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absentfromitsplacecanbesymbolized.TheSymbolicisthesubstituteforwhatismissingfromitsplacelanguage
cannotbeinthesameplaceasitsreferent.
Intheyears196473LacandepartedfurtherstillfromFreudandtraditionalpsychoanalysis.Hisdiscoursebecame
uniquely"Lacanian",andhebecameknownforhisneologismsandcomplexdiagrams.Hisviewoftheegoasthe
seatofneurosisratherthantheplaceofpsychicintegration,andtheSymbolicorderastheprimaryplaceforsubject
formation,madehisworkgroundbreaking.HestillclaimedtobecontinuingFreud'swork,whichhadonlybeen
obscuredbyFreud'sfollowers,andthisaccusationcausedtensionwithintheSFP.Lacanleftthisgroupin1963to
formthecoleFreudiennedeParis(EFP).Thedecisiontostartthenewgroupwasinspiredbyaseriesoflectures,
givenatthecolePratiquedesHautesEtudes,inwhichhereadFreud'stextscloselybutalsointroducednewterms
tothereadingsfromoutsidetheoriginalwork.
Theselectureattractedstillmoreattentionfromoutsidethepsychoanalyticalcircle,includingthepress,who
associatedLacanwiththe"structuralists"practicinginFranceatthesametime.ThetrainingmethodsofLacan's
newschool,theEFP,departedconsiderablyfromthetraditionaltrainingofferedtoanalystsattheIPA,causingthe
IPAdistress.TensionbetweenLacanandthetraditionalpsychoanalyticcommunitygrewgreaterstillwhenhetook
thepositionof"ScientificDirector"attheUniversityofParisatVincennesin1974,headingthedepartmentof
psychoanalysiswhichhadopenedin1969.LacanhopedthenewdepartmentattheUniversitywouldintegrate
linguistics,logicandmathematicswithpsychoanalyticaltraining,givingitascientificrigor.
Lacanstrivedtocreateamoreprecisemathematicallybasedtheoryinthelaststageofhiscareer.His"metatheory"
ofpsychoanalysisusesmathematics,castingthetrilogyheconceivedofearlier(theReal,Symbolic,andImaginary)
inthelanguageoftopologyandmathemesratherthanlinguistics.Heclaimedthat"Lamathmatisationseuleatteint
unreel."From1974hestudiedtheintersectionofthethreeregistersthroughcomplicatedtopologicalfigures.He
begantoconfoundevenhismostfaithfulfollowers,andstudentsbecamesuspiciousofhowapplicablethistypeof
educationmightbetotheirclinicalpractice.LacandecidedtodissolvetheEFPandfoundanotherassociation,the
coledelaCauseFreudienne,whichhemaintaineduntilhisdeathin1981.Bythetimeofhisdeath,Lacanhad
becomeoneofthemostinfluentialandcontroversialintellectsintheworld.Hisworkhashadasignificanteffecton
literature,filmstudies,andphilosophy,aswellasonthetheoryandpracticeofpsychoanalysis.
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