Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
e-mail: fukuoka@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp
Masataka Nomura
e-mail: nomura@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences,
Kobe University,
Fukaeminami 5-1-1, Higashinada,
Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0022, Japan
Takashi Fuchikami
Kobe University,
Fukaeminami 5-1-1, Higashinada,
Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0022, Japan
e-mail: 081w523w@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp
Introduction
C 2011 by ASME
Copyright V
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
Fig. 2 Finite element model of bolted joint with accurate helical thread geometry
Fig. 3
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
Numerical Results
3.1 Stress Amplitude Along Thread Root. Figure 3 represents Mises stress distributions along the bolt thread root at the
completion of bolt tightening [2], where l is the coefficient of
friction at contact surfaces. The von Mises stress at the thread root
req is normalized with respect to the nominal bolt stress rb of 100
MPa. The abscissa shows the distance from the nut loaded surface.
Maximum stress occurs, with a fairly sharp peak, at half a pitch
from nut loaded surface toward the nut top surface. When subjected to external forces, six stress components may affect the fatigue strength of bolted joints in a complex manner. However, it is
considered that axial stress rz has a dominant effect. In Fig. 4(a),
the distributions of axial stress rz along bolt thread root in the initial clamping state are compared with those under external forces
W. Initial bolt stress rb is 100 MPa. An external force of W 33.5
kN is applied, which is larger than the initial bolt force Fb. Figure
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology
Fig. 5 Stress amplitudes along bolt thread root before complete separation of plate interface
4(b) shows the stress amplitude distributions along the bolt thread
root, which are calculated by dividing the difference of the two
values of rz in Fig. 4(a) by 2. In this case, the interface between
DECEMBER 2011, Vol. 133 / 061201-3
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
amplitudes ra occur around the first bolt thread and the thread
run-out, regardless of the magnitude of external force W. With
increase of W, the distribution pattern of ra approaches the one
shown in Fig. 4(b), in which the contact at the plate interface is
lost completely. As the radius of the loading circle r increases
from 16 mm to 32 mm and 64 mm, high stress amplitudes are also
produced in the locations other than the first thread and the thread
run-out. The reason why the negative values of ra appear in the
figure is that the magnitude of stress amplitude is calculated by
simply subtracting the axial stress rz in the initial clamping state
from the one when subjected to the external force W. Although
the separation at the plate interface progresses with increasing
external force, no significant difference in c is observed for varying loading positions expressed by r, except for the case of
W 6.7 kN. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) represent the numerical results
for the cases of r 16 mm and 64 mm, in which the magnitudes
of the external force W are sufficiently large to cause complete
separation at the plate interface. The distribution patterns are similar to those in Fig. 4(b), showing two distinct peaks. It should be
Fig. 7
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
emphasized that much larger stress amplitudes are generated compared with the cases of Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), which means that the
fatigue failure of bolted joints is most likely to occur around the
first bolt thread or the thread run-out when complete plate separation occurs. In the following, the effects of the magnitude and
loading position of the external force W are summarized:
(1) The stress amplitudes along the thread root distribute in a similar manner as in the case of thread root stress, when the loading position of external force is near the bolt axis, or the plate
interface starts to lose contact due to large external forces and
approaches the condition of complete separation.
(2) When the plate interface is still partly in contact and the
loading position of external force is away from the bolt
axis, large stress amplitudes are found in various locations
besides at the first thread or the thread run-out, due to the
effect of plate bending.
3.3 Evaluation of Stress Amplitude Based on the Variations of Thread Root Stress and Bolt Force. The conventional
method for evaluating the fatigue strength of bolted joints usually
employs the stress amplitude calculated by the increase of bolt preload DFb that occurs due to the external forces. In this study, the
mean stress amplitude in engaged threads, ram , is defined by dividing
DFb=2 by the stress area specified in Japan Industrial Standard,
where the diameter of stress area ds is expressed as ds d 0.9382 p
in terms of bolt nominal diameter d and thread pitch p. Figures 7(a)
and 7(b) depict the effects of initial bolt stress rb on the stress amplitudes at the first thread root, rath , and the thread run-out and the mean
stress amplitude ram , in which the loading position r is 16 mm and
the external force W is taken as 20.1 kN and 40.2 kN. The stress
amplitudes besides ram are calculated by means of rz. In all cases,
stress amplitudes decrease as initial bolt stress is increased. In Fig.
7(b), however, very high stress amplitudes are observed in the case
of rb 100 MPa, where the plate interface loses contact completely.
In Fig. 8, it is shown how the stress amplitudes increase with increasing the external force W. The abscissa represents the dimensionless
ratio of external force to initial bolt force, W=Fb. The loading position r is 32 mm and the initial bolt stress rb is 100 MPa. It is
observed that the stress amplitudes sharply increase beyond
W=Fb 1, where the plate interface almost gets into the condition of
complete separation. Figures 9(a) and 9(b) illustrates the effect of
external force W on the ratio of rath to ram for the loading positions of
r 16 mm and 32 mm. The amounts of rath =ram are necessarily larger
than unity. In the cases of the plate interface being completely out of
Fig. 8
contact, due to large external force W, rath =ram approaches about 4.4,
which is about the same as the stress concentration factor there. Until
complete separation is reached, the amount of rath =ram varies in a
complex manner with increasing W, and extremely high values
appear in the range of small W. The reason is that rath and ram are
both small when W is small, and then the ratio of rath to ram possibly
shows a very high value. Because of the small stress amplitude, it is
not a critical issue for the fatigue strength of actual structures.
