1

4.

(a)
(b)

(c)

Anaphase;
II;

(i)

23;

(ii)

46;

(iii)
1.

46;
In seminiferous tubules (of testis);

2.

At puberty / continuous through adult life / 12-16 years to 65-70 years;

3.

Reference to {germinal cells / eq} divide by mitosis (to form

spermatogonia);

4.

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis;

5.

Form {primary spermatocytes /type B};

6.

Divide by meiosis I;

7.

Form secondary spermatocytes;

8.

Divide by meiosis II;

9.

Form spermatids;

10.

Any reference to {correct male hormone / Sertoli cells} reference

to differentiation of spermatids to sperm;

5
[10]

8.

(a)Arrow shown at day 14;

(b)

Progesterone;
{Maintenance / further thickening} of the {endometrium / uterine lining} /
inhibits ovulation / increases {vascularisation / gland activity}
(of endometrium) / inhibits {FSH / LH / oxytocin / uterine contractions};

(c)

1.

{Initial / eq} rise in FSH;

2.

Stimulates{development/growth} of {follicles/thecal cells/granulosa

cells; [not production or ripening]

3.

Which secrete oestrogen;

4.

Low oestrogen level gives {negative feedback / inhibition} of FSH;

5.

High oestrogen level stimulates production of FSH;

6.

Oestrogen stimulates LH production;

7.

LH causes {ovulation / release of secondary oocyte};

8.

And {development formation production) of corpus luteum;

5
[8]

3.

(a)

1.

Maintains {endometrium / lining of uterus};

2.

Develops {glands / blood vessels / eq} in {endometrium /

lining of uterus};

Reproduction ans

(b)

(c)

3.

Inhibits {FSH / LH} (secretion);

4.

Inhibits {prolactin / oxytocin};

1.

Causes {growth / development maturation} of follicle / production of

Graafian follicle;

2.

In ovary;

3.

Stimulates oestrogen {secretion / production};

4.

By {follicle cells / theca};

1.

Causes muscle contraction for {birth / release of placenta / labour};

2.

In {uterus wall / myometrium};

3.

Causes (muscle contraction for) {release / ejection / let down}

of milk;

4.

In {mammary gland / breast};

2
[6]

7.

(a)

(b)

Petal / corolla;

Anther;

Stigma;

1.

{Bee / insect} attracted to flower by {petals / colour / scent / nectar};

2.

Pollen transferred from {anther / Q} to {stigma / R};

3.

Reference to cross pollination as transfer of pollen from one

plant to another;

4.

Pin tends to pollinate thrum / converse;

5.

Idea that pollen on bee matches position of stigma in the other flower;

6.

Correct reference to {stigma above anthers in pin-eyed / below

anthers in thrum-eyed};

7.

(Therefore) less likely that pollen is transferred (directly) from anther

to stigma (in the same flower);

8.

Self pollination less likely in pin than in thrum because of relative

positions of anther and stigma / converse;

5
[8]

4.

(a)
(b)

{Embedding / eq} of blastocyst ; [allow embryo]

In endometrium / lining of the uterus ;

(i)

Umbilical vein ;

(ii)

CO2 / carbon dioxide ;

Urea ;
Fetal haemoglobin ;

Reproduction ans

(iii)

(iv)

Large surface area for increased diffusion rate / eq ;

{Very vascular / many capillaries (fetal) / counter current flow}
{no static build up of substances / maintains diffusion gradient} ;
Short distance between maternal and fetal blood for increased transfer ;
{Maternal space / eq} causes slower
blood flow and more time for transfer ;

Oxytocin ;

1
[9]

5.

(a)

(b)

Transfer of pollen from {anther / stamen} ;

To stigma ;
By {wind / named agent} ;

Anthers mature first / pollen released first ;

Before {female parts / eq} are {receptive / developed / mature} ;
Favours cross pollination / avoids self-pollination ;

2
[5]

1.
Hormone

Secreted by ovary

Oestrogen

Found at highest level in

blood after fertilisation
or

Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Progesterone
Luteinising hormone
(LH)
Oxytocin
Encircle CORRECT answers
Any TWO correct responses =1 mark
Blanks and ambiguous ticks are incorrect
Put correct numbers of ticks to correspond with total mark
[5]

6.

(a)
(b)

(c)

A
B

Pollen tube ;
Tube nucleus ;

One, fuses / fertilises / combines, with female nucleus / egg cell / eq ;

To form zygote ;
Which is diploid ;
One fuses with polar nuclei / fusion nucleus / primary endosperm nucleus ;
To form endosperm (nucleus) ;
Which is triploid / 3n ;

(i)

15% ;

Reproduction ans

4
(ii)

(Germination rate of) both decreases ;

(Germination rate of) Bauhinia always greater than that of Camellia /
/ converse ; [greater at all concentrations must be implied]
(Germination rate of) Camellia reaches zero at 25%, Bauhinia minimum at
30% / does not reach zero / eq ;
Above 30 % / this (germination rate of) Bauhinia (starts to) increase
(Camellia stays at zero) ;
3
[10]

3.

(a)

number of chromosomes halved / haploid number (n) formed / 23 ;

so that diploid number (2n) restored at fertilisation / in zygote / 46 ;
reference to genetic variation ;

(b)

secondary oocyte ;

(c)

oestrogen ;
progesterone ;

oogenesis cyclical AND spermatogenesis continuous ;

oogenesis starts in fetus AND spermatogenesis in puberty ;
polar bodies formed in oogenesis AND not in spermatogenesis ;
oogenesis completed after sperm entry ;
one egg produced AND four sperm produced ; oogenesis stops at
menopause AND spermatogenesis continues ;

(d)

[7]

Reproduction ans