Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FLUE GAS
Analyzers
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Presentation outline
Monitoring Requirement of analyzers in
thermal plant
Sampling and Conditioning Circuit
Measuring principles of Analyzers
Flue gas and emission Monitoring
Analyzers
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CORROSION
MAY BE DEFINED AS REVERSION OF METAL TO A
MORE STABLE OXIDISED STATE.
WHEN THE ENVIRONMENT FAVOURS
CONVERSION OF THE METAL TO OXIDE BY
REACTION WITH OXYGEN OR A SOURCE OF
OXYGEN SUCH AS WATER THE CORROSION
OCCURS.
CORROSION INCLUDES GENERAL CORROSION,
ALKALI CORROSION, STRESS CORROSION,
STRESS CRACKING AND PITTING.
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HINDERS HEAT TRANSFER REDUCING BOILER EFFICIENCY.
ADHERES ON THE INNER WALL OF WATER PIPE AND
DISTURBS WATER CIRCULATION.
CAUSES OVERHEATING OF HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE
AND PIPE EXPLOSION.
BOILER UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH PESSURE
IS LARGELLY AFFECTED BY SCALE TO A DANGEROUS
EXTENT. THEREFORE CONTENTS OF SULPHATES,
SILICATES AND CARBONATES ARE TO BE LIMITED WITH
RISE IN TEMPERATUE AND PRESSURE.
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CARRYOVER
DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN BOILER
WATER AND MOISTURE BROUGHT OUT OF
THE BOILER TOGETHER WITH THE STEAM
STREAM IS CALLED CARRY OVER.
SILICA UNLIKE DISSOLVED SOLIDS OF BOILER
WATER, DISSOLVE IN THE STEAM AND
SOLUBILITY STEEPLY INCREASES AS THE
PRESSURE RISES. SILICA DISSOLVED IN THE
VAPOUR GETS CARIED OVER AND GETS
DEPOSITED ON THE TURBINE BLADES.
CARRYOVER CAUSES THE FOLLOWING:
contd.
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1.MAKE UP DM WATER
CONDUCTIVITY.
2. HOTWELL CONDENSATE
(BOTH SIDES)
3. CEP DISCHARGE
b)SODIUM(TO PROVIDE
WARNING OF CONDENSER
LEAKAGE)
c)DO (TO ESTABLISH
ADEQUACY OF OXYGEN
REMOVAL)
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4.CONDENSATE POLISHER
a) Cond
b)PH
c)SILICA
d)SODIUM
(PERFORMANCE OF THE
PLANT AND THE NEED FOR
RESIN BED REGENERATION)
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6)
FEEDWATER ECONOMISER
COND
.
PH
(FINAL
ON QUALITY &
ACCEPTABILITY)
D.O.
HYDRAZINE
(EFFECTIVENESS OF
HYDRAZINE
DOSING)
7) BOILER DRUM
.
a)COND.
b)PH
c)SILICA
d)PHOSPHATE
e)CHLORIDE
(TO ENSURE PROPER
BOILER WATER CONDITIONS)
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8)BOILER SATURATED
STEAM
a)COND.
b)SODIUM
(CRITERIA TO MINIMISE
SALT DEPOSITION IN THE SH IS
MET).
9)BOILER SUPERHEATED
STEAM
a) COND
b) PH
c) SODIUM
(CRITERION TO MINIMISE
SALT IN THE RH IS MET)
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10)CONDENSER COOLING
WATER
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a) PH
b) COND.
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A:
B:
C:
D:
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CHEMICAL
DEOXIDATION
N2H4 (HYDRAZINE)
(DOSING AT CEP DISCH AND/ OR BFP SUCTION)
PH ADJUSTMENT
NH4OH
(DOSING AT CEP DISCH AND / OR BFP SUCTION)
CACO3 REMOVAL
(DOSING AT BOILER DRUM WATER)
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NA3PO4
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PANELS
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secondary coolers
Conductivity & pH cells
bulk head type fittings,
removable cartridge type filters,
pressure reducing elements, flow rate control,
grab sample valve and other sample conditioning
equipments.
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Primary Cooler
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CHILLER SYSTEM
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ANALYSERS
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Range
Temperature Comp.
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ANALYSERS
pH ANALYSER:
Type
Accuracy
<= +/- 1 %
Range
6-11 pH
freely programmable
Temperature Comp.
Automatic
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ANALYSERS
PHOSPHATE ANALYSER:
Type
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Colourimetric
<= +/- 5 % of reading
<= 6 min
Range
0-10 ppm
freely programmable
Temperature Comp.
Automatic
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ANALYSERS
HYDRAZINE ANALYSER:
Type
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Range
Automatic Continuous
Electrochemical Type
<= +/- 5 %
<= 3 Min.
0-50, 0-100 ppb freely
programmable
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ANALYSERS
SILICA ANALYSER:
Type
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Continuous Colorimetric
Type - Multi stream
<= +/- 5 % of reading
<= 15 min( including sample
switching)
Range
Temperature Comp.
Automatic
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ANALYSERS
SODIUM ANALYSER:
Type
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Range
Temperature Comp.
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ANALYSERS
Accuracy
Response Time
(90 % of Full Scale)
Range
Temperature Comp.
Automatic/
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Combustion Efficiency
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Stoichiometric Combustion
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Efficient combustion
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Therefore, more air than ideal must be supplied to burn all fuel
completely. The amount of air more than the theoretical
requirement is referred to as excess air.
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Fuel
Excess of Air (%)
Anthracite
40
Coke oven gas
5 10
Natural Gas
5 10
Coal, pulverized
15 20
Coal, stoker
20 30
Oil (No. 2 and No. 6)
10 to 20
Semi anthracite, hand firing
70 to 100
Semi anthracite, with stoker
40 to 70
Semi anthracite, with traveling 30 to 60
grate
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Stoichiometric Combustion
To determine the excess air at which the
combustion system will operate we have to start
with the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, known as the
perfect, correct or ideal fuel ratio, the stoichiometric
combustion. During stoichiometric combustion there
are a chemically correct mixing proportion between
the air and the fuel. During the stoichiometric
combustion process no fuel or air are left over.
Process heating equipment almost never run
stoichiometric. Even so-called "on-ratio"
combustion, used in boilers and high temperature
process furnaces, incorporates a modest amount of
excess air, 10 to 20% more than needed to burn
the fuel completely.
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COMPLETE COMBUSTION
IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAINTAIN THE AIR-FUEL
RATIO AT ITS MOST ECONOMIC LEVEL, IN SUCH A
WAY THAT COMPLETE COMBUSTION IS ENSURED
WITH MINIMUM AMOUNT OF EXCESS AIR.
AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE CURVE DEPICTING THE
EXCESS OXYGEN, CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL,
AND UNBURNT CARBON, THERE EXISTS A
STOICHIOMETRIC POINT WHERE CO LEVEL IS
MINIMUM.
THUS MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN AND CO LEVELS
IN THE FLUE GAS GIVES A GOOD FEEL OF THE
COMBUSTION PROCESS.
HENCE, BOTH CO AND O2 ARE MEASURED IN
POWER PLANTS TO ENSURE PROPER COMBUSTION
AT THE MOST ECONOMIC MODE.
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O2 MEASUREMENT
TYPICALLY O2 IS MEASURED AT TWO LOCATIONS IN THE
FLUE GAS PATH:
AT PLATEN SUPERHEATER ZONE.
AT ECONOMISER OUTLET.
THE MEASUREMENT AT PLATEN SH ZONE IS CLOSE TO COMBUSTION
PROCESS AND GIVES A FEEL OF THE SAME. HOWEVER, ONE
ARGUMENT MAY BE THERE THAT THE COMBUSTION PROCESS IS NOT
COMPLETE AT THAT ZONE AND THE GAS MIXTURE IS NOT
HOMOGENOUS.
HENCE, ANOTHER MEASUREMENT IS DONE DOWN THE PATH AT
ECONOMISER OUTLET. THESE TWO MEASUREMENTS TOGETHER GIVE
AN INDICATION OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS.
AS AN OVERSHOOT, AN ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MAY BE
GATHERED FROM THESE TWO MEASUREMENTS I.E. AIR LEAKAGE
(INGRESS) IN THE FLUE GAS PATH.
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SH ZONE MEASUREMENT
THE O2 MEASUREMENT AT SH ZONE IS DONE USING NONHEATED TYPE ZIRCONIA PROBE. THIS IS BASED ON NERNST
EQUATION WHEREIN,
EMF a T LOGN P1/P2
WHERE,
P1 = PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN IN REFERENCE GAS.
