ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL

TECHNICAL PAPER

Title no. 93-S38

Transverse Steel Content in Spiral Concrete Columns

Subject to Eccentric Loading

by Raed M. Samra, Nidal A. A. Deeb, and Usama R. Madi

The ACI Code equation for the ratio of spiral reinforcement is
modified to account for the level of eccentricity of applied loads.
The available ductility of spirally confined reinforced concrete
column sections, with a range of longitudinal and transverse steel
ratios, strengths of steel and concrete, and also different ratios of
eccentricity level-to-section diameter are studied. The method of
analysis is based on a theoretical study using a unified stressstrain model for concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive
loading and confined by transverse reinforcement proposed by
Mander et al. The steel stress-strain model includes strain hardening. It is concluded that the current ACI Code requirements for
transverse reinforcement are low at high eccentricity levels and
high for axially loaded columns. Based on this theoretical study a
modification is proposed of the ACI requirements that involves
adding a term, a function of the eccentricity-to-column diameter
ratio multiplied by the original ACI expression for spiral steel.
Keywords: columns (supports); confinement; curvature; ductility; eccentric
loading; reinforced concrete; spiral; transverse steel.

INTRODUCTION
An important consideration in reinforced concrete design
that can be added to the requirements of strength and serviceability is ductility, especially in areas requiring design for
seismic loading. This is because the present philosophy of
codes for seismic loading is to design structures to resist only
relatively moderate earthquakes elastically. In the case of a
severe earthquake, reliance is placed on the availability of
sufficient ductility after yielding to enable a structure to
survive without collapse. Hence, recommendations for
seismic design can be justified only if the structure has sufficient ductility to absorb and dissipate energy by postelastic
deformations when subjected to several cycles of loading
well into the yield range.
Various considerations have indicated that some plastic
hinging of columns must be accepted as inevitable during a
very large earthquake because seismic loading that acts
simultaneously in the directions of both principal axes of the
building and the presence of points of contraflexure near the
ends of columns will result in high bending moments in
columns. To prevent plastic hinges in columns would require
columns that are much stronger than the beams. Also, the
presence of walls and unintentional strength variations of
members could lead to column hinging. Thus, the potential
plastic hinge zones of columns should be capable of
ductile behavior.
404

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Ductility of columns is directly related to the transverse
steel content and the design of columns, particularly in earthquake prone areas, is never complete until the steel is
provided in adequate quantities and spacing. However, the
current ACI Code approach for the determination of special
transverse steel is based on a philosophy of maintaining the
axial load strength of the column after spalling of the cover
concrete. This procedure does not address the problem of
ductility directly and does not relate ductility requirements to
the required plastic rotation capacities of eccentrically
loaded column sections. The moment-curvature relationship
provides a measure of the plastic rotation capacity of
sections and an approach based on insuring a satisfactory
moment- curvature relationship could form a rational basis
for detailing columns for ductility.
The approach is applicable to circular or square columns
confined by the use of spiral transverse reinforcement. Rectangular columns, on the other hand, are normally designed
using isolated stirrups so that any study of the effect of
confinement on strength and ductility requires a different
treatment of the subject matter.
DEFINITION OF DUCTILITY
The ductility of plastic hinges in reinforced concrete
members depends mainly on the shape of the moment-curvature relations of the sections, since ductility may be defined
as the ability to undergo deformations without a substantial
reduction in the flexural capacity of the member. The
ductility of a section is normally expressed as the curvature ductility factor u /y , where y is the curvature when
the reinforcement in tension first reaches the yield strength
and u is the ultimate curvature when the concrete compression strain reaches a specified limiting value (see Fig. 1).
A measure of the ductility of structures with regard to
seismic loading is the displacement ductility factor defined
as u/y, where u is the lateral deflection at the end of the
postelastic range and y is the lateral deflection at first yield.
Typical values for the displacement ductility factor may
ACI Structural Journal, V. 93, No. 4, July-August 1996.
Received July 22, 1994, and reviewed under Institute publication policies. Copyright 1996, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including the making of
copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the May-June 1997 ACI Structural Journal if received
by January 1, 1997.

