
3.0000
(adjoint of A)=
1.0000 - 1.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i
2.0000 + 1.0000i 3.0000 + 0.0000i
adjoint of adjoint of A = conjugate of A =
1+ i 1
2- i 3

Let B =
2.0000 + 3.0000i
6.0000 + 3.0000i
4.0000 + 2.0000i
6.0000 - 3.0000i
4.0000 - 2.0000i
6.0000 + 3.0000i
6.0000 - 3.0000i
9.0000 + 3.0000i
3.0000 + 3.0000i
9.0000 + 3.0000i

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1.0000 + 3.0000i
4.0000 - 2.0000i
B=
1.0000 - 3.0000i
2.0000 - 3.0000i
B*=
1.0000 + 3.0000i
2.0000 + 3.0000i
A*+B*=
2.0000 + 4.0000i
3.0000 + 3.0000i
(A+B) =
2.0000 + 4.0000i
6.0000 - 3.0000i
(A+B)=
2.0000 - 4.0000i
3.0000 - 3.0000i
(A+B)*=
2.0000 + 4.0000i
3.0000 + 3.0000i
=A*+B* (verified)

6.0000 + 3.0000i
9.0000 - 3.0000i

6.0000 - 3.0000i
9.0000 + 3.0000i

CO

AB=
2.0000 + 2.0000i 5.0000 + 8.0000i
17.0000 - 1.0000i 25.0000 +13.0000i
(AB)=
2.0000 - 2.0000i 17.0000 + 1.0000i
5.0000 - 8.0000i 25.0000 -13.0000i
(AB)*=

2.0000 + 2.0000i 17.0000 - 1.0000i

5.0000 + 8.0000i 25.0000 +13.0000i
B*A*
.. (from previous computed B* and A*)
=
2.0000 + 2.0000i 17.0000 - 1.0000i
5.0000 + 8.0000i 25.0000 +13.0000i
=(AB)* (thus verified)

3.

Ans.
= [ + , + , ( + ) + ]
= [ , , ( ) + ]

L=
3
1
0

0
1
-1

5
0
1

(L*)A=AL
L*= ALA-1
L*=(A-1)LA
=
3.0000 2.0000
0
0 1.0000 -1.5000
1.6667
0 1.0000

7.

1 =

1.0000
0
0
0 0.5000
0
0
0 0.3333

CO

1 0 0
A=0 2 0
0 0 3

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5.

1 +
= 2 3 + 2 2 = 0, = 0 = 3
2
3
1
1 +

=
3
1
2
(1-i)x =y (Check the other is redundant as (1+i)y=(1+i)(1-i)x=2x)
1
1
4
1
1
1 +
0

=
1
2
0

1
1

CO

7.2

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Set G(t) =g(t)*e^(-t^2)

Claim D is adjoint of D
Replace G(t) for g(t) in the proof below:

1
Again 2 1
2

Orthonormailation yeilds:
1
1
1 =

= 1 + 2 = 3, similarly c2 =1/3
1 + 1

0
1
0

0 = (1 )((2 )2 1) = 0, = 1 , 1, 3
2
2
0

0
1
0

CO

2
0

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We get,
3^(1/2)/3
3^(1/2)*(1/3 - i/3)
as an orthonormal basis

2

0 = 0

0
1 0
0 2

Corresponding Eigen Vectors are:

0
i
0

0.7071i
0
-0.7071

0.7071i
0
0.7071

Now we need to find an orthogonal basis

Applying Gram-Schmidth, we get: (Setting u1=w1,u1=-1*w2, and
u3=w3)
0
- 0.7071i
+0.7071i
-i
0
0
0
0.7071
0.7071
as the orthogonal basis.

We are done.
5,7.2

(A*A)*=A*A** (adjoint of products)

=A*A (Involutiveness of adjoint)

CO

7.3

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We can set apart eigenvalues of A as:

Those which are positive. These would be positive in AA(since
eig(A^2)=^2 for each in A), ditto in A*A
Those which are negative, shall also be positive in AA, ditto in A*A
Those which are complex. Now since we take onjugates their product
is also positive, in AA* (not in AA) .

The symmetric Positive definite matrix is A

6 2
2 3
Constraint, cos^2 theta +sin^2 theta =1:

XX=1
= 2 = , = 2 =
(6 )(3 ) 4 = 0, = 2,7
Eigen value are 2 and 7
Min is 2 max is 7
However, we see that the vector is of cos theta and sin theta,
We know that trigonometric functions are oscillating functions there are
countably infinite values of maxima and minima over Rn
Normalised eigen vectors are:
0.4472 -0.8944
-0.8944 -0.4472

CO

5.

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such that theta =cos-1(0.4472) sin-1(-0.8944), accounting for osscilating

natures, there are infinite of such points.
Similarly, theta =cos-1 (-0.8944) sin-1(-(0.4472), also represent
countably infinite of such points.