3.4 Variations of Stress Amplitude From Bolt Axis Toward Thread Root. Figure 10 illustrates how the stress amplitude
varies in the radial direction from the bolt axis toward the thread
root, for the case of initial bolt stress rb 100 MPa, loading position
r 16 mm and external force W 20.1 kN. Curves in the figure correspond to different distances from nut loaded surface. The maximum stress amplitude occurs at the bolt thread root, designated as
0.5 p, which is half a pitch from the nut loaded surface. High stress
amplitudes are also produced at 0.25 p and 0.75 p. In all cases, the
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
Discussions
Fig. 11 Stress amplitudes along bolt thread root for bolts with
reduced shank diameter
has already been explained in the previous paper [2] that the specific distribution pattern of rz generates the second peak of Mises
stress, shown in Fig. 3. This specific phenomenon can be
explained by focusing the attention on the contact condition
between bolt and nut threads around the nut top surface. When the
axial coordinate of the bolt thread root, which is measured from
the nut loaded surface, increases along the helix and reaches 9
mm, i.e., half a pitch below the nut top surface, the mating threads
of bolt and nut suddenly loses the contact. This separation changes
the sign of axial stress at the bolt thread root from tension to compression, since the bolt thread is no longer subjected to bending
moment caused by the contact pressure between bolt and nut
threads. In order to examine the phenomenon in detail, contours
Transactions of the ASME
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
(1) The peak of the stress amplitude along the thread helix is
likely to occur at half a pitch from the nut loaded surface,
and this tendency is more noticeable as the separation area
of the plate interface expands radially inward due to large
external forces.
(2) Large stress amplitudes are also generated at the thread
run-out as the loading position of external force moves
away from the bolt axis, which explains that the fatigue
failure around thread run-out is sometimes observed to
occur in actual structures though more rarely than at the
first thread root.
(3) It has been demonstrated that bolts with reduced diameter
are effective in lowering the maximum stress amplitude
around the first thread root, as long as the plate interface
remains in contact.
(4) The stress amplitude generated at the first thread root is
several times larger than the mean stress amplitude exerted
on the engaged thread portion. The ratio of the two amplitudes approaches a constant value as the plate interface
goes out of contact due to large external forces.
(5) The stress amplitude increases steeply in the radial direction from the bolt axis toward the thread root in the vicinity
of nut loaded surface where a high stress amplitude is
observed.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Shunsuke Kaneda
(FUJITSU TEN TECHNOLOGY) for his contributions to the numerical works in this study.
Fig. 12 Axial stress distributions and deformation patterns
around engaged threads
of rz are represented in Figs. 12(a) and 12(b), in which the deformations of bolted joints are magnified by a factor of fifty. It is
observed that in both cases, the sign of rz changes from positive
to negative in the vicinity of the thread root around the top thread.
In the following, three-dimensional analyses using helical
thread models are compared to the corresponding axisymmetric
analyses from the standpoint of numerical calculations, when
applied to the stress and stress amplitude analyses. It has been
confirmed in the previous study [2] that using axisymmetric models, stress concentrations at the thread root can be analyzed within
acceptable accuracy. However, it is impossible to evaluate how
the stress concentration varies along the thread helix. On the other
hand, the three-dimensional analysis proposed here can show how
the thread root stress sharply varies along the helix. It can therefore explain the sensitivity of the location at which the failure
occurs due to high stress concentrations. Also, it can predict where
the fatigue failure due to alternating external loads is likely to
occur.
Conclusions
Stress amplitude distributions along the thread helix are analyzed for bolted joints with simple geometry under axisymmetric
external forces, by three-dimensional finite element analysis in the
elastic range using numerical models with accurate thread geometry. The numerical results, thus obtained could provide some valuable information, such as the location of the fatigue failure
occurrence, the relationship between the stress amplitude and the
separation of contact surface and the effect of bolts with reduced
diameter. The results are summarized in the following:
Nomenclature
d
ds
Fb
p.
r
W
DFb
c
l
ra
ram
rath
rb
req
rz
References
[1] Bickford, J. H., 1995, An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted
Joints, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 565601.
[2] Fukuoka, T., and Nomura, M., 2008, Proposition of Helical Thread Modeling
With Accurate Geometry and Finite Element Analysis, ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 130(1), 011204.
[3] Chen, J., and Shih, Y., 1999, A Study of the Helical Effect on the Thread Connection by Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis, Nucl. Eng. Des., 191,
pp. 109116.
[4] Bahai, H., and Esat, I. I., 1994, A Hybrid Model for Analysis of Complex Stress
Distribution in Threaded Connectors, Comput. Struct., 52(1), pp. 7993.
[5] Rhee, H. C., 1990, Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Threaded
Joint, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics
and Arctic Engineering, Vol. 3-Part A, pp. 293297.
[6] Zadoks, R. I., and Kokatam, D. P. R., 1999, Three-Dimensional Finite Element
Model of a Threaded Connection, Comput. Model. Simul. Eng., 4(4), pp.
274281.
[7] Zhang, M., and Jiang, Y., 2004, Finite Element Modeling of Self-Loosening of
Bolted Joints, ASME PVP-Vol. 478, pp. 1927.
Downloaded 14 Feb 2013 to 129.5.32.121. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm