TEST

PARAMETER
pH

Conductivity

ORP
Alkalinity

REAGENT
pH 4 buffer solution: Dissolve 10.12g potassium hydrogen phthalate in distilled water. Dilute to 1L.
pH 7 buffer solution: Dissolve 1.361g anhydrous potassium di hydrogen phosphate, and 1.42g
anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate, Na2HPO4, which have been dried at 110C. Use distilled
water which has been boiled and cooled. Dilute to 1L.
Standard potassium chloride: 0.01M; dissolve 745.6mg anhydrous KCl in conductivity water and
make up to 1,000mL at 25C. This is the standard reference solution, which at 25C has a specific
conductance of 1,413mmhos/cm. It is satisfactory for most waters when using a cell with a constant
between 1 and 2. Store the solutions in glass stoppered Pyrex bottles.
Take 10 gm. Of bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)Cl) and dissolve in 50 ml. distilled water. Dip the ORP
meter and allow to stabilize. The reading should be 700 mV.
Standard H2SO4, 0.02 N: Prepare 0.1N H2SO4 by diluting 3mL conc. H2SO4 to 1000mL.
Standardize it against standard 0.1N Na2CO3 solution. Dilute appropriate volume of H2SO4 to
1000mL to obtain standard 0.02 H2SO4.
Phenolphthalein indicator: Dissolved 0.5g in 500mL 95% ethyl alcohol. Add 500mL distilled water.
Add drop wise 0.02N NaOH till faint pink color appears (pH 8.3).

Hardness

Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.5g and dilute to 1000mL with CO2 free distilled water (pH 4.34.5).
OR
Bromo-cresol green indicator: Dissolve 0.1g bramocresol green, sodium salt, in 100mL distilled
water (pH 4.5).
Buffer solution: Dissolve 16.9 g NH4Cl in 143mL NH4OH. Add 1.25 g magnesium salt of EDTA to
obtain sharp change in color of indicator and dilute to 250mL. If magnesium salt of EDTA (AR grade)
and 780 mg MgSO 4.7H2O or 644 mg MgCl2.6H2O in 50mL distilled water. Add this to above solution
of NH4Cl in NH4OH and dilute to 250mL.
Inhibitor: Dissolve 4.5g hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100mL 95% ethyl alcohol or isopropyl
alcohol.
Eriochrome black T indicator: Mix 0.5g dye with 100g NaCl to prepare dry powder.
Murexide indicator: Prepare a ground mixture of 200mg of murexide with 100g of solid NaCl.
Sodium hydroxide 2N: Dissolve 80g NaOH and dilute to 1000mL.
Standard EDTA solution 0.01 M: Dissolve 3.723 g EDTA sodium salt and dilute to 100mL.
Standardise against standard Calcium solution 1mL = 1 mg CaCO3.

Chemical Oxygen
Demand

Standard calcium solution: Weigh accurately 1g CaCO3 (AR grade) and transfer to 250mL conical
flask. Place funnel in the neck of a flask and add 1+1 HCl till CaCO3 dissolves completely. Add 200mL
distilled water and boil for 20-30 minutes to expel CO2. Cool and add few drops of methyl red
indictor. Add 8N NH4OH drop-wise till intermediate orange color develops. Dilute to 1000mL to
obtain 1mL = 1mg CaCO3.
Pottasium dichromate-H2SO4 digestion solution
Take 10.216 gm. Potassium dichromate & add 33.0 gm. Mercuric sulfate.
Add 700 ml of distilled water.
Add 167 ml of concentrated H2SO4 slowly & stir until dissolve.
Volume makes up-to 1000 ml. & store the solution in cool dark place.

Silver sulfate acid solution

Take 2.75 gm. Of silver sulfate and dissolve it completely on 500 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Kjeldahl nitrogen

Ammonical
nitrogen

Standard potassium acid phthalate solution 1 (HR, 1ml= 10.0 mg COD)

Dissolve 8.5 gm. Of potassium hydrogen phthalate and dissolve in 1000 ml of distilled water.
1. Concentrated sulfuric acid.
2. Mixture of 1g. Copper sulfate & 10 g. potassium sulfate.
3. Phenolpthalin indicator solution
4. Sodium hydroxide solution (30%): Dissolve 30 gm. Of NaOH in 100 ml water.
5. Boric acid solution (2%): Dissolve 10 gm. Boric acid in ammonia free distilled water and
dilute to 500 ml.
6. Mixed indicator solution: Dissolve 200 mg methyl red indicator in 100 ml 95% ethanol.
Dissolve 100 mg methylene blue in 50 ml 95% ethanol. Combine the two solution. Prepare
monthly.
7. Standard sulfuric acid solution (2%).
Nesslers reagent 1:
Dissolve 10 g. sodium hydroxide in 100 ml. distilled water & cool down to room temperature.To the
solution add 10 gm of mercuric chloride & 10 gm of mercuric iodide by vigorous mixing.
Nesslers reagent 2:
Dissolve 50gm of potassium sodium tartrate in 100 ml ammonia free distilled water.
Store both the solution in dark reagent bottle & keep in cool place.

