CONCEPT MAP

CAPTER 9 : DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Components
of ecosystem

Biotic
component

Colonisation
and
Succession

Biotic
component

Mangrove

swamp

Dynamic Ecosystem

Population
Ecology

Definition of
population

Research
method

Quadrat sampling
technique

pH
Temperature

Decomposers
Food
Chain

Classification
system of
organism
Kingdom

Pond
Produser
Consumer

Impact of
microorganism in life

Biodiversity

Light intensity

Useful
microorganisms

Hierarchy of
classification

Capture, mark,
release, recapture
technique

Type of
microorganism

Harmful
microorganisms
Definition of
pathogen and vector
Symptom of diseases
Method of transmission
of diseases
Method for control
controlling pathogen

Naming of
organism

Humidity
Food web
Topography
Interaction in
relation to
feeding

Linnaeus
binomial
system

The usage of
microorganism
in biotechnology

Microclimate

Symbiosis
Saprophytism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism

Predator-prey
interaction

Competition
Intraspecific
competition
Interspecific
competition

Appreciating
biodiversity

Antibiotic and
vaccine production
O il slick cleaning

W aste recycle
F ood processing
Bioplastic production

The importance of
biodiversity

Preservation and
conservation

Energy generated
From biomass

Picture

Picture

Picture

Example
Commensalism

Example
Intraspecific
Predator-prey
Picture

Host

Interaction
between
biotic
component

Competition

parasitism

Symbiosis

Example

parasite
Saprophytism
Interspecific

Picture
mutualism
Picture
Example

Picture

Definition

Example

The changes of habitat that can cause succession in mangrove swamp.

Pneumatophore root trapped

mud and rubbish
The banks are raised up even
higher, the soil becomes more
solid/compact, more fertile and
less saline

Continually deposition and

become terrestrial

Habitat

Zone
1

Zone
2

Zone
3

Habitat

New zone
formed
pioneer
species inhabit
Effect of mud
deposition

Zone
4
Habitat

Prop root trapped mud and

rubbish
The banks are raised up even
higher, the soil becomes more
solid/compact, more fertile
and less saline

THEME: INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 9 : Dynamic Ecosystem
9.1 Analysing the biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

Complete the following diagram

Environment

Biotic Component

Abiotic Component

Definition
The living things in environment

Definition
Non living things

Example

Bird

Grass

Cat

Grasshopper bacteria air

Example

pH

Suggested activity
Teacher may brings student to visit the school compound

light humidity topography

intensity

Definition
Write down the definition of the following terms

Term

Definition
Each stage of a food chain

Trophic Level

Food Chain

The relationship between the food and the transfer of energy from
producer through a series of organism which feed upon each another
A series of interrelated food chains.

Food Web
Represent the number of organism at each trophies level
Pyramid of numbers

Producer

Trophic organism which synthesize food from inorganic substances

by photosynthesis

Primary Consumer

A group of first organism which feeding and received the energy

transfer from producer or first organism.
They are called herbivore

Secondary Consumer

The group which received energy from herbivore.

The second group which received energy transfer from producer.
They are called carnivore

Tertiary Consumer

Decomposer

The group of organism which feed on carnivore.

(The third energy transfer receiver from producer)
Microorganism which break down the complex substances as protein
and carbohydrate (dead organism or waste product ) to a simple
substances as carbon dioxide and ammonia

Classification
The following figure shows 4 organisms in a grassland.

1.Construct three food chains from the shown figure

1. Plant

grasshopper

2. Green plant

caterpillar

3. Green plant

aphid

spider

bird

bird
spider

bird

2.Forms a food web which interrelated all the organism above

Caterpillar

Green plant

Grasshopper
Aphid

bird

Spider

Complete the figure using the pictures given.

Organisms
Eagle

Trophic level
4
Tertiary cons.

Snake

Secondary Cons

Rabbit

Primary Cons

Grass

Producer

Figure 2 : Pyramid Number

Construct a pyramid number using the food chain below.
The food chain

The Pyramid number

1.
Eagle

Snake
Rabbit
Plant
2.
protozoa
aphid
tree
3.

Bird
Beetle
aphid
tree

Notes
The energy transfer in a food chain.