In case all diagonal elements are positive:

f is a unit circle or sphere in form a^2+b^2=1
In case they are not all positive they can represent a parabola in C, which
means a parabola, provided sum of squares of all positive entries
outweigh the sum square of all non-negative entries by more than1.
5

5,7.3

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We have an entire family of polynomials of power three can be covered

in 3*3 matrix. F=1 fixes a curve, given coefficients.

CO

This can also be understood in terms of eigenvalues.

f(x) has one optima, and at most 3 eigen values. Then at most 2
saddle points. Else 1 saddle point.
7.

The relevant symmetric positive definite matrix

1 0 0
A=0 2 0
0 0 3
= 2 =
By defn of unit circle, = 2
=
det(A)=(1-)(2-)(3-)=0
=1,2 OR 3
1 is ,minima, 2 is saddle point 3 is maxima.

Finding eigen vectors:

0.4472 is for -0.8944 for max.
-0.8944 min -0.4472

1 1
G =0 1
0 0
G-1A=

0
1
1

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max x1^2 +x2^2+x3^2

1 0 0
A= 0 1 0
0 0 1

1 -1 1
0 1 -1
0 0 1
eigenvalues of G-1A
=1
Corresponding eigen vectors
Give us the maxima.

-0.8944
-0.4472

CO

0.4472
-0.8944

Proof. Consider a finite dimensional orthonormal basis B =

{e1, . . . , en} in V . R is a linear operator. Then [R]B = ([R(e1)]B, . . . , [T
(en)]B ).
Recall that for an orthonormal basis, the scalar product of vectors in V is
equal to the standard scalar product in Rn of their respective coordinate
column (or row) vectors. If R is orthogonal, the set of vectors R(e1), .

If:

Only IF:

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. . , [R (en) is orthonormal (since e1, . . . , en is orthonormal). Hence the

columns [R (e1)]B, . . . , R (en)]B are orthonormal, so A = [R]B is an
orthogonal matrix. Conversely, assume that the matrix A = [R ]B is
orthogonal. That implies that the vectors R (e1), . . . , [R(en) is an
orthonormal set. Thus, R preserves all pairwise scalar products of the
elements of the basis B. It follows then that R pre- serves all scalar
products of vectors of V , i.e., T is an orthogonal operator.

CO

. To see this, set x = ei in (5.6.1) to observe ui* ui = 1 for each i, and then
set x = ej + ej for j k
to obtain 0 = + =2( )
By setting x = ej + iek in the eqn above, it also follows
that 0 = 2Im( )
This guarantees that U is unitary

Let D = <vi> and B be <ui>

By definition, the change of basis matrix M has the property that

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Had vi been othonormal <vi,,vj> would be

, < , > .

Let A be the matrix. Det(A-)= (1/5)(1-)(-1)(i+)(-4i)=(4/5)i(1)(i+)=0

= 0.8944 + 0.4472i
-0.4472 - 0.8944i
Eigen Vector for 1
1

Solving, and normalising, yields:

0.8944
-0.4472
1
2
5 5
0
=
2

5
5
Solving yields:
0.4472i
-0.8944i

0
0.7155 + 0.2683i

CO

PAP-1=
-0.2683 - 0.7155i
0

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P=
0.8944 + 0.4472i
-0.4472 - 0.8944i

Ans.
The solution to this matrix As axis cn be given by AX=X
Implies(A-I)x=
-1
1
0 *x =0
0.7071
-1 0.7071
0.7071
0 -1.707
The solution is (by method of simple substituition)
0.4472
-0.8944

Which is the required axis.

Eigenvectors of A corresponding to 1=
0.4472

-0.8944
Now acos(.4722)and asin(-.8944)= -1.1071
Which is the required rotation.

Eig vector corresponding to axis of rotation

-0.8944
-0.4472

eigenvalues =

CO

13

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-0.5000 + 0.8660i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i
Sum of eigenvalues= 0 =1 +cos(2theta)
theta=arcos(0)= 1.5708

In case the underlying space is Real, U*=U shall have the same
eigenvalues as U. U and U* commute, so eigenvalues of sum =sum of
eigenvalues.
In real space this means {2*eigenvalues of U }
In complex space it means {2*Real(eigenvalues of U)}

7.51

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7.5.3

-1

-ix2=-x1
ix1=-x2 (x2 free)
x3 free

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Solving the eigenvalue equations we get

3 = 0
( 1) = 0, = 1,0, 1
0

-ix2=0
ix1=0
x3 free

-ix2=x1
ix1=x2 (x2 free)
x3 free

CO

-0.5000 + 0.8660i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.8660i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i
could be a basis

Enough to evaluate 4 4=1 =

4=1 , =
1, || = 1
But then it is Unitary.

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CO

7.