A. P. J.

Abdul Kalam
This article is about the former President of India. For youth of the nation in 2011 called the What Can I Give
the Indian freedom ghter, see Abul Kalam Azad.
Movement with a central theme to defeat corruption in
India.
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
( i /bdlklm/; born 15 October 1931) is an
Indian scientist and administrator who served as the
11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was
born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, studied
physics at the St. Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli,
and aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of
Technology, Chennai.

1 Early life and education

Before his term as President, he worked as an Aerospace

engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[1] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile
Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic
missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He played a
pivotal organizational, technical and political role in Indias Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the rst since the
original nuclear test by India in 1974.[3]

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on

15 October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family to Jainulabudeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife,
at Rameswaram, located in the Indian state of Tamil
Nadu.[6][7][8][9] He came from a poor background and
started working at an early age to supplement his familys income.[10] After completing school, Kalam distributed newspapers to nancially contribute to his fathers income.[10][11] In his school years, he had average grades, but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn and spend
hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[11] After
completing his school education at the Ramanathapuram
Schwartz Matriculation School, Kalam went on to attend Saint Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli, then aliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[12] Towards the end of the course,
he was not enthusiastic about the subject and would later
regret the four years he studied it. He then moved to
Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering.[9] While
Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean
was dissatised with the lack of progress and threatened
revoking his scholarship unless the project was nished
within the next three days. He worked tirelessly on his
project and met the deadline, impressing the Dean who
later said, I [Dean] was putting you [Kalam] under stress
and asking you to meet a dicult deadline.[13] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a ghter
pilot, as he placed ninth in qualiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[14]

Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal, was nominated by Bharatiya
Janata Party and supported by opposition Indian National Congress, the major political parties of India. He
is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of
Management Shillong, Indian Institute of Management
Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore,
honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,[4] Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor
of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),
JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty
at many other academic and research institutions across
India.
Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed
nation by 2020 in his book India 2020. He has received
several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,
Indias highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his
motivational speeches and interaction with the student
community in India.[5] He launched his mission for the
1

CAREER AS SCIENTIST

2 Career as scientist

velop the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects, both of which

proved to be success.

This was my rst stage, in which I learnt leadership from

three great teachersDr. Vikram Sarabhai , Prof. Satish
Dhawan and Dr. Brahm Prakash. This was the time of
learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.

Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the countrys rst nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in
the development, test site preparation and weapon designing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO
when the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space,
using the SLV rocket.[18] In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project
Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from
the technology of the successful SLV programme.[18] Despite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace
projects through her discretionary powers under Kalams
directorship.[18] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these
classied aerospace projects.[18] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate
an advanced missile program under his directorship.[18]
Kalam and Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientic adviser to the Defense Minister, worked on the
suggestion by the then Defense Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a
quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one
after another.[19] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating 3.88 billion rupees
for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P) and appointed Kalam as
the chief executive.[19] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni,
an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the
tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects
have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and
time overruns.[19][20] He was the Chief Scientic Adviser
to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992
to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were
conducted during this period where he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the
Chief Project Coordinator, along with R. Chidambaram
during the testing phase.[7][21] Photos and snapshots of
him taken by the media elevated Kalam as the countrys
top nuclear scientist.[22]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam[15]
After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology
(MIT Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical
Development Establishment of Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) as a scientist.
Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter
for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the
choice of his job at DRDO.[16] Kalam was also part of the
INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[9] In 1969, Kalam was
transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) where he was the project director of Indias rst
indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earths orbit
in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalams biggest
achievements in life and he is said to have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam
rst started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received
the governments approval and expanded the program to
include more engineers.[15]

Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

In 196364, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situated
at Eastern Shore of Virginia.[7][17] During the period between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an eort to de-

In 1998, along with cardiologist Dr.Soma Raju, Kalam

developed a low cost Coronary stent. It was named as
Kalam-Raju Stent honouring them.[23][24] In 2012, the
duo, designed a rugged tablet PC for health care in rural

3
areas, which was named as Kalam-Raju Tablet.[25]

Presidency

Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding

K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election
with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366
votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July
2002 to 25 July 2007.
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed to
the leader of opposition, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi that they would propose Kalam for
the post of President.[26] The Samajwadi Party and the
Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[27][28]
After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for
him, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in ofce, leaving the eld clear for Kalam.[29]
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere
both in Internet and in other media, I have
been asked for a message. I was thinking what
message I can give to the people of the country
at this juncture.
Kalam responding to the announcement of
his candidature by Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee[30]

