Bio - Electric Potential Waveforms

BY: Asst.Prof.
Harshul Thakur
BY: Asst.Prof.Harshul Thakur
BIO ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

WAVEFORMS
INTRODUCTION
Like ECG( Electro cardiogram),

EEG(Electroencephalogram) and
EMG(Electromyogram) etc
The suffix gram is connected to that instrument
name, which is used to measure potentials and
graphically reproduce the waveforms.
The instruments measuring physiological

variables has name end with suffix gram.
ECG (ELECTROCARDIOGRAM)
To understand the origin of ECG, it is necessary

to have some familiarity with the anatomy as
well as physiology of the heart.
It is the name of the waveform resulting from the

heart electrical activity.
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Internodal tracts
Transport to AV
node
Bachmans Bundle
Right atrium to left
atrium
Atrioventricular (AV)
node
Time delay
Bundle of His
Transport from
atria to ventricles
Bundle branches
Distribution within
ventricles
Purkinje network
End fibers to
muscle units
Sinoatrial (SA) node

Pacemaker cells
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
Figure Representative electric

activity from various regions of the
heart. The bottom trace is a scalar
ECG, which has a typical QRS
amplitude of 1-3 mV. (by Frank H.
Netter, M. D.)
ECG waveform
P wave:
atrial
depolarizatio
n
QRS complex:
ventricular
depolarizatio
n
T wave:
ventricular
repolarization
SA node activates first the right

and then the left atrium.
AV node delays a signal coming
from the SA node before it
distribute it to the Bundle of
His.
then Purkinje fibers activate

the right and left ventricles
A typical QRS amplitude is 1-3

mV
Bundle of His distribute signal

to left bundle branch and right
bundle branch
The P-wave shows the heart's upper chambers (atria) contracting (depolarization)
The QRS is combination of re-porization of atria and depolarization of ventricles ,
both act almost simultaneously
The T-wave shows the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) relaxing (repolarization)
The U-wave believed to be due repolarization of ventricular papillary muscles.
P-Q interval represents the time interval during which excitation wave is delayed in
the fibers near the AV node.
EMG(ELECTROMYOGRAM)
The bioelectric potentials associated with muscle
activity constitute the electromyogram.
These are measured at the surface of the body.
EMG measurements are done to obtain amount

of activity of a given muscle or a group of
muscles.
Some times the larger muscles may interfere the
smaller muscles, where this is the problem ,
needle electrodes inserted directly into the
muscle for EMG.
CONT
The action potential occurs in both +ve and ve

polarities at a given pair of electrodes, they
sometimes add or sometimes cancel.
Thus EMG waveform appears very much like a
random-noise waveform, with energy of the
signal a function of the amount of muscle
activity.
The amplitude of the measured EMG waveforms

is the instantaneous sum of all action potentials
generated at a given point.
Typical EMG waveforms are shown in figure:

THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
The EEG has a very complex pattern , which is

much more difficult to recognize than the ECG.
A typical sample of EEG is shown in next slide..
The waveforms varies greatly with location of the

measuring electrodes on the surface of the scalp.
The recorded representation of bioelectric

potentials generated by the neuronal activity of
the brain is called electroencephalogram.
CONT..
A drowsy person, particularly whose eyes are

closed often produces a large amount rhythmic
activity in the range of 8 to 13 Hz.
As a person begin to fall asleep the amplitude
and frequency variation occurs.
In light sleep: Large amplitude and low frequency
waveform occurs.
Deeper sleep: Even slower frequency but higher
amplitude wave occurs.
The experiment has shown that the frequency of

the EEG seems to be affected by the normal
activity of the person.
CONT..
Another is Rapid eye movement sleep, associated

with the high frequency EEG is a large amount of
rapid eye moment beneath the closed eyelids.
The various frequency ranges of the EEG have

arbitrarily been given Greek letter designations,
because seems to the most prominent feature of
an EEG pattern as shown in next slide.
The period of high frequency EEG that occurs

during sleep is called paradoxical sleep.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
Alpha Wave Example

Opening and closing
eyes changes level of
activity; replacement
of alpha rhythm by
an asynchronous
discharge
Normal Rhythms
,Alpha: 8 - 13 Hz;
quiet, resting
,Beta: 14 - 30 Hz;
Thinking, active
states
,Theta: 3.5 - 8 Hz:
children, frustrated
states
,Delta: below 3.5
Hz; deep sleep
Figure 4.27
ABNORMAL EEG
Abnormal firing of
cortical neurons
Large
uncoordinated
repetitive
wave fronts
CLINICAL EEG
Standard placement
by anatomical
landmarks
System reference: all
electrodes tied by a
high resistance to a
common point
Differential amplifier
connections:
A separate ground
electrode in one of the
following
configurations:
Between two scalp
electrodes
Between one or both
ear lobes
Between a single
scalp electrode and
the system reference
THANKYOU

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BY: Asst.Prof.

BY: Asst.Prof.Harshul Thakur