Effect of Crushed Hardened Concrete Waste As Replacement Material For Natural Sand in Concrete

International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 2348 8050
EFFECT OF CRUSHED HARDENED CONCRETE WASTE AS

REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR NATURAL
SAND IN CONCRETE
R. Praba Rajathi*, J. Jai kanth**
*Department of Civil Engineering, A.S.L. Pauls college of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore
** Department of Civil Engineering, A.S.L. Pauls college of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT
Concrete is the widely used building material in the
world. River sand has been the most popular choice for
fine aggregate in concrete in the past. Scarcity of good
quality Natural River sand due to depletion of resources
and destruction due to environment consideration as made
concrete manufactures to look of suitable alternative fine
aggregate. To meet the demand of construction industry
excessive quarrying of sand from river beds is taking
place causing the depletion of sand resources. This fact
has forced the government to lay down in destructions on
sand quarrying process resulting in the scarcity and
significant increase in its cost. The cheapest & the easiest
way of getting natural sand is by crushing natural sand
stone to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which
would be free from all impurities. So as to overcome this
problem, it is very much essential to utilize the hardened
concrete waste materials in concrete construction. In this
study, the attempt is made to check the properties of
hardened concrete waste as a replacement of concrete
with conventional concrete and also used chemical
admixture to increase the strength.
Keywords Natural sand, hardened concrete waste,
manufactured sand, Admixtures.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete has been around for many centuries, the first
known use of a material resembling concrete was by the
Minoan civilization around 2000 BC. During the early
stages of the Roman Empire around 300 BC, the Romans
discovered that mixing a sandy volcanic ash with lime
mortar created a hard water resistance substance which we
now known as concrete. Concrete is the widely used
building material in the world. River sand has been the
most popular choice for the fine aggregate in concrete in
the past, but overuse of this material lead to
environmental concerns, reduction of sources and an
increase in price. Quarry dust has been proposed as an
alternative to river sand that gives additional benefit to
concrete (P. Devi, et al., [1]). A well processed
manufactured sand as partial or full replacement to river

sand is the need of the hour as a long term solution in
Indian concrete industry until other suitable alternative
fine aggregate are developed (Amol B et al., [2]). Crusher
dust could be effectively used in concrete of above grades
for replacement levels of sand by 30-60% economically
leading to sustainable development (Chandana Suresh et
al., [3]). Common river sand has become more expensive
due to excessive cost and depletion of the natural
resource. In such a situation the M-sand can be an
alternative material to river sand (Krishna Rao S. et al.,
[4]). With natural sand deposits the world over drying up,
there is an acute need for a product that matches the
properties of natural sand in concrete. In the last 15 years,
it has become clear that the availability of good quality
natural sand is decreasing. Crushed aggregate, bottom ash,
foundry sand & various by-products are replacing natural
sand and gravel in most countries (Bahoria B.V.,et al.,
[5]). Huge quantities of construction and demolition
wastes are generated every year in developing countries
like India. The disposal of this waste is a very serious
problem because it requires huge space for its disposal &
very little demolished waste is recycled or reused (Mohd
Monish, et al., [6]). The properties of the recycled
aggregate and of the new concrete made from it, with
nearly 100% of aggregate replacement were tested.
Significant differences were observed between the
properties of the recycled aggregates of various particle
size groups, while the crushing age had almost no effect.
The enormous amounts of demolished concrete produced
from deteriorated and obsolete structures create severe
ecological and environmental problems. One of the ways
to solve this problem is to use this building demolished
waste concrete as aggregates (M.L.V. Prasad, et al., [7]).
2. MATERIALS
2.1. CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade from the local
market was used and tested for physical and chemical
properties as per IS: 4031 -1988 and found to be
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conforming to various specifications as per IS :122691987.

Table 2.1. Tests on Cement
S.NO
Properties
1.
2.
3.
Normal consistency
Initial setting time
Compressive
strength
7 days
14 days
28 days
Specific gravity
4.
Table 2.3. Physical properties of fine

aggregate
Property
Fineness modulus
Specific gravity
Bulk density (Kg/m3)
Loose
Compact
Limiting
values
30%
35 mins
37 N/mm2
47 N/mm2
53 N/mm2
z3.10
The crushed coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm

maximum size rounded obtained from the local
crushing plant,Robo silicon; Tamil Nadu is used in
the present study.The physical properties of coarse
aggregate like specific gravity , bulk density
,gradation and fineness modulus are tested in
accordance with IS : 2386.
2.2.1 FINE AGGREGATE

In the present investigation fine aggregate is natural
sand from local market is used. The physical properties
of fine aggregate like specific gravity, bulk density,
gradation and fineness modulus are tested in accordance
with IS : 2386.
Table 2.4. Fineness modulus of coarse

aggregate
I.S.Seiv
e size
Table 2.2. Fineness Modulus of Fine

Aggregate:
Weig
ht
aggre
gate
retain
ed in
Gms
10
mm
4.75
mm
2.36
mm
1.18
mm
600
Cumula
tive
%
weight
retaine
d
in
Gms
%
assisg
Cum
ulati
ve
%
weig
ht
retai
ned
0
100
10
10
99
20.7
5
57.8
5
93.1
5
1000
79.25
197.5
207.5
371.0
578.5
300
353.0
931.5
150
68.5
1000
1585
1690
2.2.2. Coarse aggregate
2.2. TESTS ON AGGREGATE
I.S.S
eive
size
Result
2.72
2.613
Rem
arks
40mm
20mm
10mm
4.75mm
2.36m
1.18mm
m
600
300
150
100
Zone
II
Weig
ht
aggre
gate
retain
ed in
Gms
0
0
270
4250
0
0
Cumula
tive %
weight
retained
in Gms
Cumula
tive %
weight
retained
% of
passi
ng
0
0
750
5000
5000
5000
0
0
15
100
100
100
100
100
85
0
0
0
0
0
0
5000
5000
5000
100
100
100
0
0
0
Weight of coarse aggregate sample taken=5000g.

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate =615/100 =6.15
42.15
Table 2.5. Physical properties of coarse

aggregate
6.85
0
Weight of fine aggregate sample taken=1000g.

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate 272.75/100 =2.72
Property
Fineness modulus
Specific gravity
Bulk density (Kg/m3)
Loose
Compact
Result
6.15
2.625
1475
1690
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2.3. FLY ASH
Table 3.1. Volume of the materials for specimens
In the present investigation work ,the fly ash

used is obtained from Thermal power plants.The
specific surface of fly ash used is found to be
2
4250cm /gm by blaines permeability apparatus and its
specific gravity is 2.3.
Table 2.6.Chemical composition of fly ash
S.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Characteristics
Silica,sio2
Alumina
Iron oxide
Lime
Magnesia
Sulfur trioxide
Surface area m2/kg
Specimen
Ceme
nt(kg)
Sand
(Kg)
Crushed Coarse
concrete aggregate
(45%) Kg (kg)
Cube
Cylinder
Prism
4.05
1.88
6
2.67
1.24
3.96
2.187
1.02
3.24
Percentage
49-67
26-28
4-10
0.7-3.6
0.3-2.6
0.1-2.6
230-600
2.4. GROUND
GRANULATED
FURNACE SLAG (GGBS)
BLAST
Fig. 3.1. Raw material(hardened concrete)
Table 2.7.Physical properties of GGBS

S.NO.
1
2
3
4
5
Characteristics
Specific gravity
Fineness
Glass content
percent
Bulk density
Color
10.53
4.88
15.6
Properties
2.91
330
93
1100
Grey
Table 2.8.Chemical composition of GGBS

Fig. 3.2. Crushed raw material
S.NO.
Characteristics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SiO2
Al2O3
CaO
Fe2O3
MgO
SO3
CaO/SiO2
Loss on ignition
Requirements
(BS:6699)
32-42
7.16
32-45
0.1-1.5
14 Max
2.5 Max
1.4 Max
3 Max
4.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. TESTS ON CUBES
3.0. MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262:1982 and SP24 :1987
Water/Cement ratio is 0.42
Grade of Concrete M30
Mix ratio of concrete is 1:1.2:2.6
Fig. 4.1. Testing of Cube

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increased the strength by addition of the chemicals as