P2 = PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN IN SAMPLE GAS.
T = ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE.
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CO MEASUREMENT
TYPICALLY CO IS BEING MEASURED USING IN-SITU TYPE
ANALYSER AT STACK. THIS MEASUREMENT IS USED IN THE
COMBUSTION CONTROL LOOP TO OPTIMISE COMBUSTION
PROCESS.
ANALYSER
USES
PRINCIPLE
OF
SPECIFIC
RADIATION
ABSORPTION, TYPICALLY IN INFRA-RED SPECTUM. IT USES A
RADIATION SOURCE AND A RECEIVER UNIT ACROSS THE DUCT.
USING THE RATIO OF THE MEASURING & REFERENCE SIGNALS
ALONGWITH PATH LENGTH AND TEMPERATURE, THE CO IN FLUE
GAS IS CALCULATED.
THE
OPTICS
ARE
PROTECTED
FROM
GETTING
CONTAMINATED WITH DUST USING SUITABLE AIR
CURTAINS/ BLOWERS.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE STATUTORY
NORMS STIPULATED BY CENTRAL & STATE
POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS WITH
RESPECT TO EMISSIONS ARE MET.
THE MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR WHICH
REQUIREMENTS ARE STIPULATED ARE:
DUST OR SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER (SPM)
SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX)
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SULPHUR DIOXIDE
AS THIS GAS IS ONE OF MAIN GASEOUS POLLUTANTS EMITTED DURING
THE COMBUSTION OF SULPHUR-BEARING FUEL, CONTINOUS ON-LINE
MEASUREMENT OF THE SAME IS ENVISAGED IN THERMAL POWER
PLANTS. HIGHER LEVELS OF SO2 MAY CAUSE ACID RAIN.
TYPICALLY IN NTPC, EXTRACTIVE TYPE (I.E. SAMPLING TYPE) ANALYSER
IS EMPLOYED. THESE ANALYSERS ALSO GENERALLY OPERATE ON
SPECIFIC RADIATION ABSORPTION PRINCIPLE (IN UV OR IR SPECTRUM).
TYPICALLY THEY CONSIST OF A SAMPLE CELL AND A REFERENCE CELL
AND THE RATIO/ DIFFERENTIAL OF THE IR/UV INTENSITIES OF REFERENCE
AND SAMPLE (MEASURING) CELL GIVES A MEASURE OF THE COMPONENT
I.E. SO2.
FOR CONDITIONING OF THE SAMPLE BEFORE IT REACHES THE
ANALYSER,
SUITABLE
CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
COMPRISING
REFRIGERANT TYPE OF COOLER, FILTERS, ANTI-CONDENSATION
EQUIPMENT VIZ. HEAT TRACING ETC. IS PROVIDED.
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CHEMILUMINISCENCE TYPE
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TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF
FLUE GAS ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTS
Common Requirements
Output signals
Analog :4-20 mA DC galvanically isolated. If analyser
provides superimposed HART signal on 4-20 mA DC
output, It shall also be connected to PC based station.
Binary: 2 NO + 2 NC for high alarm
Zero & span Adjustment : To be provided with range
selection facility.
Ambient temp.: 50C
Indication : Digital Alphanumeric Display. Diplay of
reading in engineering units shall be provided.
Enclosure Type/MaterialWeather & Dust proof (IP 55) : Die
cast Aluminium/SS
Type of Electronics: Microprocessor based with self
diagnostic.
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TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF
FLUE GAS ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTS
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CO
Analyser
specs
Type of Instrument : In-situ type
Principle of Measurement :IR absorption
Measurement Range: 0-200, 0-1000 ppm,
programmable.
Accuracy : +/- 5% of F.S.
Linearity : +/- 2% of F.S.
Repeatibility: < 0.5% of Span
Response time(upto 90% of full scale) < 5 secs
Operating Temperature Range : 0-300 deg.C
Accessories : Purging system to be provided with
heavy duty blowers and shutter mechanism for
automatic isolation of lens during purge air failure .
Compensation for temperature.: Automatic
Location: Chimney
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Dust/
SPM
Analyzer
specs
Type of Instrument : In-Situ dry type visible light
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THANK YOU
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