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

Raed M. Samra is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering,

University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Nidal A. A. Deeb is an engineer with Consulting Engineering Co., Amman, Jordan.
Usama R. Madi is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Jordan.

range from three to five. It is important to recognize that

there is a difference between the ratios u/y and u/y. An
approximate assessment of column ductility in the lower
story of frames based on a static collapse mechanism under
lateral loading involving plastic hinges in the beams and at
the column bases has been carried out and has indicated
that u /y values for the column bases may be on the order
of four times the u/y value.1
Many column sections have considerable capacity for
plastic rotation beyond the peak of the moment-curvature
curve. It would seem reasonable to recognize some of the
available deformation after maximum moment and to define
u as the curvature when the moment is reduced by some
arbitrary amount after the maximum moment. This would
give a better indication of the ductility available in the postelastic range. Modes of plastic deformation involving sidesway mechanisms with plastic hinges in the columns place
extremely high demands on column ductility. Columns
capable of reaching a curvature ductility factor u /y of at
least 16, with u defined as the curvature when the moment
has reduced to 80 to 90 percent of the maximum moment,
would appear to be a reasonable criteria to column design for
seismic resistance.2 This previously discussed evidence
suggests that this should insure a displacement ductility
factor u/y of at least four. The derivation of momentcurvature relationships from the stress-strain curves of
confined concrete and longitudinal steel allows the determination of the required amount of transverse reinforcement.3
ACI CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPIRALLY
CONFINED CONCRETE COLUMNS AT SEISMIC
LOADING
The current ACI Code requirements for transverse reinforcement were derived on the basis of strength enhancement of
concrete due to confinement. The code equation for the total
volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement s is as
follows
A
f c
s = 0.45 -----g- 1 ----A
f
c
yh

(1)

f c
0.12 ----f yh

(2)

where
Ac =

area of core of section within centerlines of perimenter spiral

Ag = gross area of section
fy
= yield strength of main steel
fyh = yield strength of transverse reinforcement
It should be pointed out that Eq. (1) will not necessarily result
in adequate curvature ductility. The two equations are based on
the philosophy of preserving the ultimate strength of axially
loaded columns after spalling of the concrete cover, rather
than emphasizing the ultimate deformation of eccentrically
loaded columns. The equations are also very severe on

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

Fig. 1Moment-curvature curve of section.

columns having small cross sections. The smaller section is
required to have a much larger confining pressure on the
concrete because of the large effect of the Ag /Ac ratio in the
expression for s. Hence, the equation may be overly conservative for columns having small cross sections. The effect of
spalling of the concrete on the content of transverse steel
may be overemphasized by these equations.
It is of interest to note that the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) code provisions for special
transverse steel for confinement requires only two-thirds of
the amount recommended by ACI provisions when single
rectangular hoops are used without supplementary ties.4
The New Zealand Code attempts to provide the required
confinement reinforcement needed for a certain value of
curvature ductility. The confinement provisions for circular
columns of the New Zealand Concrete Design Code5 (draft)
are based on the ACI/SEAOC requirements, modified to
take into account the axial load level.6,4 Two drafts of the
code have been proposed (see Fig. 2). The second modified
draft of the New Zealand Code requires the following
A
f
1.25P
s = 0.45 -----g- 1 -----c- 0.5 + ----------------e
A
f
f A

(3)

f
1.25P
s = 0.12 -----c- 0.5 + ----------------e
f yh
f c A g

(4)

yh

and

where Pe = maximum design axial load due to gravity and

seismic loading, and Pe /fcAg is not to be taken as less than
0.1. The variation of spiral steel content with axial load level
in the New Zealand equation was determined by momentcurvature analysis.7
This paper aims to propose a different modification in
calculating the required amount of transverse reinforcement
to account for the level of eccentricity of the applied axial
loads in the confinement ratio equation, since it is felt that
Eq. (1) and (2) of the ACI Code are: 1) applicable to axially
loaded columns; 2) based on strength requirement; and 3)
regarded as a crude guide to the amount of steel required for
ductile behavior. A more rational approach for determining
the quantity of confining steel required for adequate ductility
should be based on moment-curvature relationships.
THEORETICAL MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS
Factors and assumptions
In deriving the moment-curvature characteristics of eccentrically loaded spirally confined reinforced concrete column
sections, the following factors are taken into account:
405


