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Wide Area Networking

WAN Concepts

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At the end of this lesson we will be

able to
Categorize WAN technology types and properties

Network+2009 Objective 2.5

What we will cover

WAN Concepts
What is a WAN
WAN Terminology
Types of WANs
WAN Media
WAN bandwidth

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What is a WAN
Use Service Provider
Wider reach than LAN,
up to global
Usually lower speed
that LAN (exceptions)

WAN CONCEPTS

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WAN Terminology
Customer Premises
Equipment ( CPE )

Local Loop

Provider
Network

Central Office ( CO )

DSU/CSU

Demarc

What are the types of WANs

Synchronous serial

Dedicated

Asynchronous serial, ISDN

Circuit-switched

Telco
Synchronous serial
Service
Provider

Packet-switched

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WAN Media

Copper
Cables

Fibre
Optic
Cables

Wireless

WAN Bandwidth varies widely

depending on the Service

44.736
Mbps (T3)

9.953Gbps
(OC-192 )

1.544 Mbps
(T1)
56Kbps
(Dial-up)

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Review

WAN Concepts
What is a WAN
WAN Terminology
Types of WANs
WAN Media
WAN bandwidth

SOHO WAN Services

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At the end of this lesson we will be

able to
Categorize SOHO WAN Services technology types
and properties

Network+2009 Objective 2.5

What we will cover

SOHO WAN Services

POTS
ISDN
DSL
Cable
Satellite
Wireless

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SMALL OFFICE HOME OFFICE

(SOHO) WAN SERVICES

Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN)
Also Known as Plain Old Telephone Service
(POTS)

Telco

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WAN using POTS

Analog

Analog
Modem

Modem

Telco

Integrated Services Digital Network

(ISDN)
All Digital Voice and Data Service
Over POTS Copper Lines

ISDN
Basic Rate
Interface (BRI)

Primary Rate
Interface (PRI)

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ISDN Basic Rate Interface

Two 64 Kbps B
(Bearer)
Channels

One 16 Kbps D
(Signaling)
Channel

ISDN BRI

WAN Using ISDN BRI

Digital
NT-1

Telco

NT-1

NT-1 => Network Termination 1

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DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

What Is a DSL?

Uses high transmission frequencies (up to 1 MHz)

Technology for delivering high bandwidth over regular copper
lines
Connection between subscriber and CO

11

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DSL Connections
Central Office

SOHO
Class 4 or 5
Switch

PSTN

DSLAM

DSL
Modem

Low pass
filters

Internet
Maximum distance of 5,460m (18,000 feet)

ISP

How Does DSL Work?

Downstream and upstream transmission

Symmetrical and asymmetrical services
Multiple xDSL variations
Delivers data and voice signals simultaneously
and transparently
Provides an always-on data connection
Bandwidth varies with distance

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DSL Variants
DSL variants differ in:
Nature - relationship between downstream and
upstream rates
Maximum data rate
Line coding technology
Data and voice support
Maximum distance

DSL Variants Characteristics

Nature

Max. Data
Rate (Down /
Up) [bps]

Data and
POTS

ADSL

Asymmetric

8M/1M

Yes

VDSL

Symmetric
or
Asymmetric

52 M / 13 M

Yes

IDSL

Symmetric

144 k / 144 k

No

SDSL

Symmetric

768 k / 768 k

No

HDSL

Symmetric

2M/2M

No

G.SHDSL

Symmetric

2.3 M / 2.3 M

No

DSL
Technology

13

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Factors Affecting DSL maximum

distance and speed
Signal attenuation
Line Condition
Bridge tap
Load coil
Wire gauge
Impedance mismatch

Crosstalk and Interference

27

DSL Distance Limitations

DSL Technology

Max. Data Rate

(Down / Up) [bps]

Max. Distance
[feet / km]

ADSL

8M/1M

18,000 / 5.5

VDSL

52 M / 13 M

4,500 / 1.4

IDSL

144 k / 144 k

18,000 / 5.5

SDSL

768 k / 768 k

22,000 / 6.7

G.SHDSL

2.3 M / 2.3 M

28,000 / 8.5

Maximum data rate and distance assume no impairments.

Maximum data rate is achieved at shortest distance.

Maximum distance is achieved at lowest data rate.

14

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CABLE SYSTEM

What is a Cable System?

CATV originally meant community antenna television. This

form of transmission shared TV signals.
Modern cable systems use fiber and coaxial cable for signal
transmission.

15

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Sending Data over Cable

Data service runs between Cable Modem (CM) and Cable

Modem Termination system (CMTS).
Users on a segment share upstream and downstream
bandwidth.

Cable System Benefits

Cable is cost-effective because broadcast architecture is
cascaded to users.
Cable supports different services:
Analog video
Digital video
Voice
Data
Inexpensive high-speed Internet access enables the
application of advanced SOHO and teleworker deployments.

16

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WIRELESS WAN SERVICES

Satellite Provides Internet access to

remote sites

17

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Cellular Data Services

GSM, GRPS, EDGE, EDVO, and HSPDA

USB

PCMCIA

Industrial
Cellular
Modem
Cell Phone

Wi-Fi 802.11x

Wi-Fi ISP Tower

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Base Antenna

Client Antenna

Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access (WiMAX 802.16)
WiMAX USB adaptor

Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) coverage

3 to 10 Kilometer Range
Up to 5 Mbps

Stand-alone
WiMAX
modem

Point-to-Point Wireless

Provides line-of-sight communications between sites

Typical: 1.6km to 16km (1 to 10 miles)
Records: 304km, Italy, 5GHz; 276km, Venezuela, 2.4GHz

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13/08/2011

Review

Small Office Home Office

(SOHO) WAN Services
PSTN

Wireless

POTS
ISDN BRI
xDSL

Cable modem

Wi-Fi
WiMAX
Cellular
Satellite
Point-to-Point

Enterprise WAN Technology

20

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At the end of this lesson we will be

able to
Categorize Enterprise WAN Services types and
properties

Network+2009 Objective 2.5

What we will cover

Enterprise WAN Services
T and E Carrier TDM
ISDN PRI
MPLS
ATM
SDH / SONET / OC-x

21

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T and E carrier Time Division

Multiplexing
DS0

21

22

29

23

30

31

T-carrier and E-Carrier Systems

T-carrier

E-carrier

64 kbit/s (DS0) (Single channel)

64 kbit/s

1.544 Mbit/s (DS1) (24 channels) (T1)

2.048 Mbit/s (32 channels) (E1)

44.736 Mbit/s (DS3) (672 Ch.) (T3)

34.368 Mbit/s (512 Ch.) (E3)

274.176 Mbit/s (DS4) (4032 Ch.)

139.264 Mbit/s (2048 Ch.) (E4)

400.352 Mbit/s (DS5) (5760 Ch.)

565.148 Mbit/s (8192 Ch.) (E5)

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T1 ISDN Primary Rate Interface

provides 23 Digital Channels
Twenty-Three 64
Kbps B
(Bearer)
Channels
1
2
3

ISDN PRI

One 64 Kbps D
(Signaling)
Channel

E1 ISDN Primary Rate Interface

provides 30 Digital Channels
1

Thirty 64 Kbps
B (Bearer)
Channels

3
0

E1 ISDN PRI

Two Special Timeslots

TS0 = Framing and
Synchronization
TS16 = Signaling

23

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Frame relay Connect sites using

Virtual Circuits
Branch2

Virtual
Circuits
(VC)

HQ

Branch1
VC 1 : HQ => Branch1
VC 2 : HQ => Branch2
Branch3

VC 3 : HQ => Branch3

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM)

Fixed sized, 53 byte cell

5-byte header and 48-byte payload
Transports real-time Voice, Video, and Data
Used in SONET/SDH backbone of PSTNs
Many ADSL implementations also use ATM
Header
5 Bytes

Payload
48 Bytes

ATM Cell 48 bytes

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Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Data Packets are assigned labels
Packet-forwarding decisions based solely on
labels
Allows end-to-end virtual links, using any
protocol, over any medium

Terms used with Fibre Optic

Multiplexing Protocols
Synchronous Optical Networking
(SONET)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

(SDH)

Synchronous Transport
Signal (STS), SONET Frame
Format
Optical Carrier (OC), SONET
Optical Carrier Level

Synchronous Transport
Module (STM), SDH Frame
Format

25

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SONET/SDH Designations and

bandwidths
SONET Optical
Carrier Level

SONET Frame
Format

SDH level and

Frame Format

Payload (Mbps)

