8.

(a)
(b)

(c)

Leaves had different initial masses;

Can (therefore) make comparisons;

(i)

(Percentage change in mass) greater in moving air / converse;

(ii)

1.

Loss in mass is due to loss of water (from leaf);

2.

(Moving air) removes {humid air / eq} from vicinity of leaf / eq;

3.

{Maintains / increases} {diffusion gradient / water potential gradient /

concentration gradient};

4.

(Moving air) reduces thickness of {boundary layer / diffusion shell};

5.

Reducing diffusion distance;

1.

Reference to {epidermal peel / use of nail varnish};

2.

Use of microscope;

3.

Count number per {field of view / unit of area};

4.

Repeat and find mean;

(i)

5.
(ii)

Reference to determining {area of leaf e.g. using graph paper / total

number (of stomata) on area of leaf};
3
Directly related / more stomata gives a greater (percentage) change in mass;
Use of comparative manipulated figures (e.g. twice, double);

(d)

1.

Increased kinetic energy;

2.

Greater evaporation;

3.

Increases diffusion;

4.

Warm air can hold more water vapour than cold air;

2
[12]

2.

(a)

A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ;

(b)

(Lining / wall) one cell thick ;

Thin cells / simple epithelium / squamous epithelium ;
Alternative to first two marking points Thin walls ;
Pores ;
Selectively / partially permeable ;

(c)

For transport / eq of, solutes / named solute / nutrients / molecules,

to / from, cells / tissues ;
OR

(d)

Movement of waste products / named waste product from cells ;

Increased blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure / hypertension /

increased capillary permeability / decrease in plasma protein /
colloidal osmotic pressure / protein / amino acid deficient diet /
blocked lymphatic vessels / faulty valves in lymphatic vessels ;

1
[5]

1.

(a)

neutrophil / polymorph / granulocyte / eosinophil ;

defence against disease / eq ;
phagocytosis / engulfing / description ; [but not if secretion of antibodies

(b)

included]
microorganisms / bacteria / pathogens / microbes /
cell debris / eq ; [ignore viruses]

large surface area (to volume ratio) ;

reference to biconcave shape ;
for increased, diffusion / uptake / release ;
of, oxygen / carbon dioxide / respiratory gases ;

3
[6]

8.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

draw round leaf on graph / squared paper / grid ;

count squares ;

remove epidermis / use nail varnish film ;

use microscope ;
count number of stomata in unit area / given area / field of view ;
repeat and find mean ;
divide area (of field of view) into 1 and find number per cm2 / appropriate
calculation ;
4

(b)

rate of water loss increases as number of stomata increases ;

(c)

temperature ;
increase gives more (kinetic) energy / movement to water molecules ;
on surface of spongy mesophyll cells ;
greater evaporation (into air spaces) ;
increases diffusion gradient / rate (of water vapour through stomata) ;
wind / air movement ;
increases / speeds removal of water vapour / humid air ;
from (leaf) surface/ stomata ;
increases diffusion gradient (of water vapour through stomata) ;
decreases boundary layer ;
humidity ;
increase means more water vapour around leaf / stomata ;
reduces diffusion gradient (of water vapour through stomata) ;
light intensity ;
increase causes stomata to open / widen ;
so more diffusion of water vapour ;
from air spaces (in spongy mesophyll) ;
water stress / extremely high temperature / high winds ;
stomata close ;
less diffusion ;
[Accept converse points where appropriate]

3
[10]