Environment

Producer

Primary
consumer

Secondary
consumer

Tertiary
consumer

Decomposer
Energy loss

Notes
1. Energy is transfer from one trophic level to a higher trophic level.
2. Energy is lost when it is transfer from one level to another and the amount is not the
same because
a)energy loss to the atmosphere through respiration and excretion
b)energy is passed to the decomposer when the organism decay

Complete the table below

Type of
interaction

Effect
Host

A. Symbiosis
1. Parasitism
- endoparasite

Problem

Not benefit

Lodger
organism
Benefit

-disease
-dead

-nutrient
-protection

Tapeworm
Reproduction
respiration

Characteristics
for adaptation

Hermaphrodite
Anaerobic
respiration

- ectoparasite
2.Comensalisme
- epiphyte

Digestion by
enzyme
Support
dehydration

Not benefit

Benefit

Benefit

Benefit

others

B. Saprophytism

Benefit

Decomposition

-saprophyte

Nutrient

Reproduction

-epizoic
3. Mutualisme

cuticle
hook
velamen root
and others

Secrete
enzyme
Light spore

- saprozoic

C.Prey-Predator

Predator get
food

Not benefit to
Prey

Prey can be
easily detect by
predator

camouflage
Secrete
enzyme

Dead

Predator kill
the prey

Canine tooth
Sharp vision

D. Competition
-

Prey-Predator Graph

P Q

PHASE

Man

Increase

Decrease

Increase

Low

Increase

Decrease

Prey population
increase. They did
not kill by predator.
Prey reproduction
and increase the
number.

Predator population
increase. They get
enough food.
Prey killed by
predator and
decreased.

When the population of

prey decreased, predator
did not get enough food,
cannot reproduce and
decreased in the
population . When the
predator decrease, prey
is not hunt, the
reproduction continue
and the population
increase

Predator

Explanation of the
graph phase

Data Analysis For Interspecies Competition in Paramecium sp.

The number
of protozoa
in each 0.5
ml medium

The number
of protozoa
in each 0.5
ml medium

day

Graph

day

Graph 2

Study the graph 1 and 2.and then explain the graph figure
Graph 1
Paramecium Aurelia graph increase higher than the Paramecium caudatum graph
because the rate of growth is more higher
Graph 2
In the first 6 days, P . Aurelia graph is higher than the P caudatum graph because the
rate growth of P . Aurelia is higher
After the day sixth, P Aurelia graph decrease because the interspecies competition for
food and space occurred.
P.aurelia successful in this competition
Conclusion
The Paramecium which has the high rate of growth will successful in the interspecies
competition

9.2 Colonisation and succession

According to the figure below, give the definition for the following terms.

Species

Habitat

Niche

Population

A group of organisms
that look alike and
capable of
interbreeding and
producing fertile
offspring

The natural
environment in which
an organism can get
food, shelter, living
space, nesting and
breeding sites.

The function of an
organism or the role
its play in an
ecosystem. Example;
The grasshopper eats
grass in the grassland

A group of organisms
of the same species
living in the same
habitat at the same
time.

Community
All the plant and
animals species
living within a
defined area or
habitat in an
ecosystem

Ecosystem
A community of
living organisms
interacting which
each other and with
the non-living
environment.

Biosphere

Ecology

All the ecosystems on

the earth.

The study of ecology

Study the above photograph and give the definition as given below.
1.Succession species Substitute spin the succession process
2.Dominant species The most abundant species in the habitat.
Example: The species. A
3. Succession process The gradual process where one community changes its
environment so that it will replaced by another community

Mangrove
swamp
Type of root.
Problems

Adaptation

Pioneer
species

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Pneumotophore
1. Less dissolved
oxygen in salt
water

Prop roots
1. to support the
tree / soft muddy
soil
2 seed easily drift
by the current

Buttress roots
1. Seeds easily
drift by the current

1.Have prop roots

to anchor the
plants to the
muddy soil
2.Have vivipary
seeds

1.Have knee
shaped roots

2. High
concentration of
osmotic of sea
water
physiology
dehydration
1.Pneumstophores
absorb oxygen
from atmosphere
2. The cell sap of
the roots cells of
mangrove tree has
a higher osmotic
pressure than the
soil water that
surrounds

Zone 4

2.Have vivipary
seeds

/
Avicennia sp

Successor 1
Rhizophora sp

Successor 2

Bruguiera sp
Bruguiera sp

Study the figure below and elaborate the colonization and succession process.