OC-1
OC-3
OC-12

STS-1
STS-3
STS-12

STM-0
STM-1
STM-4

50
150
601

OC-24

STS-24

1,202

OC-48

STS-48

STM-16

2,405

OC-192

STS-192

STM-64

9,621

OC-768

STS-768

STM-256

38,486

Choosing a WAN Service

Availability
Price
Speed
Reliability
Delay and Jitter
Symmetric/Asymmetric

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13/08/2011

Review

Enterprise WAN Services

E-1/T-1

ISDN PRI
Frame relay
ATM
MPLS
SDH/SONET/OC-x
Choosing a WAN Service

Network Address Translation

8/13/2011 8:59:45 AM

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In this lesson we will cover:

Given a scenario, evaluate the proper use of
the following addressing technologies and
addressing schemes

Network+ 2009 1.4

Agenda
Addressing

Technologies

Public and Private Addresses

Network Address Translation

Port Address Translation

Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Destination NAT (DNAT)
SNAT

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WHAT ARE PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES?

Private IP Addresses for use within an

organization
Private IP Addresses Ranges
From

To

10.0.0.0

10.255.255.255

10.0.0.0/8

172.16.0.0

172.31.255.255

172.16.0.0/12

192.168.0.0

192.168.255.255

192.168.0.0/16

RFC 1918
Within organizations ONLY!
NOT on the Internet

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PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES

Public IP Addresses must be Globally

Unique
Obtain Public IP
Address from ISP
or
Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN)

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Internet Corporation for Assigned

Names and Numbers
Non-profit corporation
Responsibility for IP Address Space Allocation

ICANN Delegates to Regional Internet

Registries

31

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If Private addresses cannot work on the

Internet, that how can they
communicate?

Network Address Translation

Changed

SA:

DA:

Private IP
Address

Public IP
Address

NAT

SA:

DA:

Public IP
Address

Public IP
Address

UnChanged

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NAT Network Address Translation

Inside

Outside
SA

SA

10.0.0.1

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.1

NAT Table
10.0.0.2

Inside Local IPv4

Address

Inside Global IPv4

Address

10.0.0.1

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.2

171.68.50.81

Benefits of NAT
Conserves Public IP Addresses
Prevents Renumbering

Improves Security

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Port Address Translation

Inside

Outside
SA:SP

SA:SP

10.0.0.1:1501

171.68.50.80:1501

10.0.0.1
SA:SP

SA:SP

10.0.0.2:1501

171.68.50.80:1502

10.0.0.2

NAT Table

10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3

Inside Local Source

Address & Port

Inside Global Source Address &

Port

10.0.0.1:1501

171.68.50.80:1501

10.0.0.2:1501

171.68.50.80:1502

10.0.0.3:1502

171.68.50.80:1503

Static NAT Static One-to-One

Mapping of Private to Public address
Inside

Outside
SA

SA

10.0.0.3

171.68.50.82

10.0.0.3

NAT Table
Inside Address

Translated Address

10.0.0.3

171.68.50.82

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Dynamic NAT Maps Private address

to one
of a Pool of Public IP addresses
Inside
Outside
SA

SA

10.0.0.1

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.2

SA

SA

10.0.0.2

171.68.50.82

NAT Table
10.0.0.3

Inside Address

Translated Address

10.0.0.2

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.3

171.68.50.82

10.0.0.4

172.68.50.81

SNAT Acronym can mean many

things
Source NAT - counterpart of Destination NAT
(DNAT)
Secure NAT (Microsoft)
Stateful NAT (Cisco)
Softwires NAT (IETF)
8/13/2011 8:59:47 AM

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Destination Network Address

Translation (DNAT)
Used to publish a service located
in a private network on a
publicly accessible IP address
For example, you want public access to your
web server but you want it to be located in
your internal private address space.

Destination Network Address

Translation (DNAT)Outside
Inside
www

DA

DA

10.0.0.2

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.2

NAT Table
Destination Address

Translated Address

171.68.50.80

10.0.0.2

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Summary

Private IP Addresses
Pubic IP Addresses
Network Address Translation
Port Address Translation
Static NAT, SNAT, DNAT

37