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DNA Replication
Eukaryotes: long, linear, double stranded DNA molecules
Humans: 23 chromosome pairs, 3 billion base pairs
Mouse: 20 chromosomes, 2.7 billion base pairs
Almost all mammals have roughly 3 billion base pairs
Tomatoes: 12 chromosomes, 3 billion base pairs
Yeast: 16 chromosomes, 17 billion base pairs
Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes so that when the
primer doesnt get to the end of the chromosome
during replication and shortens, it isn't a problem
in humans (TTAGGG) repeating
Telomerase is an enzyme that can add back telomeres so
that they never get too short
Prokaryotes
Double stranded, circular DNA - doesnt need telomeres
A few million base pairs
Viruses
5,000 - 20,000 base pairs (short)
Many different options for DNA format
Double stranded linear DNA
Double stranded circular DNA
Single stranded circular DNA
When it infects the cell, becomes double
stranded so it can replicate
Single stranded RNA
No DNA
Possibility 1: RNA is also instructions to make
RNA Polymerase - mRNA: +strand
Possibility 2: Brings polymerase with it in the
capsid: -strand
Possibility 3: Translates itself into DNA with
RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse
transcription - reverse transcriptase) inserts into chromosome so it becomes a
permanent part of the genome

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Transcription
Prokaryotes
Promoter -> RNA is produced
Eukaryotes
Promoter -> RNA produced
5' cap, Poly(A) tail on 3' end (AAAAAAAA) added
Splice and throw away a significant amount of bases
Ex) 30,000 bases -> 2,000 bases
Exons are the kept pieces
Introns are the pieces that are thrown away
Names are counterintuitive
Alternative splices (isoforms)
Splice differently in different places
Make many different genes from one piece
of RNA
Typical human gene has around 10 exons
Viruses
Do whatever the host cell does (When in Rome)
Transcription is run by host cell
Translation
Eukaryotes
Encode from start to stop codon - same as learned
earlier
Prokaryotes
PolyCistronic - Single mRNA can have code for a few
proteins
Code for all proteins in the same biological
processes together
Faster replication
Keep in correct ratios
Viruses
Make 3 proteins from one string of mRNA by overlapping
(3 different reading frames offset by one base pair
from each other)
Mutations

a.

(beta)-globin: promoter (200 bp) - Exon 1 (140 bp) - Intron 1

(130 bp) - Exon 2 (222 bp) - Intron 2 (850 bp) - Exon 3 (252
bp); start codon 50 bp into exon 1, stop 120 bp into exon 3
b.
Single letter change in (beta)-globin causes sickle cell anemia
(one specific one) - missense change
c.
Somehow make a stop codon which truncates protein
(nonsense change)
d.
Insertion (frame shift mutation) totally messes up protein
e.
Deletion (also frame shift mutation) also messes up the
protein / frame
f.
Mess up splicing signals
g.
Mess up promoter
Put poly(A) in wrong place