N,N-Dimethyl formamide.
Hence the concrete with the addition of chemicals which
is increased the strength of 7% of the normal
conventional concrete.
Fig.4.2. Testing of cube specimen
40
35
Fig. 4.4. Testing of cylinders
30
25
20
15
3 days
40
7 days
10
35
28 days
30
25
Normal Replaced
With
concrete Concrete chemicals
without
chemicals
20
3 days
15
7 days
10
28 days
Fig. 4.3. Compressive strength of the concrete for cubes
Hence the above results are discussed by the compression

strength of the cubes under the 3,7,28 days curing.
From the above graph (Fig.4.3.), the normal concrete
attains the strength in general and the replaced materials
without chemical is normally decreases their strength by
means of the deterioration of the concrete. It shows that
the concrete increased the strength by addition of the
chemicals as N,N-Dimethyl formamide.
is increased the strength of 8% of the normal
conventional concrete.
4.2. TESTS ON CYLINDERS (compression)
Hence the above results are discussed by the compression
strength of the cylinders under 3,7,28 days curing. From
the graph (Fig. 4.5.),the normal concrete attains the
strength in general & replaced materials without chemical
is normally decreases their strength by means of the
deterioration of the concrete It shows that the concrete
Normal Replaced
concrete concrete
without
chemical
With
chemical
Fig.4.5. Compressive strength of concrete cylinders

4.2.1. TESTS ON CONCRETE CYLINDERS (Split
tensile)
Hence the above results are discussed by the split tensile
strength of the cylinders under the 3,7,28 days curing.
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is increased the strength of 9% of the normal conventional

concrete.
7
6
3 days
7 days
28 days
3
2
1
0
Normal Replaced With

concrete concrete chemical
without
chemical
Fig. 4.6. Testing of cylinder(split tensile)

Fig.4.9. Flexural strength of concrete prisms
3
2.5
2
1.5
3days
7 days
0.5
28 days
0
Normal Replaced
With
concrete concrete chemical
without
Fig. 4.7.Split tensile strength of concrete

cylinders
4.3. TESTS ON PRISMS
Hence the above results are discussed by the flexural

strength of the prisms under the 3,7,28 days curing.
is increased the strength of 9% of the normal conventional
concrete.
5.0. CONCLUSION
In fact increased use of concrete almost in all type of
construction work, it initiates a demand of natural river
sand. To reduce the sand demand, using crushed hardened
concrete waste by the process of utilization of waste
material which is dumped near by the construction places
& important places.
From the experimental studies, the following conclusions
were drawn:
Fig. 4.8. Testing of Prisms
The concrete quarry dust along with plasticizers

can be effectively utilized in the construction
works.
As the addition of N,N-Dimethyl Formamide as
an inhibitor with crushed concrete upto 3%
shows that maximum improvement is the
compression strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength & bond strength when
compared to the control specimen.
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Addition of the organic inhibitors with crushed

concrete offered very good resistance against
chemical attack & resist corrosion by forming
their oxide layer & shielding the anodic sites.
From the results, the concrete exhibits high
performance as comparison with normal
concrete because the strength from various test
factors was increased by 8%.
It is also said to be eco-friendly concrete
because of reduction of carbon monoxide
presence in concrete by adding the chemical is
prevented.
building demolished waste, Journal of Environmental

Research and development (2), 2007,180-187.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] P. Devi, V.Rajkumar and K.Kannan, Inhibitive effect
of organic inhibitors in concrete containing quarry dust as
fine aggregate,
International Journal of Advances in Engineering
Sciences, 1(2), 2012,1-7.
[2] Amol B. Tardale, Surekha Shivaji Patil,an
d N.J. Pathak, Feasibility study of replacement of cement
and sand in concrete and mortar by ecosphere material,
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering,
ISSN: 0974-5904, 6(4), 2011, 920-923.
[3] Chandana Suresh, Katakam Bala Krishna, P. Sri
Lakshmi Sai Teja and S. Kanakambara Rao, Partial
replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete,
International Journal of Innovative Technology and
Exploring Engineering, ISSN: 2278-30745, 6(2), 2013,
254-258.
[4] Krishna Rao S., ChandrasekarRao T. and Saravana P.,
Effect of manufacture sand on strength characteristics of
roller compacted concrete, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology, ISSN: 2278-0181,
2(2), 2013, 88-90.
[5] Bahoria B.V., Parbat D.K. & Naganaik P.B.,
Replacement of natural sand in concrete by waste
products : a state of art, Journal of Environmental
Research & Development, 4A (7), 2013, 1651-1656.
[6] Mohd Monish, Vikas Srivastava, V.C. Agarwal, P.K.
Mehta & Rakesh kumar, Demlished waste as coarse
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[7] M.L.V. Prasad and P. Rathish kumar, Mechaical
properties of fibre reinforced concretes produced from
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International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)

Volume 1 Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN 2348 8050