- Submerged plants (pioneer) increased

dissolve oxygen content
- Pioneer species die and decompose,
deposited at the base of the pond
- The pond become shallow
- Suitable for floating plants
- Floating plants (successor) prevent sunlight
from reaching the submerged plants
- Cause submerged plants die / cannot
\photosynthesis , increase more organic matter
- The pond become shallow
- sesuai utk tumb amfibia

- Emergent plants decrease light reaching the

pond base
- Many aquatic plants die
- The pond becomes more shallow.

- Sedges and cattails increased and grow

horizontally and colonised the habitat
- More decomposed remains when they die
and the pond becomes more favourable to the
small herbaceous weeds.

-Climax community
- Succession process stopped,, a stable level
emerges.
- Primary forest takes hundreds year time.
-

Names the species

1. Pioneer

: Elodea sp and Hydrilla sp

2. Successor 1 : Lemna sp and Pistia sp

3. Successor 2 : Sedges and cattails

9.3 : Population Ecology

Population Ecology the study about size population measurement and the factors
affecting population size
Technic to determine size and population density

The quadrat sampling technique

Capture, mark, release and

recapture technique

Suggested Activity

Suggested Activity

-Conduct an experiment to investigate

distribution of plant in school field

-To conduct the analogy experiment

using soys beans that can be mark
by the marker pen

Formulae

Formulae

Percentage = Aerial coverage of all qdt X 100

Coverage
no.of qdrt sampled x qdrt area

Number of organisms in the first sample X number of

Organisms in the second dample
Number of marked organisms recaptured

Percentage = number of quadrats containing the

Frequency
species X 100%
__________________________
number of quadrats sampled

Total number of individuals of a

Density = species in all quadrats
__________________________
Number of quadrats sampled
X Area of each quadrat sampled

On Condition
-

No mortality/ natality
No immigrant/ emmigrant
Animals mix in random

Abiotic factors that affecting the organism distribution

Abiotic component
Temperature

Light intensity

Interrelation between the population distribution of

organisms with abiotic component
Lemna population increase when the temperature
increase to a certain point

Lemna population increase when the light intensity

increase to a certain point
*Rate of photosynthesis increase

Moistness

Lemna population increase when the moistness is increase

* Lemna is an aquatic plant

pH

Lemna population increase in the water with the neutral pH

Suggestion ;
Plan and conduct an experiment to investigate the pH and light intensity effects on
Lemna sp.

9.4 Biodiversity
Biodiversity Diversity of organism species on earth
The existence of too many species created the need for a systematic system of
classification.
Why classification system needed
1. To make studies and discussion at international level easier
2. To classify the organism systematically based on share characteristics to avoid
miscommunication (etc).

Fill in the blank with suitable answers.

Kingdom

Characteristics
Absence of nuclear membrane
Disperse chromosomes in
cytoplasm.

Nuclear membrane present

Unicellular or multicellular
Have no special tissues

Fungus
Have hyphae
Absorb nutrient from decayed or life
host
Without chlorophyll
Produce spores

Multicellular plant
Chlorophyll present
Have tissues for different functions

Multicellular animals

Figure 9.10: Fungi kingdom

Figure 9.11: Plantae kingdom

Figure 9.12: Animalia kingdom

The build of Dichotomous Key

Steps to observe for build a Dichotomous key.

Identify the main physical characteristics.

Divide into two obvious groups.

In every group, find one or two characteristic that can divide into smaller groups.

The above step is continously repeated until each group end up with one organism

Name the organism.

Blue / red
Dark / Bright

Colour

Habitat

Avoid ABSTRACT
characteristics

Live in water /
terrestial on land

Size

Small / big
Long / short

Physiology

Can fly / cannot fly

Build a Dichotomous Keys to classify organisms shown in the diagram bellow

Complete the table

Kingdom

Closely related group of

phyllum.

Phyllum

Closely related group of

class.

Class

Closely related group of

order.

Order

Closely related group of

family.

Family

Genus

Species

Closely related group of

genus.

Closely related group of

species.

Closely related group of

species having many
common characteristic.

Linnaeus Binomial System

The present scientific system of naming organism is the Linnaeus binomial

system.
This system is created by a specialist environment scientist named Carl Linnaeus
(1707 1778).
According Linnaeus binomial system
i. Scientific name consists of two words.
ii. The first name is the genus of the organism.
iii. The second name is the species name.
iv. The first alphabet of genus is capitalised.
v. The species name it is in small letters printed in italic or underlined
separately.