On 18 June, Kalam led his nomination papers in the

Parliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and his
senior Cabinet colleagues.[31]
The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July
2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with media claiming that the election was a one-sided aair and
Kalams victory was a foregone conclusion. The counting
was held on 18 July.[32] Kalam won the presidential election in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11th
president of the Republic of India.[33] He moved into the
Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[34]
Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr. Sarvapali Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) were
the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became
the President of India.[35] He was also the rst scientist
and the rst bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[36]

Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during

his presidency

During his term as President, he was aectionately known

as the Peoples President.[37][38][39] In his words, signing
the Oce of Prot Bill was the toughest decision he had
taken during his tenure.[40]
Kalam is criticised for inaction as a President in deciding
the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions.[41] Article 72
of the Constitution of India empowers the President of
India to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentences
and commute the death sentence of convicts on death
row.[41][42] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his
5-year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapist
Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter.[41]
The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be that
of Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted
of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian
Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme
Court of India in 2004.[42] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending
action on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in the
death row.[42]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed
his willingness to consider a second term in oce provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007
presidential election.[43] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan
from any political processes.[44] He did not have the support of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents
to receive a renewed mandate.[45][46]
Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President Pratibha
Patil, whose tenure ended on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nom-

inated for his second term.[47][48][49] After the reports,

social networking sites were abuzz with activities extending their support for his candidature.[50][51] BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party will
lend their support if Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi
Party and Indian National Congress proposes his name
for the 2012 presidential election.[52][53] Just a month
ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata
Banerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and revealed that they both would suggest his name.[54] Days
after expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed
out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter.[55]
On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presidential poll after much speculations.[56]
Many, many citizens have also expressed
the same wish. It only reects their love and
aection for me and the aspiration of the
people. I am really overwhelmed by this
support. This being their wish, I respect it. I
want to thank them for the trust they have in
me.
Kalams message to public upon denying to
contest Presidential poll 2012.[56]

4 Criticisms and controversies

The controversy that surrounds Kalams role as a nuclear scientist, is the lack of reliable and factual reporting of the yield of Pokhran-II tests.[57] The director of the site test, K. Santhanam, publicly admitted
that the thermonuclear bomb was a extquotedblzzle extquotedbl test, criticising Kalam for issuing the wrong
report.[57] However, Kalam dismissed the claims and R.
Chidambaram, a key associate of Pokhran-II, also described these claims as incorrect.[58]

4.1 Personal attacks

The media questioned Kalam taking credit of inventing
the Agni, Prithvi and Aakash missile system, while all
of these were developed, researched and designed by a
group of scientists headed by Kalam and he was involved
in getting the funds and other logistic tasks. Ram Narain
Agarwal, former director, Advanced System Laboratory
and former Program Director of Agni missile was con-

CRITICISMS AND CONTROVERSIES

sidered to be the real architect behind the successful design of Agni Missile.[59][60] In his own biography, Kalam
credited the development of Agni missile to Dr. Ram
Narain Agarwal, an alumnus of MIT. For the Prithvi missile project, he named Col VJ Sundaram as the brain behind this project and for the Trishul missile, he gave credit
to Commander SR Mohan.[61] In 2006, senior media correspondent Praful Bidwai, in the The Daily Star, wrote
that two aerospace projects, Project Valiant and Project
Devil, which were authorised by former Prime Minister
Smt. Indira Gandhi under the directorship of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, resulted in total failure. In the 1980s, these
projects were ultimately cancelled by the government under the pressure of the Indian Army.[62]
Kalam was also criticised by civil groups over his stand
on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where he supported setting up of the nuclear power plant and never
spoke with the local people.[63] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear
scientist and were unimpressed by the assurance provided
by him on the safety features of the plant.[64]
Frisking by American security authorities
Kalam was frisked at the JFK Airport in New York,
while boarding a plane on 29 September 2011. He was
subjected to private screening as he does not come
under the category of dignitaries exempt from security
screening procedures under American guidelines. He
was frisked again after boarding the Air India aircraft
with the US security ocials asking for his jacket and
shoes, claiming that these items were not checked according to the prescribed procedures during the private screening, despite protests from the airline crew
conrming him as Indias ex-president.[65][66] The incident was not reported until 13 November 2011.[67] India
threatened retaliatory action as there was a general sense
of outrage around the country.[68] The Indian Ministry
of External Aairs protested over this incident and a
statement by the ministry said that the US Government
had written a letter to Kalam, expressing its deep regret
for the inconvenience.[66]
Kalam was previously frisked by the ground sta of the
Continental Airlines at the Indira Gandhi International
Airport, New Delhi in July 2009 and was treated like an
ordinary passenger, despite him being on the Bureau of
Civil Aviation Securitys list of people exempted from security screening in India.[69]

