7.

7 Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Defining the Inverses

The six basic trigonometric functions are not one-to-one.
However we can restrict their domains to intervals on which
they are one-to-one.

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Defining the Inverses

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Defining the Inverses

The sine function increases from -1 at x / 2 to 1 at x . / 2
By restricting its domain to the interval we make it one-to-one,

so that it has an inverse sin -1 x . Similar domain restrictions can

be applied to all six trigonometric functions.

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

The Domain and the Range for inverse trigonometric function

Function

Domain

y = cos x

1 x 1

-1

y = sin x
y = tan x

0 y

1 x 1

-1

-1

Range

-1

y = sec x
-1

y = csc x
-1

y = cot x
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

x 1
x 1
x

0 y , y

, y0

0 y
5

Graphs for inverse trigonometric function

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Graphs for inverse trigonometric function

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Composition of Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses

The Sine Function and Its Inverse

sin (sin-1 x) = x

for every x in the interval [-1, 1].

sin-1(sin x) = x

for every x in the interval [-/2,/2].

The Cosine Function and Its Inverse

cos (cos-1 x) = x

for every x in the interval [-1, 1].

cos-1(cos x) = x

for every x in the interval [0, ].

The Tangent Function and Its Inverse

tan (tan-1 x) = x

for every real number x

tan-1(tan x) = x

for every x in the interval (-/2,/2).

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Example 1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

Example 2

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

10

Example 2 cont.

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

11

Example 3

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

12

Example 3 cont.

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

13

The Derivative of y = sin-1 u

y = sin-1x is equivalent to sin y = x
Using implicit differentiation,

cos y y = 1
1
y
cos y
1
y
1 x 2
If y sin 1 u

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

x 1

du
1 u 2 dx

u 1

14

The Derivative of y = tan-1 u

tan y tan tan 1 x x
d
d
tan y x
dx
dx
dy
2
sec y .
1
dx
dy
1
1
1

2
2
2
dx sec y 1 tan y 1 x

1 x 2

y
1

d
1 du
1
tan u
dx
1 u 2 dx
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

15

Identities for Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1

1)cos x
1

2)cot x
1

3)csc x

sin 1 x
tan 1 x
sec1 x

1
4)sec x cos
x
1
1 1
5)csc x sin
x
1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

16

Derivatives of inverse trig functions

d 1
1 du
sin u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1 du
1
tan u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1
du
1
sec u
dx
u u 2 1 dx

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

and

d
1 du
1
cos u
dx
1 u 2 dx

u 1

d
1 du
1
cot u
dx
1 u 2 dx

and

and

d
1 du
1
csc u
dx
u u 2 1 dx

u 1

17

Integration Formulas
The following formulas hold for any constant a 0
1.

u
sin C
2
2
a
a u
du

du
1 1 u
2. 2 2 tan C
a u
a
a
3.

1
u
sec 1 C
a
u u 2 a2 a
du

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

(Valid for u 2 a 2 )

(Valid for all u )

(Valid for u a 0)

18

Example 4
d 1
Find
sin x

dx

Solution:

d 1

sin
x

dx

1
1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

1
.
2 x

19

Example 5
Find an equation for theline tangent to the graph
y cot 1 x , at x 1

Solution:
3
3
cot 1
1,
4
4

dy
1
dy
1
1

slope

2
2
dx 1 x
dx x 1 1 1
2
1

3 1
x 1
4
2

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

20

Example 6
d
1
Find
x
tan
x

dx

Solution:

dy
1
1/2
1
1
x
(
x
)

tan
x
2
2
dx
1 ( x )
x

tan 1 x
2(1 x )

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

21

Example 7
x 2 1
Find lim
1
x 1 sec x

Solution:

.2x

x 1 0
2 x 1
lim

lim
1
1
x 1 sec x
0 x 1
x x 2 1
x
lim
.x x 2 1
x 1
x 2 1
lim x 2 1
2

x 1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

22

Example 8
x 2 1
Find lim
1
x 1 sec x

Solution:

.2x

x 1 0
2 x 1
lim

lim
1
1
x 1 sec x
0 x 1
x x 2 1
x
lim
.x x 2 1
x 1
x 2 1
lim x 2 1
2

x 1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

23

Example 9
Evaluate

dx
9x 2

Solution:

dx
32 x 2

x
sin
c
3
1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

24

Example 10

Evaluate

y dy
1 y 4

Solution:
du
let u y du 2 y dy dy
2y
du
y
y dy
1
du
2y
1 y 4 1u 2 2 1u 2
2

1 1
1 1 2
sin u c sin y c
2
2

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

25

Example 11
e /4

Evaluate

4 dt

t 1 ln 2 t

Solution:
1
let u ln t du dt dt t du
t
4 dt
4t du
1
1u c

4
du

4
tan

1u 2
2
2
t 1 ln t
t 1u

4 tan 1 ln t c

e4

1
4
I 4 tan ln t
4 tan ln e 4 tan ln1 4 tan
0 4 tan
4
4
1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

26

Example 12
Evaluate

x 2

dx
x 2 4x 3

Solution:
x 4x 3 x 4x 4 4 3 x 2 1
2

dx

x 2

x 2 4x 3

dx

x 2 x 2

let u x 2 du dx
du
I
sec 1 u c sec 1 x 2 c
u u 2 1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

27

Example 13
dy
Evaluate 2
y 6 y 10

Solution:
y 2 6 y 10 y 2 6 y 9 9 10 y 3 1
2

dy
dy
1

tan
y 3 c
y 2 6 y 10 y 32 1

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

28

Example 14

Evaluate

cos sec1 x
x x 1
2

dx I

Solution:
let u sec1 x du

1
x x 1
2

dx

I cosu du sin u c sin sec1 x c

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.7 PPU

29