7.94 f
f
fcc
= f co
1.254 + 2.254 1 + ---------------l 2 -------l-
f

co
co

Fig. 2Comparison of confining steel requirements for

circular columns.7

(5)

where fco = unconfined concrete compressive strength and

fl is the effective lateral pressure exerted on the concrete
core by the confining steel at yield stress. In this model, the
longitudinal strain corresponding to first hoop fracture is
estimated by energy considerations, equating the increase in
strain energy in compression of the confined concrete (represented by the shaded area in Fig. 3) to that provided by the
tensile straining of the transverse confining steel to failure
(details of the model are not included herein because of
space limitations).
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The longitudinal steel reinforcement is assumed to have
the stress-strain curve in tension and compression, including
the effect of strain hardening, illustrated in Fig. 4.
There are three regions:
Region AB
s y
fs = sEs

(6)

where
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
Region BC
y s sh
fs = fy
Region CD

(7)

sh s su

m ( s sh ) + 2 ( s sh ) ( 60 m )
- + -------------------------------------------f s = f y ------------------------------------2
60 ( s sh ) + 2
2 ( 30r + 1 )

Fig. 3Stress-strain model proposed for monotonic loading

of confined and unconfined concrete.8
1. Level of eccentricity of axial load on column e.
2. Longitudinal steel content t.
3.Value of curvature ductility factor required to be
achieved u /y.
4. Material strengths fc and fy.
Ideally, the effects of cyclic loading should be considered
but the complexity of cyclic load analysis makes it difficult
to study a large range of cases. In this study, monotonic
loading is analyzed, and this should give a reasonable
assessment in the first instance. The theoretical momentcurvature characteristics of eccentrically loaded reinforced
concrete column sections with monotonic loading will be
derived on the basis of the following assumptions:
1. Plane sections remain plane after flexural deformations.
2. Spirally confined concrete is assumed to have the stressstrain curve in compression developed by Mander et al.,8
which is an analytical model for the confined stress-strain
curve based on an equation proposed by Popovics.9 The
most critical parameter for design purposes is the degree of
strength enhancement, given by the ratio of confined-to / f co
and the ultimate strain. The
unconfined strength fcc
strength enhancement ratio in the model of Mander et al. is
based on a five-parameter, multiaxial failure criterion developed by William and Warkne.10 For spirally confined sections,
the ratio is given by
406

(8)

where
2

( f su f y ) ( 30r + 1 ) 60r 1
m = ------------------------------------------------------------------2
15r

(9)

r = su sh

(10)

sh = steel strain at commencement of strain hardening

su = tensile fracture strain of steel

fsu = ultimate steel stress

Equation (8) for Region CD is similar to that obtained by
Burns and Siess11 except that it follows a generalized form
proposed by Kent12 for steel with different values for fsu /fy
and su.
The curvature associated with a range of eccentricities of
axial loads from the plastic centroid may be determined
using these assumptions and from the requirements of
strain compatibility and equilibrium of forces.
Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show stress-strain curves for steel
and concrete. Fig. 5(c) displays a spirally confined reinforced
concrete column section with an eccentric axial load and
flexure.
Section analysis
Moment-curvature curves may be produced by using the
following procedure.
1. The spalling and ultimate concrete compressive strain are
first computed from the model proposed by Mander et al.8 for
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

predicting the longitudinal concrete compressive strain at first

hoop fracture based on an energy balanced approach.
2. For a given concrete strain in the extreme compression fiber
cm and neutral axis depth c, analysis is performed as follows:
a. The steel strains s1, s2, s3,..., can be determined from
similar triangles of the strain diagram. For example, for bar i
at depth di
cd
si = cm -------------i
c

(11)

by the spiral steel, and an unconfined part coming from the

cover concrete. Each part is analyzed separately and both are
added to make up the total concrete compressive force (see
Fig. 6). Because the circular section geometry is not uniform,
the Simpson rule for integration is used by dividing the
concrete area into small rectangular segments and adding
them up to find the total concrete compressive force Cc and
the moment arm Xc.
3. The force equilibrium equation may be written as
n