Future India: 2020

a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),[75] JSS University (Mysore),[76] and an
adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India. Kalam is strong supporter of Space based solar power.[77] In 2012 China
proposed joint development between India and China towards developing a solar power satellite, during a visit by
Kalam.[78]

6 Popular culture
In May 2012, Kalam launched his mission for the youth
of the nation called the What Can I Give Movement with
a central theme to defeat corruption.[79][80] He also has
interests in writing Tamil poetry and in playing veenai, a
South Indian string instrument.[81]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower
and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his
work on Indias nuclear weapons program as a way to assert Indias place as a future superpower.
It was reported that, there was a considerable demand in
South Korea for translated versions of books authored by
him.[70]
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the eld of science and technology. He
has proposed a research program for developing bioimplants. He is a supporter of Open Source over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring the benets of information
technology to more people.[71]

He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year

award in 2003[82][83] and in 2006.[84] In the 2011 Hindi
lm I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely positive inuence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named
Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his
idol.[85]

7 Awards, Titles and honours

A. P. J. Abdul Kalams 79th birthday was recognised as
World Students Day by United Nations.[86] He has also
received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[87][88]
The Government of India has honoured him with the
Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in
1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a
scientic advisor to the Government.[89] In 1997, Kalam
received Indias highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna,
for his immense and valuable contribution to the scientic research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[90] In 2005, Switzerland declared 26 May
as science day to commemorate Kalams visit in the
country.[91]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students

during the two years after his resignation from the post
of scientic adviser in 1999.[11] In his own words, I
feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to
share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their
imagination and preparing them to work for a developed
India for which the road map is already available.[11]
He continued to interact with students during his term 8 Books and documentaries
as a President and also during his post-presidency period as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Man- Kalams writings
agement Ahmedabad[72] and Indian Institute of Management Indore,[73] Chancellor of Indian Institute of
Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space TechSpace Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,[74]
nology by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Roddam

10
Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[107]
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by
A. P. J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York,
1998.[108]

REFERENCES

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K.

Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.[119]
A Little Dream (documentary lm) by P. Dhanapal;
Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[120]

Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A. P. J Abdul

Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[7]

The Kalam Eect: My Years with the President by

P.M. Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[121]

Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India

by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[109]

My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr.A.K.

George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[122]

The Luminous Sparks by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;

Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[110]
Mission India by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Paintings by
Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[111]
Inspiring Thoughts by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Rajpal
& Sons, 2007[112]
Indomitable Spirit by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Rajpal
and Sons Publishing[113]

9 See also
List of Presidents of India

10 References

Envisioning an Empowered Nation by APJ Abdul

Kalam with A. Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi

[1] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor

South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
to Cypress).. New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India). p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.

You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond

by A. P. J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean
Books, 2011.[114]

[2] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). Ch. 4. Missile Man of India.

President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp.
6176. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.

Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A.

P. J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[115]

[3] Sen, Amartya (2003). India and the Bomb. In M. V.

Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the
Nuclear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167188. ISBN
978-81-250-2477-4.

Target 3 Billion extquotedbl by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher
Penguin Books.

[4] Honorary Fellowship of IISc. Iisc.ernet.in. 27 May

2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions by

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;August 2013 by the Rupa
Publication.

[5] Dr A P J Abdul Kalam visits Rukmini Devi Public

School. The Indian Express. 30 April 2012. Retrieved
6 July 2012.

A Manifesto for Change : A Sequel to India 2020 by

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and V. Ponraj; July 2014 by
Harper Collins.[116]

[6] Dr Abdul Kalam, Peoples President in Sri Lanka. Daily

News (Sri Lanka) via HighBeam Research. 23 January
2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.

Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam by S.
Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[117]
President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam by R. K. Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[118]

[7] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1

January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3
May 2012.
[8] Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India,
19502003. Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 97881-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

[9] Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. Press

Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012.
Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[10] Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride of
the Nation : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket
Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
[11] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The
Visionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 110,153.
[12] K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). Kalam
meets the teacher who moulded him. The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[13] Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). The boy from
Rameswaram who became President. Redi.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[14] Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam in
new book. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 August 2013.
Retrieved 18 August 2013.
[15] Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[16] Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). Kalam tells
students to follow their heart. The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[17] Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.
(November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp.
32. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[18] Missile Chronology, 19711979 (PDF). James Martin
Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute
of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July
2003. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[19] The prime motivator. Frontline. 22 June 5 July 2002.
Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[20] Pandit, Rajat (9 January 2008). Missile plan: Some hits,
misses. The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[21] Jerome M. Conley (2001). Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in
South Asia. Lexington Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-73910217-6. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
[22] ANI (8 November 2011). Koodankulam nuclear plant:
A. P. J. Abdul Kalams safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments. The Economic
Times (Chennai, India). Retrieved 20 June 2012.