Periplaneta Americana
1. Please rewrite the scientific name of the above organism.
Periplaneta americana
2. State two mistakes in the scientific name above.
a) The first letter of species is capitalised
b) Underline the genus and species name
3. What is the common name for the organism?
Cockroach

The importance of Biodiversity

Source of protein,
carbohydrates and
lipid
Resources timber

Food chain
Food web
Energy flow
Nutrient cycle

Food resources

Economy

Environment
balance

The
importance of
Biodiversity
Clean air

Medical
resources

Habitat
During photosynthesis
plant use carbon
dioxide and release
oxygen to atmosphere
As the habitat for
flora and fauna

Discovery of plants
species having medical
value
Tongkat ali
Kacip fatimah
Pegaga

Suggestion for preservation

1. Reinforce law to protect animal
2. Designate certain animal as endangered species
3. Build a preservation centre for endangered species
4. Discourage the buying things that are made from animal part like elephants tusk,
snake skin ect

Suggestion for conservation

1.

Replanting programmes

2.

Selective logging in a rainforest

3.

encourage people to plant

4.

Designate certain forest as national park

9.5 The roles of microorganism in life

microorganism is a minute organism that cant be seen by our naked
eyes.

cynobacteria

bacteria

yeast
spore
mushroom

hyphae
Bread mould

Figure 1

Kingdom

Microorganism

Example

Characteristic

Prokaryotae

Bacteria

Vibrio sp

Nuclear absence

Protista

Protozoa

Amoeba

Nuclear present

Protista

Virus

HIV

Dont respire and

excrete, have DNA

Protista

Algae

Volvox

Have chlorophyll

Fungi

Fungi

Yeast

Without chlorophyll

Table 1
Preferring to microorganism in figure 1, complete table 1

Abiotic component that affects the microorganism (yeast or Bacillus subtilis).

Abiotic
component
pH

Temperature

Effect on microorganism activity

Yeast is active at neutral pH

Yeast is not active when acidic and alkaline
condition

At low temperature, yeast activity is slow

At optimum temperature, yeast activity is at its
maximum
At extreme temperature, there is no yeasts
activity.

Light

Yeast is only active in the dark

Yeast is not active in bright condition

Nutrients

Yeast is very active in the present of nutrient

Yeast is not active when there is no nutrient

Suggested activity
Carry out experiment to investigate the effects of changes in abiotic component to yeast
activity.

Useful microorganism
The nitrogen cycle

List the function of microorganism in the nitrogen cycle above

Nitrogen fixing bacteria
1. Rhizobium (in root nodule)
Clostridium (live freely in soil, fix atmosphere nitrogen to nitrate)
2. Putrefying bacteria and fungi, help in putrefaction and decomposition of organic
matter into ammonia NH3
3. Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus charges ammonia into nitrite, NO2
4. Nitrobacter changes nitrite into nitrate, NO35. Denitrifying bacteria, changes nitrate into nitrogen

Fill the blanks in the table below

Microorganism roles
Process

Putrefaction

Digestion

Example

Explanations

Bacteria / saprophytes
fungus

Putrefied dead organic

substance into simple
compound

Termites
- Trichonympha sp.

Secreted cellulase for

cellulose digestion into
simple sugar

Human being
- Homo sapiens

Harmful microorganism
Short note:
Pathogen - microorganism that can cause illness / harm
Example: Vibrio sp. Cholera disease
Vector animal can transfer the pathogen from host to host
Example: housefly carry Vibrio sp.
Symptoms: changes experienced by those who contact the illness.
Example: vomiting food poisoning and diarrhoea

Fill the blank in the table below

Disease

Pathogen

Malaria

Protozoan
Plasmodium
sp.

Cholera

Bacterium
Vibrio sp.

Influenza

Virus

Mange

fungus

Food poisoning

Bacterium,
fungus

Method of
transmission

Vector

Symptom

Anopheles
mosquito

Shivering, fever and

sweating

Through
mosquito bite

Diarrhoea

Through
contaminated
food and water

Headache, fever

Through air

- light red rashes

- itchy skin

Direct contact
and sharing of
clothes

Diarrhoea, vomiting

Through
contaminated
food

Housefly

Housefly

The method of pathogen control

Complete the table below
Substance

Example

Explanation

Penicillin

Chemical produce to kill

other microbes

Vaccines

BCG

Pathogen that have been

weakened injected into
body to stimulate the
production of antibody

Antiseptic

- potassium permanganate
- Iodine

Chemicals to inhibit the

growth of microbes

Disinfectants

- formalin
- phenol

Chemical which kill

microbes

Antibiotic