The stresses fs1, fs2, fs3,..., corresponding to strains s1, s2,

s3,..., may be found from the stress-strain curve for the steel.
Then the steel forces Ss1, Ss2, Ss3,..., may be found from the
steel stresses and the areas of steel (see Fig. 5). For example,
for bar i, the force equation is
Si = fsi Asi

(12)

b. The concrete compressive force Cc is made up of two

parts, a confined part coming from the core concrete confined

P = Cc +

fsi Asi

(13)

i=1

and the moment equilibrium equation is

D
M = C c ---- X c +
2

fsi Asi ---2- di

D

where D is diameter of column.

The curvature is given by
cm
= ------c

Fig. 4Idealization of steel stress-strain curve.2

(14)

i=1

(15)

4. The theoretical moment-curvature relationship for a

given eccentricity e may be determined by incrementing the
concrete strain in the extreme compression fiber cm. For
each value of cm the neutral axis depth c, for which the sum
of the internal moments equals the external moment M = P e,
is found. Then the moment M [given by Eq. (14)], corresponding to the value of cm, is determined; the curvature is
found from Eq. (15).
5. The transverse steel s requirements to achieve
adequate ductility for spirally confined columns can be
assessed from the moment-curvature curves. Based on the
definition of ultimate curvature, M-/y diagrams are drawn
with various values of s, from which the required moment

Fig. 5Theoretical moment-curvature analysis: (a) steel in tension and in compression;

(b) concrete in compression; (c) section with strain, stress, and force distribution.
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

407

Table 1Transverse reinforcement ratios s for

(D = 400 mm)

Fig. 6Section analysis.

t , e/D

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.5

0.015

0.01125

0.01

0.01

1.0

0.025

0.015

0.01

2.0

0.025

0.025

0.02

3.0
4.0

*
*

*
*

0.025
0.025

0.025
0.025

0.02
0.025

Ultimate curvature requirement could not be met with reasonable amount of transverse steel.

capacity of 0.85 of the maximum moment capacity can be

found at a u /y of l6.

Fig. 7Moment-curvature ductility for e/D = 0.5.

Fig. 8Moment-curvature ductility for e/D = 2.0.

Fig. 9Moment-curvature ductility for e/D = 4.0.

408

Material and column properties

Using the analytical procedure described in the section
analysis, the moment-curvature relations were determined
for a column section with the following fixed properties:
30 MPa
fc =
fy =
300 MPa
fyh =
300 MPa
fsu =
470 MPa
Es =
200,000 MPa
sh =
16ey
0.2 and cover concrete = 40 mm
su =
The range of variables examined were:
Diameter of the section D : 400, 500, 600
Eccentricity level diameter ratio e/D : 0.5, 2.0, 4.0
Longitudinal steel ratio t: 0.01, 0.03, 0.05
Transverse steel ratio s: 0.0075, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025
Figures 7 through 9 show the moment-curvature relationships for the selected properties of the sections. Those curves
are included herein for the purpose of illustration only.
However, a whole range of different curves and variables
is available in Deeb.13
The curves show a sudden reduction in the moment capacity
at the point of crushing of the concrete cover at an extreme
fiber strain of sp. With further curvature, the contribution of
the concrete to the moment-carrying capacity comes from
such cover concrete that is at a strain of less than sp and the
confined concrete. It can be shown that good confinement
(higher values of s) is essential for columns with high
eccentricity if a reasonable moment capacity is to be maintained after crushing of the cover concrete has commenced.
The figures also indicate that sections with a high longitudinal steel content behave better than those with a low longitudinal steel content, particularly when the eccentricity is
high because of the greater proportion of the resisting
moment provided by steel. Thus, the amount of confining
steel recommended by the ACI Code equation [Eq. (1)] may
be inadequate for columns with a high eccentricity and a low
longitudinal steel content. Based on the ultimate curvature
requirement stated in the section analysis, that of attaining a
curvature ductility of 16 at a moment capacity of not less
than 0.85 of the maximum moment capacity under constant
eccentricity, approximate s values have been obtained (see
Tables 1 through 3). When the ultimate curvature requirement could not be met with a reasonable amount of transverse steel, no s value was indicated in the tables.
Tables 1 through 3 could serve as a guide to the amount of
transverse steel required in columns if the reinforcement
ratio s versus the eccentricity diameter ratio e/D is plotted.
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