[23] Story of indigenous stents. The Hindu-Businessline (India). 15 August 2001.

[24] The stent man. Redi-News (India). 19 December
1998.
[25] Gopal, M. Sai (22 March 2012). Now, 'Kalam-Raju
tablet' for healthcare workers. The Hindu (India). Retrieved 19 April 2012.
[26] Times News Network (11 June 2002). NDAs smart missile: President Kalam. The Economic Times. Retrieved
29 April 2012.
[27] SP to support Kalam for Presidents post. Redi.com.
11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[28] NCP supports Kalams candidature for presidentship.
Redi.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[29] Narayanan opts out, eld clear for Kalam. Redi.com.
11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[30] Overwhelmed by response: Kalam. Redi.com. 13
June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[31] Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam les nomination papers. Redi.com. 18 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[32] Polling for presidential election begins. Redi.com. 15
July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[33] Ved, Mahendra (26 July 2002). Kalam is 11th President
in 12th term. The Times of India. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[34] Abdul Kalam elected President. The Hindu (Chennai,
India). 18 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[35] List of Bharat Ratna Awardees (PDF). Ministry of
Home Aairs, India. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March
2013.
[36] A P J Kalam is sworn in as Indias eleventh President.
Redi.com. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[37] Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma. Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-81203-4238-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
[38] APJ Abdul Kalam is peoples president: Mamata Banerjee. CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[39] Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (14 April 2007). The peoples President does it again. The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 1 March 2012.

10

REFERENCES

[40] Signing oce of prot bill was toughest decision: A P

J Kalam. The Economic Times (Coimbatore). 18 July
2010. Retrieved 2 May 2012.

[56] Karthick S (18 June 2012). Abdul Kalam not to contest

presidential poll 2012. The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[41] The journey of a mercy plea. The New Indian Express.

21 May 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

[57] R., Ramachandran (1225 September 2009). Pokhran

row. Frontline. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

[42] V., Venkatesan (2810 March April 2009).

Guidelines. Frontline. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

Mercy

[58] Hardnews bureau (August 2009). Pokhran II controversy

needless: PM. Hard News. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[43] Kalam not to contest presidential poll. Redi.com. 22

June 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

[59] M., Somasekar (25 July 2005). ASL: From long-range

missiles to lightweight callipers. The Hindu businessline.
Retrieved 5 July 2012.

[44] Kalam not to contest Presidential polls. The Times of

India. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
[45] Kalam not to contest Presidential polls. The Times of
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[46] Talks under way on Presidential election. Chennai, India. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
[47] Prafulla Marapakwar, Times News Network (23 April
2012). Next President should be apolitical: Pawar.
Times of India. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
[48] Raj, Rohit (23 April 2012). Virtual world seeks second
term for Abdul Kalam. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 23
April 2012.
[49] NDTV Correspondent (23 April 2012). Race for Rashtrapati Bhawan: APJ Abdul Kalam a good choice, says
SP; backs Pawar. NDTV. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
[50] Azeez, Parwin (8 May 2012). Kalam for President clicks
on social networks. The Times of India. Retrieved 8 May
2012.
[51] Netizens campaign for second term to Kalam. Deccan
Herald. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
[52] President poll: BJP rejects Pranab Mukherjee, Hamid
Ansari, may back Kalam. CNN-IBN (New Delhi). 30
April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
[53] Press Trust of India (PTI) (30 April 2012). Presidential
polls: We will not support Pranab Mukherjee, BJP says.
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2012.
[54] Prez poll: Mulayam, Mamata suggest APJ Kalam, Manmohan Singh, Somnath Chatterjee. DNA India. 13 June
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[55] PTI (16 June 2012). Mamata turns to Facebook, seeks
support for Kalam. The Times of India (Kolkata, India).
Retrieved 16 June 2012.