Nitrite (NO2-)

Standard ammonia solution: (1ml=10 mg, = 100g)

Dissolve 3.819g NH4Cl dried at 100C in distilled water and dilute to 1000mL. Dilute 10mL of the
solution to 100mL. 1mL = 10mg NH3.
Sulphanilamide reagent:
1. Dissolve 10 gm of sulphanilamide reagent into 100 ml of orthophosphoric acid.
2. Add 1 gm of N-(1-Naphthyl) - ethylene-di-amine-di-hydrochloride.
3. Slowly dissolve the entire solution into 800 ml of distilled water.
4. Preserve in dark bottle & use until the color turns brownish.
Standard stock solution: (1ml= 1000g/L.)

Nitrate (No3-)

Dissolve 0.1371 gm. Sodium nitrite into 100 ml water

Salicylic acid H2SO4:
Dissolve 5 gm. Of salicylic acid in 100 ml. of concentrated H2SO4. Made fresh each week & store at
freezing condition.
2 N NaOH:
Dissolve 40 gm. Of NaOH in 500 ml distilled water.

Phosphate

Standard stock solution: (1ml= 250g.)

Dissolve 1.805 gm. Of potassium nitrate into 1000 ml distilled water.
Ammonium molybdate solution
1. Dissolve 25 gm. Ammonium molybdate into 200 ml distilled water.
2. Gently add 400ml of distilled water into 280ml of concentrated H2SO4.
3. Add the molybdenum solution.
4. Volume make up to 1000 ml.
Stannous chloride solution
Dissolve 2.5 gm. Of stannous chloride into 100 ml of glycerol. Mildly apply heat to dissolve the
material.

Sulphate

Phosphate stock solution (1ml= 306g PO4, = 1000g P)

Dissolve 439 mg of anhydrous potassium di-hydrogen phosphate into 1000 ml of distilled water.
Buffer Solution A:
Dissolve 30 g magnesium chloride (MgCl2.6H2O), 5 g sodium acetate (CH3COONa.3H2O), 1.0 g
potassium nitrate (KNO3), and 20 mL acetic acid (CH3COOH; 99%) in 500 mL distilled water and make
up to 1000 mL.
Dry Barium Chloride (BaCl2) crystals.

Volatile fatty
acid

Standard Sulfate Solution:

Dissolve 0.1479 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate in distilled water to make the volume 1 L. This
solution contains 100 mg sulfate/L (i.e., 1 mL=100g SO42-). Prepare standards of various strengths
(preferably from 0.0 to 40.0mg/L at the intervals of 5 mg/L by diluting this stock solution). Above 40
mg/L accuracy decreases and BaSO4 suspensions lose stability.
Sulfuric acid 50% :
Add slowly 100 ml sulfuric acid to 100 ml distilled water in a beaker & cool.
Sodium hydroxide solution: (0.1 N)
Prepare by diluting standardized 1N NaOH solution.

Alcohol

Reducing sugar

Starch test

Phenolpthalin indicator:
Dissolve 500 mg phenolpthalin in 5o ml ethyl or isopropyl alcohol and add 50 ml distilled water. Add
NaOH solution drop wise until a faint pink color persists
Acid dichromate solution:
Weigh 7.5 gm. Of potassium dichromate and dissolve it into 5M sulfuric acid.
Volume make up to 250 ml with 5M sulfuric acid solution.
Ethanol stock solution: (10mg/ml)
Dissolve 12.5 ml of pure ethanol into 100 ml distilled water. Preserve the solution in dark bottle & in
a cool place.
Glucose stock solution: (10mg/ml)
Dissolve 1 gm. anhydrous dextrose powder in 100 ml distilled water. Preserve the solution in dark
bottle & in a cool place.
3-5 Di-nitro salicylic acid solution:
1. Weigh 10.6 gm. 3-5 di-nitro salicylic acid in a beaker.
2. Weigh 30.6 gm. Rochelle salt (Potassium sodium tartrate).
3. Weigh 7.6 gm of phenol.
4. Weigh 8.3 gm sodium meta bi-sulfate.
5. Dissolve 19.8 gm. Of sodium hydroxide in 1416 ml of water, then dissolve the above
material one by one gently.
6. Keep the reagent in dark bottle & store at freezing condition.
Starch stock solution: (10mg/ml)
Dissolve 1.1 gm of dried starch powder into 100 ml distilled water.
Iodine reagent solution:
1. Weigh 30 gm. Of potassium iodide and dissolve it in distilled water.
2. Dissolve 3 gm iodine by vigorous stirring.
3. Volume make up to 1000 ml with distilled water.