Table 2Transverse reinforcement ratios s for

(D = 500 mm)
t , e/D

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.5
1.0

0.0125

0.0087

0.0075

0.0075

0.0075

0.025

0.0075

0.0075

0.0075

2.0

3.0

0.025
0.025

0.0085
0.0125

0.0075
0.0075

0.0075
0.0075

4.0

0.025

0.015

0.0075

0.0075

Ultimate curvature requirement could not be met with reasonable amount of transverse steel.

Table 3Transverse reinforcement ratios (s) for

(D = 600 mm)
t , e/D

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.5

0.016

0.01

0.01

0.0087

0.0075

1.0

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.009

0.0075

2.0

0.0115

0.01

0.009

0.0075

3.0

0.015

0.011

0.01

0.0075

4.0

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.0075

Fig. 10Transverse reinforcement ratio versus eccentricity-todiameter ratio curve (D = 400 mm).

Ultimate curvature requirement could not be met with reasonable amount of transverse steel.

As an example, results of Table 1 (for D = 400 mm) are

plotted (see Fig. 10).
Regression analysis is used to find a relationship between
s and e/D, where the following is obtained
s = 9.37 1035.02 103 (e/D)

(16)

Our aim is to modify the ACI Code equation for transverse

steel for spirally reinforced concrete sections to account for
the effect of eccentricity. A modification factor in terms of e/D
will be produced.
From Eq. (1) (for D = 400 mm, concrete cover = 40 mm,
fc = 30 MPa, fyh = 300 MPa) a fixed value of s is obtained
equal to 0.0253. After inserting Eq. (1) into Eq. (16), which
is obtained from moment-curvature analysis, Eq. (16) will be
in the general form of
A
fc
e
s = 0.45 -----g- 1 ----- f ----
A
f
D
c
yh

( D = 400 mm )

(18)

Other relations of f (e/D) versus (e/D) are obtained using

the same procedure for other circular section diameters (D =
500, 600 mm) where the following is obtained
e- = 0.43 + 0.25 --e-
f -- D
D

( D = 500 mm )

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

e
e
f ---- = 0.7 + 0.3 ----
D
D

( D = 600 mm )

(20)

The final expression of f (e/D) is obtained by a simple

average as follows

(17)

where f (e/D) is the proposed modification factor to account

for the effect of eccentricity. To determine the proposed
modification factor f (e/D), a group of values of e/D are
assumed, and the corresponding values of s are obtained
from Eq. (16). Since the Eq. (1) term in Eq. (17) is a constant
value (equal to 0.0253), the corresponding values of f (e/D)
can be determined. Finally, regression analysis is used to
find a relationship between f (e/D) and e/D, where the
following is obtained
e- = 0.35 + 0.2 --e-
f -- D
D

Fig. 11Comparison of confining steel requirements for

circular columns between ACI/SEAOC and the proposed
modification of ACI equation.

(19)

e- = 0.5 + 0.25 --e-

f -- D
D

(21)

The proposed equation can now be written in the

following form
A
fc
e-
s = 0.45 -----g- 1 ----- 0.5 + 0.25 --A
f

D
c
yh

(22)

Figure 11 compares the proposed equation and the ACI

requirements for the amount of spiral reinforcement for a
circular column. The proposed equation allows a 50 percent
relaxation of ACI requirements at e/D = 0 and gives the same
quantities of confining steel as ACI at e/D = 2, and requires
50 percent more confining steel than ACI at e/D = 4.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The present ACI recommendations for transverse steel
are less than appropriate in the case of high eccentricity and
are very conservative for axially loaded columns. The proposed
equation addresses these issues in the code requirements. It
409

is easy to apply since it provides the eccentricity level and

the diameter of the section in a dimensionless quantity. It
also addresses the property of ductility of columns more
appropriately since the present ACI equations are based on
maintaining the strength of an axially loaded column after
spalling of the concrete cover rather than sustaining a certain
ductility criteria.
2. From the proposed equation, as the eccentricity to
section diameter ratio e/D increases, more transverse steel
is required.
CONVERSION FACTORS
1 mm
1m
l mm2
1 MPa
1 kN