[60] Chengappa, Raj (8 August 2005). Charioteer of re. India

Today. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[61] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1
January 1999). Wings of re: an autobiography. Universities Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[62] Bidwai, Praful. After the Agni-III crash. The Daily
Star. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
[63] Dr Kalams 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws
ak. Financial Magazine. 7 November 2011. Retrieved
11 November 2011.
[64] Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed. The Times of India. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[65] Outrage over Kalams frisking, US says sorry. Hindustan Times. 13 November 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[66] U.S. 'regrets inconvenience' after Kalam faces double security check. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 13 November
2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[67] Former President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam frisked twice in
US. The Times of India. 13 November 2011. Retrieved
3 February 2012.
[68] Kalam frisking: US apologises to India. NDTV. 13
November 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
[69] Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam frisked at Delhi airport. The
Times of India. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[70] Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea. Outlook
magazine. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
[71] Becker, David (29 May 2003). India leader advocates
open source. CNET. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
[72] Campus Connect, Class Apart (PDF). Ahmedabad:
The Times of India. 14 September 2008. Retrieved 5
July 2012.

[73] Former President Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam teaches the

students of IIM Indore. IIM Indore. 2009. Retrieved 5
July 2012.

[90] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.

Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 13 March
2012.

[74] Mission moon and Mars our goals: Kalam. Thiruvananthapuram: The Hindu. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 5 July
2012.

[91] Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queens University Belfast. Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 May
2005.

[75] Kalam may become honorary professor at Anna University. The Times of India. 15 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July
2012.

[92] Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum.

University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

[76] Students can interact with Abdul Kalam on R&D. The

Times of India. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[77] PTI (9 January 2012). US, APJ Abdul Kalam proposes
'nano energy packs for energy from space. Retrieved 29
May 2013.
[78] PTI (2 November 2012), US, China proposes space collaboration with India, The Times of India
[79] About us. What Can I Give. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[80] Mallady, Shastry (26 June 2011). Take part in movement
against corruption: Kalam. The Hindu (Chennai, India).
Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[81] Indias A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Time. 30 November 1998.
Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[82] Anil Ambani Voted MTV Youth Icon of the Year. The
Financial Express. 5 September 2003. Retrieved 3 March
2012.
[83] MTVs Youth Icon. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 21
May 2004. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
[84] Dhoni voted youth icon 2006. Daily News and Analysis.
23 June 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

[93] Honorary Degrees Convocation Simon Fraser University. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 31 August
2012.
[94] IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients (PDF). IEEE.
p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
[95] Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam. Redi.com.
6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
[96] A.P.J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree, 2009. Oakland
University.
[97] Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal.
New York: Indiatimes. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30
October 2010.
[98] Caltech GALCIT International von Krmn Wings
Award. galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[99] Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receives
NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering.
Nanyang Technological University. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
[100] King Charles II Medal for President. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[101] King Charles II Medal for Kalam. The Economic Times
(India). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[102] Royal Society King Charles II Medal. Royal Society.

Retrieved 14 November 2012.
[85] I Am Kalam: Movie Review. The Times of India. 4
August 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
[103] Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science. The
[86] Students recall Kalams services. The Hindu (Chennai,
India). 19 October 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[87] Dr.Kalams Page.
March 2012.

abdulKalam.com.

Retrieved 1

Economic Times (India). 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1

March 2012.
[104] Dr. Abdul Kalams Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 1
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[88] Dayekh, Ribal (16 April 2011). Dr Abdul Kalam former [105] List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (PDF). Ministry of
President of India arrives to Dubai. Zawya.com. ReHome Aairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March
trieved 17 March 2012.
2012.
[89] Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queens Uni- [106] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.
versity Belfast. Oneindia.in. 11 June 2009. Retrieved
Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 1 March
13 March 2012.
2012.

10

[107] Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March
2012.

11

11 External links
Ocial website

[108] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020: A

Vision for the New Millennium. New York. 0670882712,
9780670882717.
[109] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashing
the power within India. Viking.
[110] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : a
biography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.
ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.
[111] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: Pun
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.
[112] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.
[113] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.
[114] [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DXQ8
km03HAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond].
New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.
[115] Turning Points:A journey through challenges. Harper
Collins India.
[116] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book A Manifesto for Change
to release on July 14. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved
27 June 2014.
[117] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). Nuclear Scientist, 70, a
Folk Hero, Is Elected Indias President. The New York
Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[118] Pruthi, Raj (1 January 2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam.
Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[119] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (1 January 2002). A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam: The Visionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN
978-81-7648-380-3. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[120] Documentary on Kalam released. The Hindu (Chennai,
India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on
11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
[121] Nair, P. M. (1 March 2008). The Kalam Eect: My Years
with the President. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223736-3. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[122] Fr A K George (14 January 2009). My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-9045295-3. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

EXTERNAL LINKS

11

12
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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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