=
=
=
=
=

0.0394 in.
3.28 ft
l3.5 104in.2
145.0 psi
0.225 kip-force

NOTATION
Ac
Ag
Asi
c
Cc
D
e
Es
fc
f cc
f co
f l
fs
fsu
fy
fyh
m
M
Mu
My
Pe

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

r
S
s
Xc

u
y

c
cc
cm

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

410

area of core of section within centerlines of perimeter spiral

gross area of section
steel area
distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
concrete compressive force
overall diameter
eccentricity at which axial load is applied
modulus of elasticity of steel
compressive strength of standard 28-day cylinder
compressive strength (peak stress) of confined concrete
compressive strength of unconfined concrete
effective lateral confining stress
steel stress
ultimate steel stress
yield strength of steel
yield strength of transverse reinforcement
constant given by Eq. (9)
moment of resistance
ultimate moment
yield moment
design compressive load on column due to gravity and seismic
loading
su sh
steel force
spiral spacing or pitch
moment arm of concrete compressive force Cc
horizontal displacement
ultimate horizontal displacement
horizontal displacement at first yield
strain
longitudinal concrete strain
strain at maximum concrete stress f cc
strain in concrete at extreme compression fiber

co
cu

=
=

s
sh
sp

=
=
=

su
s

=
=

=
t

=
u =
=
y
u/y =

strain at maximum stress f co

of unconfined concrete
ultimate concrete compressive strain, defined as strain at first
hoop fracture
steel strain
steel strain at commencement of strain Hardening
strain at which cover concrete is considered to have completely
spalled
tensile fracture strain of steel
ratio of volume to transverse confining steel to volume of confined concrete core
ratio of area of longitudinal reinforcement to gross area of column
curvature
ultimate curvature
curvature at first yield assuming elastic behavior to Mu
curvature ductility factor

REFERENCES
1. Park, R., and Ruitong, D., Ductility of Doubly Reinforced Concrete
Beam Sections, ACI Structural Journal, V. 85, No. 24, Mar.-Apr. 1988, pp.
217-225.
2. Park, R., and Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1975, 769 pp.
3. Park, R., and Sampson, R. A., Ductility of Reinforced Concrete
Column Sections in Seismic Design, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 69, No.
9, Sept. 1972, pp. 543-551.
4. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, Structural Engineers Association of California, San Francisco, CA, 1980.
5. Draft Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete Structures, Standards
Association of New Zealand, Wellington, 1978.
6. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete (318M-89) and Commentary (318RM-89), American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, 1989, 353 pp.
7. Priestley, M. J. N.; Park, R.; and Pontangaroa, R. T., Ductility of Spirally
Confined Concrete Columns, Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, V. 107, No. ST1, Jan. 1981, pp. 181-202.
8. Mander, J. B.; Priestley, M. J. N.; and Park, R., Theoretical Stress-Strain
Model for Confined Concrete, Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, V. 114, No. 8, Aug. 1988, pp. 1804-1826.
9. Popovics, S., Numerical Approach to the Complete Stress-Strain Curves
for Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, V. 3, No. 5, 1973, pp. 583-599.
10. William, K. J., and Warnke, E. P., Constitutive Model for the Triaxial
Behavior of Concrete, Proceedings of the International Association for Bridge
and Structural Engineering, V. 19, 1975, pp. 1-30.
11. Burns, N. H., and Siess, C. P., Load-Deformation Characteristics of
Beam-Column Connections in Reinforced Concrete, Structural Research
Series No. 234, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Jan.
1962, 261 pp.
12. Kent, D. C., Inelastic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members with
Cyclic Loadings, PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New
Zealand, 1969, 264 pp.
13. Deeb, N. A. A., Ductility of Eccentrically Loaded Spirally Confined
Reinforced Concrete Columns, dissertation, University of Jordan, Amman,
Jordan, 137 pp.

ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996

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ACI Structural Journal/July-August 1996